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2022

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Articles 211 - 240 of 1203

Full-Text Articles in Educational Assessment, Evaluation, and Research

Relationship Between Students’ Economic, Cultural, And Social Status, School Climate And Student Achievement In Indonesia, Alejandra Osses-Vargas, Ursula Schwantner, Ray Adams, Nicole Wernert Oct 2022

Relationship Between Students’ Economic, Cultural, And Social Status, School Climate And Student Achievement In Indonesia, Alejandra Osses-Vargas, Ursula Schwantner, Ray Adams, Nicole Wernert

International Conference on Assessment and Learning (ICAL)

PISA 2018 data shows that, in Indonesia, the relationship between students’ economic, cultural, and social status and their scores on reading achievement is weak. However, there is great variation between schools in average reading achievement with over 40% of the explainable variation in reading achievement being between-schools. In addition, in Indonesia, there is low social diversity across schools (students within schools are likely to be of similar economic, cultural, and social background). These conditions raise the question of whether school factors play a role – specifically whether school climate has a compensating, mediating or moderating effect on the relationship between …


Incentivizing Innovation: Promoting Technical Competency To Win Future Wars., James E. Bevins Oct 2022

Incentivizing Innovation: Promoting Technical Competency To Win Future Wars., James E. Bevins

Faculty Publications

Despite numerous studies and initiatives, most current Air Force efforts to add science and technology talent have been insufficient. This begs the question: How does the Air Force incentivize and promote the necessary technical competence required to win future competition, conflicts, and wars? Several key initiatives, grounded in behavioral economics, can incentivize innovation and pursue science and technology expertise. Developed in the context of peer adversaries’ actions; global trends in technology, competition, and conflict; and the global competition for science and technology talent, these recommendations have the potential to reform institutional culture and unleash the creativity and talent of the …


Assessing The Academic Impact Of Two Adaptive Learning Technology Math Programs Using Hattie’S Visible Learning Theory, Charles C. Swan Oct 2022

Assessing The Academic Impact Of Two Adaptive Learning Technology Math Programs Using Hattie’S Visible Learning Theory, Charles C. Swan

All Theses And Dissertations

This quantitative study examined the academic impact of two adaptive learning technology math programs (Espark and iXL) alongside the social validity of teachers in a rural western Maine school district who used the program in their classrooms. Using Hattie’s Visible Learning Theory (2008) as the theoretical framework, the study tested two different hypotheses. The first hypothesis stated that both Espark and iXL would have an effect size of .40 or greater when the pre and post tests were compared. The study used the Northwest Evaluation Association (NWEA) assessment for its pre and post assessment because it is a nationally normed …


2022 Fall Nutshell, Morehead State University. Institutional Research & Analysis. Oct 2022

2022 Fall Nutshell, Morehead State University. Institutional Research & Analysis.

Office of Institutional Research & Analysis Publication Archive

Fall 2022 issue of the Nutshell.


The Putrefaction Of Digital Scholarship: How Link Rot Impacts The Integrity Of Scholarly Publishing, Marshal A, Miller Oct 2022

The Putrefaction Of Digital Scholarship: How Link Rot Impacts The Integrity Of Scholarly Publishing, Marshal A, Miller

Doctor of Education (Ed.D)

Research sits at the core of scholarship. The integrity of that research allows fields of study to grow and build upon one another to form the foundation for and extension of human knowledge. In the last 10 years, a new phenomenon has occurred as digital scholarship has become more prolific. This phenomenon is called link rot. Link rot occurs when over time, digital resources become inaccessible because their originally cited location has been relocated or become permanently unavailable. This study examined the extent to which link rot has affected scholarly research and how it might affect the future of digital …


Creating And Sustaining Positive School Climate During Covid-19 Pandemic, Corinne Brion, Bilgen Kiral Oct 2022

Creating And Sustaining Positive School Climate During Covid-19 Pandemic, Corinne Brion, Bilgen Kiral

Educational Leadership Faculty Publications

The researchers used a qualitative design with a descriptive phenomenological approach to examine the experiences of 10 principals in creating and sustaining a positive school climate during COVID-19. The researchers conducted interviews over Zoom from October to December in 2021. The principals have worked in two American states, one Midwestern state and one in the South region of the country. Findings indicated that although the principals knew about school climate, they did not have a complete understanding of the concept. In the present study, it was concluded that a positive school climate is created and sustained with specific leadership skills …


