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Articles 361 - 390 of 2037

Full-Text Articles in Educational Assessment, Evaluation, and Research

Online Assessment In Large Undergraduate Courses During Covid-19 Emergency Response Teaching, Kate Maloney Williams, Alice E. Donlan Nov 2023

Online Assessment In Large Undergraduate Courses During Covid-19 Emergency Response Teaching, Kate Maloney Williams, Alice E. Donlan

Journal of Educational Research and Practice

The transition to online instruction during the COVID-19 pandemic was unprecedented and forced many universities to quickly embrace online distance learning. This context created new challenges, particularly around assessment strategies. Empirical research has demonstrated that formative assessment fosters more active learning in online classrooms. However, formative assessment strategies are not always adapted well to online platforms based on the nature of the subject matter and the size of the class. This qualitative case study sought to understand instructors’ experiences and strategies for conducting assessment remotely, specifically for large-size undergraduate courses. The investigation relied on data from semi-structured interviews with University …

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Testing The Knowledge Of Early Childhood Educators, Dianne S. Mccarthy Nov 2023

Testing The Knowledge Of Early Childhood Educators, Dianne S. Mccarthy

Journal of Inquiry and Action in Education

Teacher certification exams are supposed to assess if a student is likely to succeed in teaching. What if an exam seems to be inappropriate? This article is an inquiry of the New York State Content Specialty Test for Early Childhood Candidates, particularly the math section. It raises the issue of whether we are asking the right questions and ascertaining the right data to decide if someone has the appropriate math knowledge and is ready to teach math to young children.

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Starting The Journey To Excellence With A College Faculty Onboarding Program, Robin Cooper, Judith Slapak-Barski Nov 2023

Starting The Journey To Excellence With A College Faculty Onboarding Program, Robin Cooper, Judith Slapak-Barski

HCAS Instructional Design and Pedagogy

The journey to engaged, excellent teaching requires support and preparation for those doing the teaching. In this session, we describe a college Faculty Onboarding Program we developed in 2023 to introduce our new Halmos faculty to NSU (Nova Southeastern University) and to Halmos, and to provide them with the resources and information needed to succeed in their new role—driven by the belief that effective onboarding will lead to higher job satisfaction, better job performance, greater organizational commitment, and reduction in stress. Informed by feedback from recently hired faculty, we identified support strategies to help new faculty thrive by proactively removing …

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A Descriptive Study Of Louisiana 4-H 8th Through 12th Graders' Perceptions Of Career And College Readiness, Carrie M. Lane Nov 2023

A Descriptive Study Of Louisiana 4-H 8th Through 12th Graders' Perceptions Of Career And College Readiness, Carrie M. Lane

LSU Master's Theses

As youth leave primary education and enter college or a career path, preparing those youth to ensure success has fallen, in large part, upon formal and non-formal youth educators. Encouraging students to apply and complete college has been a focus of education professionals for many years. Historically, gauging college and career readiness (CCR), academic institutions have relied on academic performance in areas of English Language Arts and Mathematics (Mattern, et. al, 2014). The use of academic focused measures instead of student-based evaluation had its drawbacks. While core education is important, measuring soft skills needed for the workforce and college environment …

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Ideal Teacher: A Framework Of Teachers’ Competencies, Jufriadi Jufriadi, Alia Lestari, Firman Firman Oct 2023

Ideal Teacher: A Framework Of Teachers’ Competencies, Jufriadi Jufriadi, Alia Lestari, Firman Firman

Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan

This study aims to (1) describe the characteristics of an ideal teacher based on the results of a literature review, and (2) create a competency map and indicators for an ideal teacher. Data of this study were obtained from various primary sources including literature reviews, documents and results of interviews with 10 experienced teachers. The data were analyzed qualitatively by using thematic analysis. This study shows that there are at least seven main competencies that should be possessed by a teacher, which include (1) Intellectual Competence, (2) Pedagogical Competence, (3) Professional Competence, (4) Intrapersonnel Competence, (5) Interpersonal Competence, (6) Leadership …

