Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Educational Assessment, Evaluation, and Research Commons™

Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Curriculum and Instruction

Institution
Keyword
Publication Year
Publication
Publication Type
File Type

Articles 661 - 690 of 2260

Full-Text Articles in Educational Assessment, Evaluation, and Research

Peningkatan Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Dan Hasil Belajar Peserta Didik Menggunakan Student Centered Learning, I Putu Widyanto, Raisa Vienlentia Apr 2022

Peningkatan Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Dan Hasil Belajar Peserta Didik Menggunakan Student Centered Learning, I Putu Widyanto, Raisa Vienlentia

Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan

Learning is an activity between educators, students and learning resources. Appropriate learning has a major impact on students, such as developing creativity, critical thinking skills. The research was conducted using a quasi-experimental method at the Dharma Acarya Faculty of IAHN-TP Palangka Raya to finding out how the effectiveness of the SCL learning approach on learning outcomes and critical thinking skills. The study sample was 36 students as a control group and 39 people as an experimental group. The results of thinking skills test and learning outcomes of students using the TCL and SCL learning approaches were analyzed by statistical paired …


A Design Of Interactive Augmented Reality Mobile Learning Application For Ios-Based Device: Phytochemical Screening Material, Ruth Elenora Kristanty, Nashrul Hakiem Apr 2022

A Design Of Interactive Augmented Reality Mobile Learning Application For Ios-Based Device: Phytochemical Screening Material, Ruth Elenora Kristanty, Nashrul Hakiem

Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan

Augmented Reality (AR) in the study of phytochemical screening is a technology that combines observation of experimental results in phytochemical screening as virtual objects with real environments. This study aimed to develop interactive learning media for phytochemical screening materials in the Phytochemistry Practicum at the Pharmaceutical and Food Analysis Department of Poltekkes Kemenkes Jakarta II. This interactive learning media application using AR technology was applied to iOS-based smartphones and designed for phytochemistry learning in the laboratory. The methods used in this study were descriptive exploratory for phytochemistry analysis and Multi- Media Development Life Cycled (MDLC) for AR development. 3D objects …


Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Argument Driven Inquiryterhadap Kemampuan Argumentasi Ilmiah, Putri Qori Utami, Sumari Sumari, I Wayan Dasna Apr 2022

Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Argument Driven Inquiryterhadap Kemampuan Argumentasi Ilmiah, Putri Qori Utami, Sumari Sumari, I Wayan Dasna

Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan

The purpose of this study is to investigate effect of the Argument Driven Inquiry model on the scientific argumentation skills of 11th grade students in terms of goal orientation. A quasi-experimental research design is a 2 x 2 factorial. The study involved an experimental group (ADI) and a control group (Inquiry) each consisting of 34 students. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for interpreting the data. Based on data analysis, there are differences in students’ scientific argumentation skills between the experimental and control group (sig. 0,011), but there is no significant difference in terms of goal orientation (sig. 0,267). …


Pengembangan E-Module Adiwiyata Berbasisreading Mind Mapping Circ Untuk Sma Kelas X, Yayang Setya Wardhani, Mimien Henie Irawati, Suhadi Suhadi, Ruchimah Ahmad Apr 2022

Pengembangan E-Module Adiwiyata Berbasisreading Mind Mapping Circ Untuk Sma Kelas X, Yayang Setya Wardhani, Mimien Henie Irawati, Suhadi Suhadi, Ruchimah Ahmad

Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan

This research aims to develop an effective and practical electronic module Adiwiyata based on Remap CIRC. Types of research and development Lee and Owens model (2004). The test subjects were students of class XI IPA who had taken biology subjects. The research instruments were material expert validation sheets, teaching material media experts, biology education practitioners, and response questionnaire sheets. The percentage of material expert validation results is 100%, the validation of teaching material media experts is 94% and the validation of biology education practitioners is 100%. The results of the percentage of individual trials are 98%, small groups are 94%, …


Curiosity, Motivation, Autonomy, And Lifelong Learning In Education And The United States Marine Corps, Cynthia Malmquist Apr 2022