The Effectiveness Of Professional Development On The Literature-Based Chinese Teaching, Gracelynn G. Knapp Oct 2022

The Effectiveness Of Professional Development On The Literature-Based Chinese Teaching, Gracelynn G. Knapp

Doctor of Education (Ed.D)

The surge in Chinese language learning as CSL/CFL increases needs for quality teacher professional development training. Although researchers report advantages of employing literature and confirm the value of literature in teaching foreign language, few studies focused on CSL/CFL teacher training, specifically, for the use of literature-based Chinese language teaching for CSL/CFL classes. Professional Development (PD) provided opportunities for Chinese teachers to learn and practice strategies that are necessary to teach CSL/CFL with literature-based teaching. The researcher conducted the PD training evaluation to determine the significant effect on the Chinese teachers’ confidence, attitude, and overall preparedness for teaching literature to non-Chinese …


The Relationship Between Introverted Student Behavior And Teacher Perception Of Student Engagement, Megan M. Dubee Oct 2022

The Relationship Between Introverted Student Behavior And Teacher Perception Of Student Engagement, Megan M. Dubee

Doctor of Education (Ed.D)

The purpose of this quantitative survey study was to investigate if a relationship exists between introverted student behavior and teacher perception of student engagement. The purposive sample was composed of high school teachers in the United States. Using the Engagement Rating Scale, teachers scored student engagement across four domains when considering two descriptions of students. One student was described using characteristics of an introvert; teachers then completed an identical version of the scale for a second student who was described using characteristics of an extravert. Independent samples t-tests were used to analysis differences in scores by personality type and revealed …


Fall 2022 - Enrollment Profile Report, Systems Intelligence And Data Analytics, University Of Nebraska At Omaha Oct 2022

Fall 2022 - Enrollment Profile Report, Systems Intelligence And Data Analytics, University Of Nebraska At Omaha

Enrollment Reports

This Enrollment Profile Report provides administrative- and delivery-site information on enrollment headcount and student credit hours, as well as the demographic characteristics of enrolled students. Delivery-site reporting counts all students, including those in UNL programs delivered at UNO, but excludes UNO programs delivered in Lincoln (CPACS programs). Administrative-site reporting counts students enrolled in UNO programs only (including the CPACS programs delivered in Lincoln). The purpose of this profile is to provide the undergraduate and graduate enrollments and student credit hour information by college or equivalent academic unit, class, gender and ethnicity. A glossary at the end of the report provides …


Validation Of The Child And Adult Social Support Scale (Casss) Which Measures Social Support In The Indonesian Version, Endah Mastuti, Fajrianthi, Fitri Andriani Oct 2022

Validation Of The Child And Adult Social Support Scale (Casss) Which Measures Social Support In The Indonesian Version, Endah Mastuti, Fajrianthi, Fitri Andriani

International Conference on Assessment and Learning (ICAL)

Social support has an important role, so that students in online learning can reduce the various problems they face. Social support here comes from parents, teachers, classmates, close friends, and the school itself as an institution. Based on this, it is necessary to do research related to social support to get an overview of the support from whom students need in online learning. Furthermore, this can be used as input to intervene in the problems faced by students. To conduct this research, it is necessary to have a measuring tool to conduct social support research. One of the comprehensive measuring …


Introducing The Education Technology Value Evaluation Tool For Schools, Ralph Saubern, Pauline Taylor-Guy, Fabienne Van Der Kleij Oct 2022

Introducing The Education Technology Value Evaluation Tool For Schools, Ralph Saubern, Pauline Taylor-Guy, Fabienne Van Der Kleij

International Conference on Assessment and Learning (ICAL)

Despite the enthusiasm for technology in school education, the importance attributed to it by policymakers, educators, students and parents, and the extensive impact of the changes in practices and provision related to the adoption of digital technologies, research has provided little evidence that the adoption of digital technologies has led to improved outcomes for learners. Given the significant, ongoing investment in technology and research evidence that technology has potential to improve learning outcomes, it is timely for education systems and schools to have access to tools and frameworks that can support effective use of technology in education. This paper introduces …