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Eksplorasi Pembentukan Teacher Identitymelalui Pengalaman Hidup, Ellen Puspitaningtyas, Endang Purwaningsih, Supriyono Koes Handayanto Oct 2023

Eksplorasi Pembentukan Teacher Identitymelalui Pengalaman Hidup, Ellen Puspitaningtyas, Endang Purwaningsih, Supriyono Koes Handayanto

Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan

This research aims to explore construction of teacher identity through life experiences. Data were collected from observation, interviews, and document analysis. The results of this research indicate that in the perspective of discourse identity, TN is a teacher who emphasizes contextual learning and student centered learning. Based on the perspective of nature identity, kinesthetic learning and her fondness in mathematics have a major influence on her interest in physics. Meanwhile, from the perspective of affinity identity, family and role models greatly influence TN's beliefs about learning and her decision to have a career as a teacher. From the perspective of …

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Eksplorasi Konstruksi Identitas Guru Sains Melalui Berbagai Konteks Pengalaman Hidup, Ari Dhinansah Herdhiyani, Endang Purwaningsih, Arif Hidayat Oct 2023

Eksplorasi Konstruksi Identitas Guru Sains Melalui Berbagai Konteks Pengalaman Hidup, Ari Dhinansah Herdhiyani, Endang Purwaningsih, Arif Hidayat

Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan

Identity is the construction of interpretations of life experiences in certain contexts resulting in self-understanding. This research with a single case study design aims to explore the identity of science teachers in various contexts of Figured Worlds. The research participant is a science teacher named Yuni who has a background in Physics Education. Data were collected through two semi-structured interviews. The results revealed how Yuni interpreted science-related life experiences in Figured Worlds to construct her identity. The researcher concluded that although throughout Yuni's experience she was not interested in becoming a teacher, she was able to become an outstanding teacher …

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Pengembangan Bahan Ajar Berbasis Teknologi Pada Mata Pelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam, Rutska Ishaq Rachman, Suharsiwi Suharsiwi, M. Hilali Basya Oct 2023

Pengembangan Bahan Ajar Berbasis Teknologi Pada Mata Pelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam, Rutska Ishaq Rachman, Suharsiwi Suharsiwi, M. Hilali Basya

Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan

This research is a type of research and development (Research and Development). By using the four-D (4-D) model developed by Thiagarajan (Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate). The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze the development of teaching materials, and the level of feasibility of using technology- based teaching materials in learning Islamic Religious Education. The results of the study, according to media and material experts, show that the teaching materials developed have very feasible criteria with an average score of 4.65, both according to media experts and material experts based on their aspect assessment. Meanwhile, according to …

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Designing English Song-Based Supplementary Materials To Teach Figurative Language, Sabliani Oktaviana, Eni Rosnija, Eka Fajar Rahmani, Ikhsanudin Ikhsanudin, Sumarni Sumarni Oct 2023

Designing English Song-Based Supplementary Materials To Teach Figurative Language, Sabliani Oktaviana, Eni Rosnija, Eka Fajar Rahmani, Ikhsanudin Ikhsanudin, Sumarni Sumarni

Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan

This project created "Our Playlist," a song-based figurative language supplement for grade 11 high school pupils. SMA Negeri 1 Sungai Raya Kepulauan teachers and eleventh-graders participated in the study. Interviews and questionnaires were employed. Researchers design the product using three out of the five ADDIE phases. Our Playlist's content, language, images, and procedures scored 4.8, very good, in internal validation. Based on these results, the product can be recommended for teaching eleventh-graders figurative language, especially at SMA Negeri 1 Sungai Raya Kepulauan.

