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International Journal for Research in Education

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Full-Text Articles in Disability and Equity in Education

The Level Of Inclusion Of Transitional Services Competencies In Special Education Programs In Saudi Universities, Turki A. Alquraini Prof., Mona M. Alkhudaydi, Amjad F. Almawash, Maryam A. Alhusayani, Meaad A. Almoutairi, Lamia S. Alhusayani, Amaal D. Bin Jabaan Sep 2023

The Level Of Inclusion Of Transitional Services Competencies In Special Education Programs In Saudi Universities, Turki A. Alquraini Prof., Mona M. Alkhudaydi, Amjad F. Almawash, Maryam A. Alhusayani, Meaad A. Almoutairi, Lamia S. Alhusayani, Amaal D. Bin Jabaan

International Journal for Research in Education

The study aimed to identify the level of inclusion of transitional services competencies in special education programs in Saudi universities from the point of view of faculty members. In addition to studying the differences between the responses of faculty members according to the variables: the date of establishing the program, the number of courses related to transitional services, and the availability of specialists in this field. The sample consisted of 164 faculty members in special education programs in 22 Saudi universities. Results indicated that the inclusion of transitional services competencies in the special education programs in Saudi universities came to …


The Level Of Teachers' Readiness To Implement The Multi-Tiered System Of Support In Inclusive Schools, Doaa M. Alshaddadi, Abdulkarim H. Alhossein Prof. Oct 2022

The Level Of Teachers' Readiness To Implement The Multi-Tiered System Of Support In Inclusive Schools, Doaa M. Alshaddadi, Abdulkarim H. Alhossein Prof.

International Journal for Research in Education

The aim of the study was to identify the extent of teachers’ readiness to implement the multi-tiered system of support in inclusive schools in Riyadh, and its relationship to gender, majors, years of teaching experience, and training workshops, and to identify whether the study variables can predict teachers’ readiness to implement multi-tiered system of support. A descriptive approach was used, and the researchers developed a survey which was distributed to a sample consisting of 167 male and female teachers. The results of the study indicated that most of the teachers were highly prepared to implement the multi-tiered system of support …


The Counseling Needs Of Students With Disabilities At The University And Their Relationship To The Level Of Aspiration And The Attitude Towards Study, Sharefa A. Alzubairi Phd, Najla Y. Alamry Phd Jun 2022

The Counseling Needs Of Students With Disabilities At The University And Their Relationship To The Level Of Aspiration And The Attitude Towards Study, Sharefa A. Alzubairi Phd, Najla Y. Alamry Phd

International Journal for Research in Education

The current study aimed to identify the counseling needs and their relationship to the level of aspiration and attitudes towards study among university students with disabilities. The sample consisted of 85 students with disabilities enrolled at Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University. The results indicated high percentages of counseling needs, and it came in the following order: academic, professional, psychological, health, social, and informatics. Also, it showed high level of aspiration and attitude among the study sample, and existence of a statistically significant negative correlation between the counseling needs and both the level of aspiration and attitude. No statically significant differences …


Using The Visual Activity Schedule To Improve Self-Regulation Skills For Students With Autism Spectrum Disorder, Atef Abdalla Bahrawi Dr Jun 2022

Using The Visual Activity Schedule To Improve Self-Regulation Skills For Students With Autism Spectrum Disorder, Atef Abdalla Bahrawi Dr

International Journal for Research in Education

This study aimed to find out the level of using the visual activity schedule to improve self-regulation skills for students with autism spectrum disorder. The study consisted of a sample of 74 male and female students with autism spectrum disorder. The study tool was used to improve self-organization skills, and a program of using visual activity tables was administered, in which the validity and reliability of the tool was calculated. The study found statistically significant differences between the pre and post testing of the experimental group which refers that the training program improved self-regulation skills for the experimental group participants. …


Reality Of Using Distance Learning With Students With Intellectual Disability From Teacher's Perspective During Corona Pandemic, Ibraheem Mohammed Alsawalem Jun 2022

Reality Of Using Distance Learning With Students With Intellectual Disability From Teacher's Perspective During Corona Pandemic, Ibraheem Mohammed Alsawalem

International Journal for Research in Education

This study aimed to explore the use of distance learning with students with intellectual disability from teacher's perspectives during the corona pandemic. The study sample included 320 teachers who specialized in teaching students with intellectual disability. The study used descriptive approach and prepared a questionnaire which consisted of two sections: teachers' attitude to use distance learning and barriers of using distance learning. The study results showed that most of the sample, which constitutes 87.5%, did not use distance learning with students with intellectual disabilities during corona pandemic. The teachers showed moderate attitudes towards the use of distance learning with students …


Using Co-Teaching In Developing Reading Skills Among Female Students With Learning Disabilities And Their Regular Peers, Maha Hamad Alsheeha Phd Jun 2022

Using Co-Teaching In Developing Reading Skills Among Female Students With Learning Disabilities And Their Regular Peers, Maha Hamad Alsheeha Phd