Mindfully Organizing Collective Teacher Efficacy: A Case Study Of Efficacious Educator Teams, Bruce "B.C." Preston Oct 2022

Mindfully Organizing Collective Teacher Efficacy: A Case Study Of Efficacious Educator Teams, Bruce "B.C." Preston

All Theses And Dissertations

Collective teacher efficacy (CTE) has well documented positive effects on student outcomes (Goddard et al., 2017), teacher job satisfaction (Buonomo et al., 2020), and educator persistence (Guidetti et al., 2018) in the face of challenging tasks. Characterized by the collective belief in the group’s capability to successfully accomplish tasks associated with their professional practice (Donohoo, 2018), what influences group efficacy belief formation remains an underdeveloped area of academic and practical understanding (Tschannen-Moran et al., 2014). To better understand the influences that shape CTE beliefs, and how those influences contribute to the known sources of CTE, a multiple–case study design was …


A Profile Of Sophomore Inquiry Students Fall 2022, Portland State University. University Studies Program, Rowanna L. Carpenter Oct 2022

A Profile Of Sophomore Inquiry Students Fall 2022, Portland State University. University Studies Program, Rowanna L. Carpenter

University Studies Assessment Research

In order to better understand the students who enroll in Sophomore Inquiry (SINQ) courses and begin to identify areas where they may need support, University Studies (UNST) began collecting and compiling data on these students. This report presents a profile of SINQ students from Fall 2022. It presents an overview of all students enrolled in SINQ during Fall 2022 and then summarizes information from the Prior Learning Survey. It is organized around three areas that contribute to student success: academic preparation and concern; financial and physical wellbeing; and connectedness to campus


A Profile Of Freshman Inquiry Students Fall 2022, Portland State University. University Studies Program, Rowanna L. Carpenter Oct 2022

A Profile Of Freshman Inquiry Students Fall 2022, Portland State University. University Studies Program, Rowanna L. Carpenter

University Studies Assessment Research

In order to better understand the students who enroll in Freshman Inquiry (FRINQ) courses and identify areas where they may need support, University Studies (UNST) began collecting and compiling data on these students. This report presents a profile of FRINQ students from Fall 2022. It presents an overview of all students enrolled in FRINQ during Fall 2022 and then summarizes information from the Prior Learning Survey. It is organized around three areas that contribute to student success: academic preparation and concern; financial and physical wellbeing; and connectedness to campus.


Barriers When Implementing A Multi-Tiered System Of Supports, Chelsea R. Norton Oct 2022

Barriers When Implementing A Multi-Tiered System Of Supports, Chelsea R. Norton

All NMU Master's Theses

This mixed-methods study investigated the perceptions educators have during the initial stages of implementing the Multi-Tiered System of Support (MTSS) model. A survey and semi-structured interviews were collected to identify if the perceived barriers found in a rural context were consistent with prior research. Quantitative survey data indicated that participants felt confident about their practicing foundational skills of MTSS, and felt MTSS will benefit both staff and students. However, quantitative survey results also indicated a discrete difference in the data between the answers regarding participant confidence, knowledge, and the answers regarding attitude regarding time, resources, and leadership. Qualitative analysis from …


Children’S Identity Work In Daily Singing-Based Music Classes: A Case Study Of An Australian Boys’ School, Jason Goopy Oct 2022

Children’S Identity Work In Daily Singing-Based Music Classes: A Case Study Of An Australian Boys’ School, Jason Goopy

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Music can be a powerful activity and resource in a child’s ongoing identity construction. Rather than something that people have, musical identities are understood to be something people enact and continually work on. The correlation between musical identities and developing music skills raises serious questions regarding the possibilities and responsibilities for school music education and music teachers to positively contribute to children’s emerging identities. This study investigates how daily singing-based music classes at an Australian boys’ school shape and support children’s identity work. Research was conducted using one-on-one semistructured interviews incorporating a “draw and tell” artifact elicitation technique with seven …


Developing E-Pub For Improving The Competence Of Bipa (Indonesian Language For Foreign Speakers) Instructor In The Digital Era, Susi Darihastining, Sujinah Sujinah, Umi Nur Qomariyah, Suyoto Suyoto, Chalimah Chalimah Sep 2022