Curiosity, Motivation, Autonomy, And Lifelong Learning In Education And The United States Marine Corps, Cynthia Malmquist

Department of Teaching, Learning, and Teacher Education: Theses and Other Student Research

Curiosity, intrinsic motivation, and autonomy-supportive teaching all promote lifelong learning in both the classroom and Marine Corps. Humans are all born with curiosity. Children inherently practice forms of intrinsic motivation. Most would agree that they do not like being micromanaged - they enjoy a sense of freedom when completing tasks. Despite this, many students learn in a controlling environment and many Marines work under controlling leaders. Though a large amount of time is spent on learning through the first 18 years of life, lifelong learning does not come naturally and is not commonly practiced. The research and ideas discussed below …


Teachers’ Perceptions On Implementing Read 180 During The Covid-19 Pandemic For Grade 3-5 Students In A Georgia Public School, Monika Nicole Whitmire Apr 2022

Teachers’ Perceptions On Implementing Read 180 During The Covid-19 Pandemic For Grade 3-5 Students In A Georgia Public School, Monika Nicole Whitmire

Theses and Dissertations

The problem addressed by the study was to examine the effectiveness of the implementation of the Read 180 Universal reading intervention program for students who struggle with reading during the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this case study was to describe teachers’ perceptions of the effectiveness of the implementation of the Read 180 program for elementary students in a grades 3-5 Georgia elementary school during the COVID-19 pandemic. A qualitative research paradigm has been used in the research described below.

A case study involved semi- structured interviews of 12 general ELA teachers in grades 3, 4, and 5. A thematic …


An Investigation Into The Experiences Of Secondary Social Studies Teachers Regarding A Change In State-Level Social Studies Standards In A Colorado School District, Lindsay Mcmichael Sitterley Apr 2022

An Investigation Into The Experiences Of Secondary Social Studies Teachers Regarding A Change In State-Level Social Studies Standards In A Colorado School District, Lindsay Mcmichael Sitterley

Theses and Dissertations

The researcher investigated the perceptions of secondary social studies teachers regarding the change in state - level social studies standards, especially in terms of their response in instructional practice. Furthermore, the study included a discussion of the factors that influence the actions of teachers related to the change in the social studies curriculum. This allowed for an analysis of potential changes in instructional decision making, such as including cooperative learning strategies, that were the result of the change in curriculum. The study is significant as changes in recommended instructional strategies have occurred in recent years. Additionally, research in the field …


Conceptualization Of Steam Education In The Elementary Classroom, Virginia Olmert Mccullough Apr 2022

Conceptualization Of Steam Education In The Elementary Classroom, Virginia Olmert Mccullough

Theses and Dissertations

Science, Technology, Engineering, Art, and Mathematics (STEAM) education is an instructional approach to education in which students demonstrate creative approaches in experiential, inquiry-based learning within the STEM disciplines. Despite the national focus on STEAM education, there exists considerable uncertainty as to what constitutes STEAM education and how classroom educators make sense of their conceptualization of STEAM in their classroom within the state of Georgia.

The method of conceptualization is the internal processing of thoughts that produce new ideas or knowledge. This descriptive case study offers thoughtful new insights on how educators in a STEAM-certified elementary school in a school district …


Improving Career Readiness And Employability Of College Graduates, Megan Packer Apr 2022

Improving Career Readiness And Employability Of College Graduates, Megan Packer

Masters Projects

Research shows that current college graduates are lacking in skills related to career readiness and employability upon graduation. Due to this, college students are entering the workforce and are landing in jobs that either do not require a college degree or are not the role that they hoped for upon graduation. In relation, career development as a whole is lacking in the college experience. This project will discuss the current state of employability and career readiness of college graduates. It will dive into potential methods and strategies for improving career readiness and career development of college students within higher education …


A Case Study Of The History, Impact, And Political Reforms Of The Hope Scholarship In Georgia, Stephen Crawford Boyd Apr 2022

A Case Study Of The History, Impact, And Political Reforms Of The Hope Scholarship In Georgia, Stephen Crawford Boyd

Theses and Dissertations

The qualitative bounded case study examined the HOPE Scholarship including the policy changes it went through since its inception and the impact HOPE has made on postsecondary education in Georgia. HOPE is the largest merit-based scholarship in the United States and is facing issues with funding for future scholars. This dissertation addressed its inception by Governor Zell Miller, the changes that it went through as issues arose, and the impact it has made on postsecondary education since 1993.