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An Introductory Course In Electrical Circuits And Coding For Deaf And Deafblind Middle School Students, Becca Leininger, Christina Yang, Makayla Quinn, Jeffrey Jalkio, Rahaf Bahajry, Mellissa Ingabire, Annmarie Thomas Oct 2023

An Introductory Course In Electrical Circuits And Coding For Deaf And Deafblind Middle School Students, Becca Leininger, Christina Yang, Makayla Quinn, Jeffrey Jalkio, Rahaf Bahajry, Mellissa Ingabire, Annmarie Thomas

Journal of Science Education for Students with Disabilities

in is the first Deaf charter school in the United States, opening in 1993. The school serves students in the Twin Cities and Western Wisconsin from ages 2 to 21 who are primarily Deaf, DeafBlind and Hard of Hearing students, often being visual and/or tactile learners. All students who attend have Individualized Education Plans (IEPs) and fall under the special education category, defined by the Minnesota Department of Education as students who “have a disability and need specialized instruction” (Minnesota Department of Education, n.d.). At , students are instructed in American Sign Language (ASL) and English is primarily taught through …

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The Sci – Dot: A New Dimension Of Scientific Innovation For Persons With Blv., Ashley N. Nashleanas Ph.D. Oct 2023

The Sci – Dot: A New Dimension Of Scientific Innovation For Persons With Blv., Ashley N. Nashleanas Ph.D.

Journal of Science Education for Students with Disabilities

Throughout history, students with blindness and low vision (BLV) have been vastly underrepresented in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines with regards to both K-12 education and post-secondary endeavors (Burgstahler, 1994; Supalo, 2010). This underrepresentation of students with BLV in STEM is due to limitations in technology that allow them to access data in a laboratory setting, thus inhibiting their abilities to partake actively in data acquisition with their peers. The Sci-Dot, a multiline, refreshable braille and tactile graphics display capable of logging scientific data in real time with the support of Vernier Science Education’s (VSE) Go-Direct Bluetooth sensors, …

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Elementary Teachers’ Perception Of Digital Resources Based On Student Achievement, Tanya R. Small Oct 2023

Elementary Teachers’ Perception Of Digital Resources Based On Student Achievement, Tanya R. Small

Doctor of Education (Ed.D)

Many factors impact teachers’ decisions about when and how to implement technology during instruction. However, a gap exists in understanding teachers’ motivations for technology integration and face-to-face instruction. Therefore, this qualitative case study explored how teachers’ perceptions of student achievement, motivation, classroom behaviors, and digital challenges influenced their decisions about using technology or direct instruction in the classroom setting. A group of 20 teachers from two southern Florida public elementary schools completed anonymous Likert-scale surveys; six teachers participated in semi-structured interviews. The findings determined via descriptive statistics and thematic analysis revealed that teachers’ inclusion of technology and traditional resources is …

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Public-Private Partnerships (Ppp) In Technical Education: The Case Of Egypt’S Applied Technology Schools (Ats), Youstina Magdy Oct 2023

Public-Private Partnerships (Ppp) In Technical Education: The Case Of Egypt’S Applied Technology Schools (Ats), Youstina Magdy

Theses and Dissertations

Technical education is a form of education that gained momentum in the 1800s and was considered as a parallel distinct model to general education by the post-war period. Public-private partnerships (PPPs) were one of the scaling up and enhancement efforts of technical education. In Egypt, the technical secondary education system has various school models; however, it was until 2018, when we first see the implementation of an PPP model with the establishment of the Applied Technology Schools (ATS). ATS schools aim at supplying the labor market with experienced skillful competent graduates in the demanded sectors in the Egyptian labor market, …

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Analisis Kemampuan Berpikir Ilmiah Siswa Dan Mahasiswa Pada Topik Sifat Koligatif Larutan, Nadia Siwi Hapsari, Effendy Effendy, Sutrisno Sutrisno Sep 2023

Analisis Kemampuan Berpikir Ilmiah Siswa Dan Mahasiswa Pada Topik Sifat Koligatif Larutan, Nadia Siwi Hapsari, Effendy Effendy, Sutrisno Sutrisno

Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan

A deep understanding of colligative properties is essential in order to avoid misconceptions and enhance scientific reasoning skills. This descriptive study aims to analyse the scientific reasoning ability and conceptual understanding of colligative properties among high school and university students. The study involved 28 twelfth-grade high school students and 28 first-semester undergraduate students on the chemistry education programme at Universitas Negeri Malang. Scientific reasoning and conceptual understanding were measured using the Classroom Test of Scientific Reasoning (CTSR) and a Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) test, respectively. The results revealed that most high school students performed at the concrete and low …