Developing E-Pub For Improving The Competence Of Bipa (Indonesian Language For Foreign Speakers) Instructor In The Digital Era, Susi Darihastining, Sujinah Sujinah, Umi Nur Qomariyah, Suyoto Suyoto, Chalimah Chalimah

Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan

Efforts to internationalize the Indonesian language have resulted in the establishment of BIPA programs at several Indonesian and foreign universities. There is no doubt that Indonesian exists on the international stage. Numerous universities in Asia and Europe already include Indonesian as a required subject in their curricula. According to researchers' observations of the BIPA program at several universities in Indonesia, there are still numerous shortcomings of a good management system: lecturers' teaching materials do not reflect local culture, teaching strategies are not yet applicable, and media development is less diverse and innovative. The issue at hand is how to use …


Comparison Of The Contents Of Class Iv Mathematics Textbooks In Indonesia And Singapore In Terms Of Mathematical Literacy, Umi Salma Fauziyah, Siti Fatonah Sep 2022

Comparison Of The Contents Of Class Iv Mathematics Textbooks In Indonesia And Singapore In Terms Of Mathematical Literacy, Umi Salma Fauziyah, Siti Fatonah

Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan

This research is a literature study research, the primary data source of this research is a mathematics textbook published by the Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture and Marshall Cavendish, the collection techniques used are observation and documentation, the analysis in this study uses quantitative and qualitative descriptive techniques. The results showed that the presentation of material in the Indonesia Ministry of Education and Culture book facilitated the development of mathematical literacy by 31%, while the Marshall Cavendish book was 26%, in presenting the material for the Indonesia Ministry of Education and Culture book it was superior by a difference …


Pengaruh Kepemimpinan Guru, Motivasi Kerja, Dan Efikasi Diri Terhadap Kinerja Guru Di Era Pandemi Covid-19, Husna Sabila, Cepi Safruddin Abdul Jabar Sep 2022

Pengaruh Kepemimpinan Guru, Motivasi Kerja, Dan Efikasi Diri Terhadap Kinerja Guru Di Era Pandemi Covid-19, Husna Sabila, Cepi Safruddin Abdul Jabar

Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan

The Aim of this research is to find out the effect of teacher leadership, work motivation, and teacher’s self efficacy either individually or simultaneously on teacher performance. Research was conducted in state junior high school in East Bekasi with total sample of 100 persons. Data were obtained using expost factor method and analyzed using multiple regression. There is significance effect of teacher leadership on teacher performance, and work motivation on teacher performance, teacher self efficacy has no significance effect on teacher performance, and there is significance effect of teacher leadership, work motivation, and teacher self efficacy simultanously on teacher performance


Hubungan Supervisi Akademik Kepala Sekolah, Motivasi Kerja, Dan Sarana Prasarana Terhadap Kinerja Guru, Fajar Agung Pangestu, Tony Wijaya Sep 2022

Hubungan Supervisi Akademik Kepala Sekolah, Motivasi Kerja, Dan Sarana Prasarana Terhadap Kinerja Guru, Fajar Agung Pangestu, Tony Wijaya

Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan

The study aims to identify teacher’s performance is influenced by the principal's academic supervision, work motivation, facilities and infrastructure. The type of this study is quantitative research with correlational descriptive. The sample involved are 150 teachers from 3 different schools which tested by multiple regression. The result from analysis shows that the headmasters’ academic supervision, working motivation and the facilities with infrastructure had positive effect on the teachers’ performance, either partially or simultaneously.


The Effect Of Academic Hardiness And Grit On Students Academic Stress In The Online Learning Process During Pandemic Covid-19, Yulia Hairina, Rika Vira Zwagery, Imadduddin Imadduddin, Muhammad Arsyad Sep 2022

The Effect Of Academic Hardiness And Grit On Students Academic Stress In The Online Learning Process During Pandemic Covid-19, Yulia Hairina, Rika Vira Zwagery, Imadduddin Imadduddin, Muhammad Arsyad

Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan

This study was conducted to find out the significance of academic hardiness and grit on students academic stress students who have experienced the online learning process during the Covid-19 pandemic. The research method used is quantitative research methods. The number of samples in this study was 200 respondents who were selected using nonprobability sampling. Instruments used in this study there are three scales, they are Short Grit Scale (Grit-S) to measure Grit, Academic Hardiness Scale RAHS to measure academic hardiness and Perceived Stress Inventory for Academic Stress (PSI) to measure academic stress. While the data analysis using multiple regression techniques. …


The Students’ Perception On Youtube As Online Learning Media For Indonesian Language General Course During Covid 19 Pandemic, Siti Mutmainah, Ora Gorez Uke, Dian Triana, Erisy Syawiril Ammah Sep 2022

The Students’ Perception On Youtube As Online Learning Media For Indonesian Language General Course During Covid 19 Pandemic, Siti Mutmainah, Ora Gorez Uke, Dian Triana, Erisy Syawiril Ammah

Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan

Covid 19 pandemic has had huge effect in both health industry and education industry. This phenomenon requires teachers or lecturers to use online learning media as an alternative to fulfill students’ cognitive, affective, and social skill. YouTube is one of many online learning alternatives available. The purpose of this research is to describe the utilization of YouTube as an online learning media during COVID-19. This research was conducted particularly to Indonesian language general course in Jember University. Based on the result, the students perceive prefer and do not prefer on YouTube as learning media. This research method uses cross-section design, …


Miskonsepsi Yang Disebabkan Misanalogi Pada Siswafield Independent Dalam Menyelesaikan Masalah Matematika, Ika Ujiana S Sugianto, Abdur Rahman As’Ari, Sukoriyanto Sukoriyanto Sep 2022

Miskonsepsi Yang Disebabkan Misanalogi Pada Siswafield Independent Dalam Menyelesaikan Masalah Matematika, Ika Ujiana S Sugianto, Abdur Rahman As’Ari, Sukoriyanto Sukoriyanto

Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan

The purpose of this study is to identify the causes of misconceptions in creativity produced by students who have a field independent learning style in solving math problems related to digit and numbers. This research is a descriptive qualitative case study. The research subject consisted of one student who experienced a different phenomenon than other students. The subject gave the most creative answer compared to other students but the subject made a conceptual error. This is contrary to the results of previous studies regarding errors made by field independent students. The results showed that there were misconceptions in understanding numbers …


The Textual Gutter: How Gene Luen Yang Redefines The Gutter In Boxers & Saints To Tell A Transnational Tale, David Lucas Jr Sep 2022

The Textual Gutter: How Gene Luen Yang Redefines The Gutter In Boxers & Saints To Tell A Transnational Tale, David Lucas Jr

SANE journal: Sequential Art Narrative in Education

This paper attempts to provide a new understanding of the gutter and how it is used to significant effect in Gene Luen Yang's, Boxers & Saints. This research draws upon the work of Scott McCloud to establish a framework for the theoretical applications of the gutter. Most prior research focuses on the gutter within the page. This article demonstrates how Yang pushes the concept of the gutter further by creating a new type of gutter that moves beyond the pages and across texts. Then the research attempts to demonstrate how the idea of the textual gutter heightens the transnational elements …


Student Participation In A Dei Audit As High-Impact Practice, Veronica Wells, Michele Gibney, Mickel Paris, Corey Pfitzer Sep 2022

Student Participation In A Dei Audit As High-Impact Practice, Veronica Wells, Michele Gibney, Mickel Paris, Corey Pfitzer

University Libraries Librarian and Staff Articles and Papers

During Spring 2021, eight students at the University of the Pacific participated in an internship where they performed a DEI audit of the library's book and music score collection. An internship is one documented type of High-Impact Practices and research studies show that High-Impact Practices lead to higher retention and graduation rates. Deep learning occurred as student interns participated in developing the methodology, evaluating book and music score collections, reading assigned articles pertaining to DEI in librarianship and publishing, and providing recommendations on closing identified collection gaps. To evaluate their learning, the interns were asked to complete three surveys at …


Local Norms And Gifted And Talented Identification In Arkansas: Can It Help Improve Student Diversity?, Bich Tran, Sarah C. Mckenzie, Jon Wai Sep 2022