The problem addressed by this dissertation was there was a lack of longitudinal research data on the topics addressed in this dissertation. …


From The Editors..., Todd Pagano Apr 2022

From The Editors..., Todd Pagano

Journal of Science Education for Students with Disabilities

No abstract provided.


On Turning Tables, Hubris, And Humility: Reflecting Upon Carol Rogers-Shaw’S “Disabled Lives & Pandemic Lives: Stories Of Human Precarity”, David J. Connor Apr 2022

On Turning Tables, Hubris, And Humility: Reflecting Upon Carol Rogers-Shaw’S “Disabled Lives & Pandemic Lives: Stories Of Human Precarity”, David J. Connor

Occasional Paper Series

What can be learned about the pandemic through the lens of disability, and conversely, what can we come to know about disability through the Covid-19 pandemic? Rogers-Shaw contemplates these reciprocal questions in a highly original essay that is wide in scope. After thinking about how to best describe the experience of reading her work, the word “wondrous” came to mind, as the essay is both delightful and powerful. Why? Because she examines and explores what has recently concerned many of us in education, that is, the pandemic’s impact upon the lives of both teachers and students with and without disabilities. …


Perceptions Of Higher Education Learners And Educators Regarding The Learner-Centered Strategy Implementation: A Qualitative Single Case Study, Ngo T. Tran Apr 2022

Perceptions Of Higher Education Learners And Educators Regarding The Learner-Centered Strategy Implementation: A Qualitative Single Case Study, Ngo T. Tran

All Theses And Dissertations

The problem in this study was the lack of an effective strategy implementation of learner-centered education in higher education institutions (Hoidn, 2017; Lee & Hannafin, 2016; Sabah & Du, 2018; Starkey, 2019; Sweetman, 2017). The purpose of this study was to investigate perceptions of higher education learners and educators on LCE strategy implementation. The study’s conceptual framework was rooted in personalized learning, and the theoretical framework employed the educational theory from Dewey (1897). Study findings included: 1. LCE is a philosophy of education that places learners and their needs at the center of the educational process. The LCE concept in …


The Confidence Of High School Special Education (Sped) Teachers To Deliver Instruction In A 100% Virtual Learning Environment Due To Covid-19, Darius E. James Apr 2022

The Confidence Of High School Special Education (Sped) Teachers To Deliver Instruction In A 100% Virtual Learning Environment Due To Covid-19, Darius E. James

Doctor of Education (Ed.D)

The 2020 COVID-19 pandemic had substantially altered others' daily social interactions and the delivery of education globally. From preschool to universities, educational institutions worldwide temporarily closed their brick-and-mortar facilities to prevent the spread of the COVID-19 virus. The transition from in-person to virtual learning was very abrupt, and the transition forced teachers of all experience levels to adapt to a new normal of virtual instruction due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore the perceptions of high school special education teachers’ confidence to deliver virtual instruction to students within a school district that was …


Examining Middle School Core Teacher Knowledge And Practices In Stem Education, Rachel Brill-Lee Apr 2022

Examining Middle School Core Teacher Knowledge And Practices In Stem Education, Rachel Brill-Lee

All Theses And Dissertations

Many educational institutions reported challenges with achieving student success in STEM disciplines and attribute these challenges to the lack of knowledge and education among educators on how and what to teach regarding STEM education (Stehle & Peters-Burton, 2019). This qualitative case study explored how core subject teachers outside STEM/CTE education in one middle school in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States view, understand, and integrate STEM education and skills into their curriculum. The study used a combination of Likert surveys and semi-structured interviews to identify themes that may contribute to challenges many educational institutions are experiencing in regard to …


Understanding The Perceived Impact Of Social And Emotional Learning Interventions On High School Student Success, Michelle Wright Apr 2022