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Tvet Sistem Ganda Pendidikan Vokasi Diberbagai Negara Sebuah Studi Literatur, Wulidah Ning Tiasari, Felix Andika Dwiyanto, Agung Bella Putra Utana, Eddy Sutadji Sep 2023

Tvet Sistem Ganda Pendidikan Vokasi Diberbagai Negara Sebuah Studi Literatur, Wulidah Ning Tiasari, Felix Andika Dwiyanto, Agung Bella Putra Utana, Eddy Sutadji

Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan

TVET is education and training that provides knowledge and skills for profession in the field industry whereas Education _ system _ your G a form of organizing professional skills education that integrates systematically and synchronously educational programs in schools . . Destination study for find out the TVET system double education vocation in various countries , challenges and obstacles to the TVET system double education vocation and support learn and teach on the TVET System double education vocation . The research method used in this study is the Systematic method Literature Review with PICOC approach. Data collection was carried out …

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Teaching To Develop Perspective, Skills, Confidence, And Identity As Problem-Solving Engineers, Russell Kirk Pirlo Sep 2023

Teaching To Develop Perspective, Skills, Confidence, And Identity As Problem-Solving Engineers, Russell Kirk Pirlo

Research and Reflection on Learning and Teaching in Higher Education

The “core” of an engineering degree program typically comprises the concepts, equations, and technical skills needed, as well as their practical application to common problems of the profession. This core is then divided into the “content” that must be covered in each course. It is widely recognized, however, that successful individuals do not thrive as professionals on content alone. Thus, there is significant and increasing emphasis across higher education to “educate the whole person.” These efforts aim to develop “deep” qualities like grit, critical thinking, perseverance, learning from failure, valuing diversity, teamwork, leadership, curiosity, recognizing opportunity, creating value, and acting …

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Proceedings Of The Cuny Games Conference 9.0, Robert O. Duncan, Grace L. Axler-Diperte, Joseph Bisz, Christina Boyle, Devorah Kletenik, Carolyn Stallard Sep 2023

Proceedings Of The Cuny Games Conference 9.0, Robert O. Duncan, Grace L. Axler-Diperte, Joseph Bisz, Christina Boyle, Devorah Kletenik, Carolyn Stallard

Publications and Research

The CUNY Games Network is an organization dedicated to encouraging research, scholarship and teaching in the developing field of games-based learning. We connect educators from every campus and discipline at CUNY and beyond who are interested in digital and non-digital games, simulations, and other forms of interactive teaching and inquiry-based learning.

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Research Conference 2023: Becoming Lifelong Learners. Proceedings And Program, Kylie Burns (Ed.) Sep 2023

Research Conference 2023: Becoming Lifelong Learners. Proceedings And Program, Kylie Burns (Ed.)

2021-2030 ACER Research Conferences

We know learning in the early years sets the foundations for people’s ongoing academic, cognitive and socio-emotional development. Education across those formative first 12 years is currently segmented, with children often starting fresh in new systems. How can each of us make learning in the early childhood and primary years more effective? Research Conference 2023 will examine research around how we can improve the continuity of learning from birth to 12 years. It will bring together leading international and Australian researchers to provide insights into the best ways to identify, conceptualise, develop and assess these new linkages for learning.

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Teaching, Teaching, Wherefore Art Thou? Exploring The Artistry In Teaching, Sean Casham Sep 2023

Teaching, Teaching, Wherefore Art Thou? Exploring The Artistry In Teaching, Sean Casham

2021-2030 ACER Research Conferences

Teachers do unforgivably complex work, and part of this complexity is the artistry in teaching practice. This poster outlines research on artistry in teaching involving a literature review and a qualitative multi-site case study design across New South Wales, ACT and the Northern Territory.