Local Norms And Gifted And Talented Identification In Arkansas: Can It Help Improve Student Diversity?, Bich Tran, Sarah C. Mckenzie, Jon Wai

Arkansas Education Reports

In the past decades, the gifted and talented (G/T) community has wrestled with an important question about improving equity: How can we best use research to increase student diversity in G/T education? There are many suggestions for answering this question but using local norms, where students are selected based on comparisons with others from a similar school context using traditional measures, has attracted much attention. In some districts, using local norms and universal screening has greatly improved student diversity, whereas, in other districts, the findings have been unclear. Thus it seems useful to study local contexts. In this study, we …


Evaluation The Developed Biology Book For The Ninth Grade In Jordan From Teachers’ Point Of View, Hala Smir Ibrahim Al Jadaa Sep 2022

Evaluation The Developed Biology Book For The Ninth Grade In Jordan From Teachers’ Point Of View, Hala Smir Ibrahim Al Jadaa

Journal of the Association of Arab Universities for Research in Higher Education مجلة اتحاد الجامعات العربية للبحوث في التعليم العالي

The study aimed at evaluating the biology book for the ninth grade in Jordan from the viewpoint of biology teachers in public schools in Qweismeh district. To achieve this goal, the study was conducted on a sample of (100) male and female biology teachers for ninth grade during the first semester of the academic year (2020/2021) in public schools in Qwaismeh district. the researcher used a questionnaire consisting of the following areas: (the general appearance of the book, the introduction of the book, the content of the book, the means and activities in the book, the contribution of the book …


The Variables Affecting Parents' Participation In The Sultanate Of Oman To Support Their Children's Education During The Outbreak Of The Covid-19 Epidemic, Saif Bin Nasser Almemari, Ruqaya Hassan Al-Haddabi Sep 2022

The Variables Affecting Parents' Participation In The Sultanate Of Oman To Support Their Children's Education During The Outbreak Of The Covid-19 Epidemic, Saif Bin Nasser Almemari, Ruqaya Hassan Al-Haddabi

Journal of the Association of Arab Universities for Research in Higher Education مجلة اتحاد الجامعات العربية للبحوث في التعليم العالي

The study aimed to reveal the variables affecting the participation of parents in the Sultanate of Oman to support the education of their children during the spread of the Corona epidemic (Covid 19). To achieve the aim of the study; The researchers followed the descriptive approach by distributing an electronic questionnaire to a sample of 207 families of first and second cycle students in basic education in the Sultanate of Oman. The results of the study indicated that the participation of parents for their children in the Sultanate of Oman; To support their education during the Corona epidemic (Covid 19) …


Empathy-In-Teaching As A Multidimensional Disposition In Counselor Education, Eric R. Baltrinic, Melissa Luke Sep 2022

Empathy-In-Teaching As A Multidimensional Disposition In Counselor Education, Eric R. Baltrinic, Melissa Luke

Teaching and Supervision in Counseling

Empathy is a disposition noted among established teaching competencies in counselor education. However, current descriptions of empathy are unidimensional and lack an operational definition for evaluating teaching dispositions. The term empathy-in-teaching is a multidimensional concept suitable for expanding our current understanding of empathy within the current teaching dispositions in counselor education. Implications for application of the concept of empathy-in-teaching within the current teaching dispositions and future research suggestions are offered.


Case-By-Collaboration: An Adaptable Soft Skills-Based Educational Model For Health Disciplines, Elizabeth Gockel Blessing, Tyler A. Wood, Nicholas E. Grahovec Sep 2022

Case-By-Collaboration: An Adaptable Soft Skills-Based Educational Model For Health Disciplines, Elizabeth Gockel Blessing, Tyler A. Wood, Nicholas E. Grahovec

Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice

Purpose: The purpose of this study was two-fold and consisted of the development of a skills-based model for Case-by-Collaboration (CBC) and the collection of qualitative data from students and teachers aimed at answering the research question: What skills do individuals (students) apply during the completion of a hypothetical medical laboratory management-based Case-by-Collaboration capstone project? Method: A consensual qualitative research design was selected for this study. Students and their instructors from three Medical Laboratory Science programs located in Texas, New York, and Missouri were recruited. Students were given a case that centers on the fictitious Cheapskate Health Maintenance Organization (HMO). The …