Understanding The Perceived Impact Of Social And Emotional Learning Interventions On High School Student Success, Michelle Wright

All Theses And Dissertations

Integrating social and emotional learning (SEL) skills into instructional practices and academic content has become a priority in many school districts (CASEL, 2018). While educators and clinical professionals alike have made strides in recognizing the importance of SEL, the level of implementation across districts varies greatly (CASEL, 2018). This qualitative program evaluation explored whether school staff at a public suburban high school in the Northeastern United States perceived the implementation of various interventions aimed at increasing SEL skills of students to be successful. This study utilized semi-structured interviews to identify which interventions had been implemented by a group of school …


Development, Implementation, And Delivery Of A Remote Burnout Prevention Elective Course In An Accelerated Doctor Of Pharmacy Program During Covid-19, Melissa Santibanez, Jonathon May, Paul M. Boylan, Andrea Duque, Taylor Harris Mar 2022

Development, Implementation, And Delivery Of A Remote Burnout Prevention Elective Course In An Accelerated Doctor Of Pharmacy Program During Covid-19, Melissa Santibanez, Jonathon May, Paul M. Boylan, Andrea Duque, Taylor Harris

Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice

Purpose: There is limited evidence describing burnout among graduate health professions students, including pharmacy students, and there is a need for educational institutions to mitigate burnout and promote future healthcare provider wellness. Methods: A burnout prevention elective course was developed within an accelerated Doctor of Pharmacy program. Course faculty transitioned from live to fully remote instruction in April 2020. The modified course format combined discussion-based lectures, burnout self-assessments, reflective writing assignments, and applications-based presentations. Results: Twenty-one second-year pharmacy students completed the elective, and 13 completed post-course evaluations (61.9% response rate). Evaluations indicated substantial student support, with 92.3% “strongly agree” and …


Projectxprep.Net: The Development Of A Project-Based Learning Resource Website, Christopher B. Smith Mar 2022

Projectxprep.Net: The Development Of A Project-Based Learning Resource Website, Christopher B. Smith

Morehead State Theses and Dissertations

A capstone submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Education in the Ernst and Sara Lane Volgenau College of Education at Morehead State University by Christopher B. Smith on March 31, 2022.


Covid-19 Impact On Principal Self-Efficacy, Lee Westberry, Tara Hornor Mar 2022

Covid-19 Impact On Principal Self-Efficacy, Lee Westberry, Tara Hornor

Journal of Educational Leadership in Action

Recent educational research has focused on the Covid-19 impact on students, both educationally and emotionally. Researchers have even begun studying the impact of the pandemic on teachers with virtual instruction; however, very little research exists on the Covid-19 impact on principals. The purpose of this research is to study the impact of Covid-19 on P-12 principals. Specifically, the focus of the mixed-method study is studying the pandemic’s impact on principal self-efficacy. The study aims to answer the following research questions: 1. What impact has the Covid-19 Pandemic had on principal self-efficacy 2. Are there any unintended consequences from the pandemic …


Exam Review Versus Categorical Feedback, Which Is Better For Improved Scores In Doctor Of Physical Therapy Students?, Bethany Huebner Mar 2022

Exam Review Versus Categorical Feedback, Which Is Better For Improved Scores In Doctor Of Physical Therapy Students?, Bethany Huebner

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Capstones

Introduction: Computer-based assessments are commonly used in the physical therapy education curriculum. Feedback is an essential part of the learning process, but what effective feedback entails in the computer-based assessment environment is unclear. Educators may choose from knowledge of results, knowledge of correct results, and elaborated feedback.

Subjects: Students enrolled in a DPT program; N=49.

Methods: This study was a mixed-methods single-subject quasi-experimental design aimed to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between feedback and computer-based assessment scores. Two forms of feedback were assessed during a semester with repeated testing and alternating feedback forms. Students completed an assessment and were given one …


In This Issue (13:4), Stephen J. Langendorfer Ph.D. Mar 2022

In This Issue (13:4), Stephen J. Langendorfer Ph.D.

International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education

Greetings, IJARE readers and welcome to the fourth issue of Volume 13. I admit being quite excited about this issue. It is jam-packed with outstanding papers from six different countries that deserve your readership and attention.