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B/Lv Laboratory Accessibility Technology Adapted For Neurodiverse Chemistry Students, Christin B. Monroe Sep 2023

B/Lv Laboratory Accessibility Technology Adapted For Neurodiverse Chemistry Students, Christin B. Monroe

Journal of Science Education for Students with Disabilities

Text-to-speech technology is a common accommodation available for students with disabilities. Despite the ubiquitous nature of text-to-speech, this technology has not been explored in laboratory settings for neurodiverse college students. This study explores the adaptability of laboratory accessible text-to-speech technology (originally developed for blind/low vision (B/LV) students) for neurodiverse students. Students were asked to provide general feedback about the usability and effectiveness of the technology using Likert surveys. The students also answered open-ended questions about how the technology could be adapted to be more neurodiverse friendly. Overall, more than 50% of the students found the technology useful but had specific …

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Self-Study Portfolio Jessica Hanig, Jessica Hanig Aug 2023

Self-Study Portfolio Jessica Hanig, Jessica Hanig

Master of Education in Teacher Leadership Portfolios

No abstract provided.

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Ctl Impact Report (Fy23), Center For Teaching & Learning Aug 2023

Ctl Impact Report (Fy23), Center For Teaching & Learning

CTL Publications

The Sacred Heart University CTL was founded in 2022 as an integrated scaffold of teaching and learning support. Its founding brought together instructional development for SHU faculty with academic support services for SHU undergraduate and graduate students. In this report, we share our center’s reach and impact during FY23 (July 1, 2022 – June 30, 2023), marking the first full academic year in which the CTL has operated in its current model.

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Pengaruh Pembelajaran Dengan Menggunakan Modul Berbantuan Simulasi Terhadap Peningkatan Penguasaan Konsep Mahasiswa Calon Guru Fisika Pada Materi Gelombang Mekanik, Widya Rohmawati, Sutopo Sutopo, Ahmad Taufiq, Zuerdiana Binti Manaf Jul 2023

Pengaruh Pembelajaran Dengan Menggunakan Modul Berbantuan Simulasi Terhadap Peningkatan Penguasaan Konsep Mahasiswa Calon Guru Fisika Pada Materi Gelombang Mekanik, Widya Rohmawati, Sutopo Sutopo, Ahmad Taufiq, Zuerdiana Binti Manaf

Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of simulation-assisted teaching materials in increasing conceptual understanding of prospective physics teacher students about mechanical waves. Research method is a one-group pretest-posttest design with subjects consisted of 25 physics education undergraduate students at Universitas Negeri Malang. Research instrument is a conceptual understanding test item of mechanical waves. The results showed that the acquisition of an increase in learning outcomes through the calculation of the normalized average gain is 0.77 was included in the "high" category so that the use of simulation-assisted teaching materials effective in improving students' conceptual understanding. Similar learning can be …

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Describing The Ele Fresh Graduate Students’ Habit Of Listening To English Songs And Listening Self-Efficacy, Firlyano Fadly, Mirjam Anugerahwati Jul 2023

Describing The Ele Fresh Graduate Students’ Habit Of Listening To English Songs And Listening Self-Efficacy, Firlyano Fadly, Mirjam Anugerahwati

Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan

Listening is one of the essential language skills, but previous research has shown that listening is one of the most difficult language skills to acquire. There are two main factors that can cause problems when learning listening skills, there are external and internal. Self-efficacy is one of the internal factors. On the other hand, English songs are said to be an effective medium for students to learn listening skills. The purpose of this study is to describe the ELE fresh graduate student’s habit of listening to English songs and their listening self-efficacy. The study is using descriptive study, there are …

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Suburban Area English Teachers’ Implementation Of Distance Learning: Methods, Challenges, And Perceptions, Brian Asprilla Yusdiansyah, Johannes Ananto Prayogo, Ekaning Dewanti Laksmi Jul 2023

Suburban Area English Teachers’ Implementation Of Distance Learning: Methods, Challenges, And Perceptions, Brian Asprilla Yusdiansyah, Johannes Ananto Prayogo, Ekaning Dewanti Laksmi

Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan

This study employs a multiple case study method and aims to investigate, discover, and describe the suburban area English teachers teaching methods during the distance learning, challenges which are faced by the teachers, how the teachers solve those challenges, and the teachers’ perceptions towards the implementation of distance learning. The findings revealed that the teachers use direct teaching and more focused on utilizing the technology. Some of those challenges are mainly caused by the students ‘conditions. In order to obtain more genuine and valid results, a future study with better research instruments need to be conducted.