International Journal for Research in Education

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of using co- teaching on developing reading skills for students with learning disabilities and their regular peers on a sample of fourth grade students at primary school in Riyadh. The subjects for this study were (74) female students distributed into two groups (control and experimental), each group consisting of (30) regular students and (7) students with learning disability. A pre and post-test was applied to both groups to measure their achievement in the reading skills: reading accuracy, speed and comprehension. The two groups were taught (40) lessons, each session lasting …


Attitudes Of Saudi Students Toward The Inclusion Of Students With Disabilities In Physical Education Classes, Zuhair Abdaladeem Al Salim Nov 2021

Attitudes Of Saudi Students Toward The Inclusion Of Students With Disabilities In Physical Education Classes, Zuhair Abdaladeem Al Salim

International Journal for Research in Education

The purpose of this study was to examine typical students’ attitudes toward inclusion of students with disabilities in physical education (PE) classes. The participants were between 10 – 16 years of age and their grade level from fifth grade to ninth grade in the Eastern province in Saudi Arabia. The participants were 614 typical students in elementary and middle schools. Participants responded to Children’s Attitudes Toward Integrated Physical Education-Revised (CAIPE-R). The findings of this study indicated that the overall means scores of attitudes of all participants toward the inclusion of students with disabilities in physical education classes was 2.99, indicating …


Barriers Of The Inclusion Of Children With Special Educational Needs In Mainstream Classes From Pre-Service Teachers’ Viewpoints, Bader Jassem Al-Qallaf, Hamed Jassem Alsahou, Nouf Salem Alenezi Nov 2021

Barriers Of The Inclusion Of Children With Special Educational Needs In Mainstream Classes From Pre-Service Teachers’ Viewpoints, Bader Jassem Al-Qallaf, Hamed Jassem Alsahou, Nouf Salem Alenezi

International Journal for Research in Education

This study aims to investigate the barriers towards inclusion of children identified as having SEN in mainstream classes in Kuwait as seen by 452 pre-service teachers at the College of Basic Education. The researchers used a mixed-methods design that involved both an open-ended questionnaire and focus group. Each method investigated dimensions of the barriers towards inclusion in Kuwait as well as the SEN categories that participants believed would be most or least possible to include in mainstream classes. It was found that there are five different dimensions of possible barriers to inclusion: barriers from teachers, social barriers, academic barriers, physical …


The Relationship Between Teaching Characteristics And Students' Academic Emotions In The Classroom, Salwa Ali Kateb Dr. Feb 2020

The Relationship Between Teaching Characteristics And Students' Academic Emotions In The Classroom, Salwa Ali Kateb Dr.

International Journal for Research in Education

This study investigated the relationship between eight teaching characteristics that have been classified into two categories: the supportive presentation style (SPS) and the Excessive Lesson Demands (ELD) and six academic emotions (enjoyment, pride, anxiety, anger, helplessness, and boredom) acquired by students in classes. In addition, the study investigated the differences between the members of the research sample in the study variables according to the academic field (English language, mathematics and biology). The research sample consisted of 562 the final grade in public high schools in Saudi Arabia, Jeddah. This study conducted a multilevel analysis on a sample of 562 girls …


Requirements For The Transformation In The Functions Of Saudi Universities In Light Of The Vision Of Saudi Arabia 2030, Nouf A. Alajmi Dr, Maha A. Al-Qarzaie Dr Feb 2020

Requirements For The Transformation In The Functions Of Saudi Universities In Light Of The Vision Of Saudi Arabia 2030, Nouf A. Alajmi Dr, Maha A. Al-Qarzaie Dr

International Journal for Research in Education

The study aimed to identify the transformation requirements in the function of Saudi universities to contribute in achieving Saudi Vision 2030. The researchers have used a questionnaire composed of 72 phrases distributed over three areas: academic teaching, scientific research, and community service. The study population consisted of 264 deans, vice deans, heads of departments and faculty members at public universities in Riyadh. The results of the study showed that there is a high need of sufficient numbers of faculty members on a proper level of scientific capabilities to have a transformation in academic teaching. The results also indicated that there …


Information Function For Item And Test And Reliability When Using Three Forms Of Multi-Choice Test Under Item Response Theory, Mo'en Slman Al-Nasraween Dr Oct 2019

Information Function For Item And Test And Reliability When Using Three Forms Of Multi-Choice Test Under Item Response Theory, Mo'en Slman Al-Nasraween Dr

International Journal for Research in Education

This study aimed at revealing the effect of the number of alternatives in the multiple choice tests on the information function of the item and the test according to the three-parameter model under the item response theory. To achieve the objective of the study, a multi-choice achievement test was constructed in the second part of mathematics subject for the 10th grade students in the public schools in the capital city of Amman. The final test consists of 38 paragraphs and three models are prepared, which differ only in the number of item alternatives. The sample of the study consisted of …


Evaluation Of Students For Teaching Performance Of The Members Of Teaching Staff College Of Education For Girls - King Khalid University Of Saudi Arabia, Nilly Hussien Elamrousy Famel, Eman Hamdi Ammar Famel Oct 2019