Content, Construct, And Criterion Validity, Reliability, And Objectivity For Aquatic Readiness Assessment For Brazilian Children, Nadia C. Valentini, Keila R G Pereira, Glauber C. Nobre Mar 2022

Content, Construct, And Criterion Validity, Reliability, And Objectivity For Aquatic Readiness Assessment For Brazilian Children, Nadia C. Valentini, Keila R G Pereira, Glauber C. Nobre

International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education

The Aquatic Readiness Assessment (ARA) is an assessment instrument for measuring children's aquatic readiness. The objective of the study was to translate the English version into Portuguese and to investigate the content, construct, and criterion validity as well as the reliability and rater objectivity of the ARA for Brazilian children. Twenty-three professionals and 464 children, newborn to 13 years-old participated in the study. We found strong content (94% to 100% of judges’ agreement) and criterion validity, internal consistency (α from .96 to .97), and inter-rater objectivity (ICC from .81 to .98), and test-retest reliability (ICC from .94 to .98). Appropriate …


Analisis Miskonsepsi Siswa Ma Menggunakan Metodethink Aloud Protocol (Tap), Erwinestri Hanidar Nur Afifi, Markus Diantoro, Wartono Wartono Feb 2022

Analisis Miskonsepsi Siswa Ma Menggunakan Metodethink Aloud Protocol (Tap), Erwinestri Hanidar Nur Afifi, Markus Diantoro, Wartono Wartono

Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan

This study aims to find out the misconceptions experienced by students during the learning process using think aloud protocol (TAP) and physics multiple choice tests (TPGF) on hydrostatic pressure materials. This research design uses mixed method design with embedded experimental design. Quantitative data is obtained through N-gain calculations that show a high category with a score of 0.7. This indicates that there is a significant change in the mastery of the student's hydrostatic pressure concept after learning activities. Qualitative data analysis based on the results of the think aloud protocol also shows how students experience misconceptions by pouring their thoughts …


Collaborative Project Based Learning Implementation During Covid-19 Outbreak, Soetam Rizky Wicaksono, Rudy Setiawan Feb 2022

Collaborative Project Based Learning Implementation During Covid-19 Outbreak, Soetam Rizky Wicaksono, Rudy Setiawan

Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan

Covid-19 outbreak has already created such big changes in education all over the world. However, rapid response improvement is needed to overcome the reality. One of the improvements is using Project Based Learning (PBL) which ensured that students can still become active and enthusiastic during remote learning. PBL implementation can be done using collaborative technique, which empirically proven to have better result. This research took place in Information System Study Program at Universitas Ma Chung Malang, in course which includes laboratory activity (in this case is Programming Language course). This implementation then being measured using focus group discussion (FGD), which …


Unpacking Efl Teachers’ Tpack Thru The Distance Education, Sofia Imania, Mirjam Anugerahwati, Sintha Tresnadewi Feb 2022

Unpacking Efl Teachers’ Tpack Thru The Distance Education, Sofia Imania, Mirjam Anugerahwati, Sintha Tresnadewi

Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan

The growth of distance education provides an accessibility of teaching-and-learning-process involving the use of ICT. Hence, teachers’ competencies regarding the integration of ICT also one of the key success of teaching. Through TPACK, this study aims at investigating EFL teachers’ skills on technology integration and their preferable ICT based learning system amidst distance education. Moreover, this study also intends to analyze whether EFL teachers’ TPACK are significantly different in terms of teaching categories and gender. This survey study implicated 139 in-service EFL teacher in the city of Malang, East Java, Indonesia. The data were collected through questionnaire and analyzed by …


A Preliminary Study: The Urgency Of Stem-Based Science Practicum Book For Secondary School, Rahmah Evita Putri, Skunda Diliarosta, Monica Prima Sari Feb 2022

A Preliminary Study: The Urgency Of Stem-Based Science Practicum Book For Secondary School, Rahmah Evita Putri, Skunda Diliarosta, Monica Prima Sari

Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan

The research purpose is to analyse the needs of Science Technology Engineering and Mathematic (STEM)-based science practicum books for secondary school. This is descriptive qualitative research with questionnaire and interview methods. The sample of this research were secondary school science teacher and students. The data were analysed descriptively with the results of data processing in percent (%). The results showed that 98% of secondary school science teachers did not know that STEM-based practicum activities could train 21st century students' skills and 90% of secondary school students stated that they never carried out practicum activities other than laboratory activities. The results …


Perceptions Of Employability Skills Of Undergraduate Business Students In A Developing Country: An Exploratory Study, Wise Mainga, Reuben M. Daniel, Luis Alamil Feb 2022

Perceptions Of Employability Skills Of Undergraduate Business Students In A Developing Country: An Exploratory Study, Wise Mainga, Reuben M. Daniel, Luis Alamil

Higher Learning Research Communications

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the relative importance of different employability skills for business graduates seeking initial employment.

Method: Semi-structured survey questionnaires were administered to human resources representatives from industry, business lecturers, and graduating business students to determine gaps in perceptions between the three stakeholder groups.

Results: There was some alignment and moderate discrepancies in perceptions of the relative importance of different employability skills between the three stakeholder groups. There were statistically significant differences in perceived importance of communication, teamwork, and interpersonal skills between graduating students and employers. There is evidence that employers were satisfied with …


Disrupted Learning During Covid-19: A Survey Of Student Experience, Celia Szelwach, John Cordes, Alia Sheety, Vinayak Mathur, Maia Magrakvelidze, John Doyle, Gifty Key, Joseph Cimakasky Feb 2022

Disrupted Learning During Covid-19: A Survey Of Student Experience, Celia Szelwach, John Cordes, Alia Sheety, Vinayak Mathur, Maia Magrakvelidze, John Doyle, Gifty Key, Joseph Cimakasky

SoTL Commons Conference

Navigating unexpected disruption caused by COVID-19 in Higher Education required immediate and flexible response by faculty and students as they pivoted to other learning modalities. In Spring Semester 2021, we administered a 40-question survey including several open-ended questions to 795 undergraduate and graduate students (master and doctoral level) in multiple disciplines across four Schools at a private university in Pennsylvania to capture student perceptions of learning experience in face-to-face, hybrid, and fully online environments. Ninety-nine students completed the survey. Lessons learned for teaching and learning include sensitivity to students’ stress and understanding learning environment design preferences and effectiveness.


Infusing Covid-19 Into An Undergraduate Parasitology Research Course, Alexa Von Dohlen Feb 2022

Infusing Covid-19 Into An Undergraduate Parasitology Research Course, Alexa Von Dohlen

SoTL Commons Conference

The COVID-19 pandemic is a global event that has impacted both how and what educators teach. An unexpected outcome of the pandemic was the ability to enhance student understanding of public health through discussion of the novel coronavirus. Course-based undergraduate research experiences (CURE) provide students with authentic research experiences in the framework of an undergraduate course. Here the reconfiguration of the Parasitology Research course as an online CURE is discussed. This course included curriculum focused not only on parasite diagnostics, but also how it relates to diagnosing COVID-19 with the aim of helping students become scientifically prepared citizens.


“It’S Up To Us:” Factors Influencing The Perspectives And Practices Of Instructors Working In An Out-Of-School Swimming Program For Underserved Children And Youth, Daniela M. Susnara, Matthew Curtner-Smith Feb 2022

“It’S Up To Us:” Factors Influencing The Perspectives And Practices Of Instructors Working In An Out-Of-School Swimming Program For Underserved Children And Youth, Daniela M. Susnara, Matthew Curtner-Smith

International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education

The purposes of this study were (a) to describe the perspectives and practices of instructors working in an out-of-school swimming program (OSSP) for underserved children and youth and (b) to examine the factors which shaped these perspectives and practices. The theoretical framework employed was occupational socialization. Two female instructors participated in the study. Five qualitative techniques were used to collect data and standard interpretive techniques were employed to analyze them. Key findings were that the instructors were highly skilled and had well-developed sets of beliefs about teaching swimming and working with disadvantaged children and youth. These perspectives and practices were …