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Developing An English Summative Computer-Based Test (Cbt) For Tenth Grade Students, Putro Bagus Wahida Machtowil, Sintha Tresnadewi, Francisca Maria Ivone Jul 2023

Developing An English Summative Computer-Based Test (Cbt) For Tenth Grade Students, Putro Bagus Wahida Machtowil, Sintha Tresnadewi, Francisca Maria Ivone

Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan

The use of ICT in language testing has recently expanded to more diverse computer-based exams. This includes achievement test like UNBK (Ujian Nasional Berbasis Komputer) and university entrance test such as SBMPTN (Seleksi Nasional Masuk Perguruan Tinggi Negeri). thus, students need to get used to using this kind of test before taking a competency exam. The method employed in this study is Research and Development (R&D). Based on the process and results of the development of this English Computer Based Test, it has many features that can cover the difficulties in conducting online tests such as timers, anti-cheating, and other …

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Materi Budaya Indonesia Sebagai Kebutuhan Pemelajar Bipa Dalam Program Immersion, Vania Maherani, Yulianeta Yulianeta, Nuny Sulistiany Idris, Nor Hasimah Ismail Jul 2023

Materi Budaya Indonesia Sebagai Kebutuhan Pemelajar Bipa Dalam Program Immersion, Vania Maherani, Yulianeta Yulianeta, Nuny Sulistiany Idris, Nor Hasimah Ismail

Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan

In the immersion program, cultural introduction materials are needed to minimize the culture shock. This study aims to describe (1) the Indonesian cultural orientation sessions obtained and (2) Indonesian cultural materials needed by BIPA students prior to the immersion program. This study uses a qualitative approach. The results of this study indicate that (1) Indonesian cultural orientation sessions obtained by BIPA students can help them anticipate culture shock and (2) Indonesian cultural materials needed by BIPA students are material on how to dress, communicate, eat, use transportation, food information, and relations between women and men. The result of this research …

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The Mental Set In Classroom Management During Distance Learning, Dinda Khamaril Kusumawardani, Sri Rachmajanti Jul 2023

The Mental Set In Classroom Management During Distance Learning, Dinda Khamaril Kusumawardani, Sri Rachmajanti

Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan

This paper aims to reveal the English teachers’ beliefs about their classroom management during distance learning. Moreover, this study also presented the solution that the expert teachers gave to conquer those difficulties. This study involved big number of participants and presented the solution, therefore the descriptive survey research design was chosen. A questionnaire and interview used to collect data in which the items were taken from three books related to Classroom Management. The findings showed that the English teachers found difficulties in the aspect of Mental Set. Related to those difficulties several suggestions were provided. The solutions were related to …

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Universal Design For Learning (Udl) In Inclusive Preschool Science Classrooms, Marla J. Lohmann, Katrina A. Hovey, Ariane N. Gauvreau Jul 2023

Universal Design For Learning (Udl) In Inclusive Preschool Science Classrooms, Marla J. Lohmann, Katrina A. Hovey, Ariane N. Gauvreau

Journal of Science Education for Students with Disabilities

Science instruction is a critical aspect of early learning. Teachers can support young children’s learning about scientific concepts through the use of the Universal Design for Learning (UDL) framework, which is a proactive approach to instructional planning that helps ensure success for all learners. This teaching techniques article offers preschool teachers practical solutions for implementing in the UDL framework for science instruction in their classrooms.

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Mathematical Identities And Tracking: An Exploration Of Efficacy In Children And Women, Emma Hagan Jul 2023

Mathematical Identities And Tracking: An Exploration Of Efficacy In Children And Women, Emma Hagan

Education | Master's Theses

This study seeks to understand the impact of elementary school mathematical identities and mathematics tracking on the identities of women and girls. “Tracking” is an institutionalized education method developed in the 1960s and 1970s in which schools sort their students into smaller class-sized groups based on their observed achievement (Domina et al., 2016). Too often, when students test onto the lower track, they are confronted with a sense of futility and a lack of self-efficacy (Domina, Hanselman, Hwang & McEachin, 2016; Houtte & Stevens, 2015). Further, in STEM disciplines, students who identify as female report lower self-efficacy rates than those …

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