Evaluation Of Students For Teaching Performance Of The Members Of Teaching Staff College Of Education For Girls - King Khalid University Of Saudi Arabia, Nilly Hussien Elamrousy Famel, Eman Hamdi Ammar Famel

International Journal for Research in Education

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the level of teaching performance of the members of teaching staff in some educational courses from the point of view of the students of the general educational diploma in the Faculty of Education for Girls in King Khalid University in Saudi Arabia. The study used the analytical descriptive method and the researchers prepared a questionnaire to evaluate the teaching performance of members of teaching staff. The study reached the following results: The teaching performance of members of teaching staff from the point of view of students of the General Educational Diploma was …


From Practices To Teaching: : Challenges And Opportunities Of Public Administration In The Arab World, Abdalhadi M. Alijla Oct 2019

From Practices To Teaching: : Challenges And Opportunities Of Public Administration In The Arab World, Abdalhadi M. Alijla

International Journal for Research in Education

This paper examines the challenges facing PA education, considering the colonial heritage of the region. Over the past decade, researchers have paid attention to Public Administration (PA) and its education in the Middle East. Many explored the history of the PA in the region and the quality of PA programs within high education institutes. In the context of the developmental challenges that face the current generation in the region, and under the current political circumstances which have negative consequences on PA, many voices call for a reliable and high-quality PA education and good governance, which includes accountability, transparency, democracy, and …


Proposed Proposal For The Development Of Technical Education Institutions In Egypt In The Light Of Contemporary Global Trends, Reda Abdelbadiea Attia Dr Oct 2019

Proposed Proposal For The Development Of Technical Education Institutions In Egypt In The Light Of Contemporary Global Trends, Reda Abdelbadiea Attia Dr

International Journal for Research in Education

The study deals with how to take advantage of the Contemporary global trends the development of technical education institutions education by studying the development of technical education institutions in some countries besides studying the reality of technical education in Egypt, similarities and differences that can be derived through the comparative analytical study, Technical education institutions in Egypt, working to take advantage of global trends The study uses the comparative approach with its analytical descriptive approach through a comprehensive description of the phenomenon and analysis of information and data related to the study subject in the light of strong and cultural …


Assessing Student Misconceptions Of The Electrical Potential Of Spherical Conductors, Saif Alneyadi Jul 2019

Assessing Student Misconceptions Of The Electrical Potential Of Spherical Conductors, Saif Alneyadi

International Journal for Research in Education

The purpose of this study was to identify and assess the misconceptions of grade 12 students in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) concerning the electrical potential of spherical conductors in physics. This study employed a two-tier multiple choice testing strategy to assess student misconceptions. The participants consisted of 200 grade 12 science students, including 100 male and 100 female students, drawn from UAE public high schools. The findings showed that the students held a variety of misconceptions regarding the electrical potential of spherical conductors. Moreover, most of the students did not possess a good understanding of the electrical potential of …


Using Evidence-Based Behaviorist Instructional Strategies With Effect Size In Inclusive Elementary Schools In Kuwait, Zaid Nazzal Al-Shammari Jul 2019

Using Evidence-Based Behaviorist Instructional Strategies With Effect Size In Inclusive Elementary Schools In Kuwait, Zaid Nazzal Al-Shammari

International Journal for Research in Education

This research purposes to investigate the use of evidence-based behaviorism instructional strategies with effect size in the education of students with special needs from inservice special education teachers' point of views in Kuwait's public inclusive elementary schools. A developed questionnaire survey included some variables (i.e. nationality, age, marital status, education qualification, teaching experience, direct instruction, functional behavioral analysis, and assessment, evaluation and feedback) to measure 120 inservice special education female teachers' point of views that randomly selected. Results revealed significant differences found in the education qualification variable only. Some recommendations provided for a further research in future on other instructional …


The Effect Of Self-Learning Table Strategy K.W.L.H. On The Achievement And The Trends Towards School Mathematics Among The Sixth Primary Grade Students, Hilal Mezel Alenezi Jul 2019

The Effect Of Self-Learning Table Strategy K.W.L.H. On The Achievement And The Trends Towards School Mathematics Among The Sixth Primary Grade Students, Hilal Mezel Alenezi

International Journal for Research in Education

This study aimed to examine the impact of self-learning table strategy K.W.L.H. On the achievement of the sixth grade students in chapter "Regular Fractions and Decimal Fractions" and their attitudes towards school mathematics.

The study has been conducted in the first semester (1438/1439AH), at King Khalid Bin Abdul-Aziz Primary School, in Arar, Saudi Arabia.

A quasi-experimental design has been used. In addition a (pre & post) achievement test (20 Questions) and (pre & post) attitude scale towards school mathematics (24 Item) were applied on two groups: one was control (27 Students) and the other experimental (26 Students).

The study showed …


An Analytical Study About The Dialectical Use Of Statistical Significance In Psychological And Educational Research, عايش صباح Dr Jul 2019

An Analytical Study About The Dialectical Use Of Statistical Significance In Psychological And Educational Research, عايش صباح Dr

International Journal for Research in Education

The statistical significance has been adopted more than 300 years ago, It has served an important purpose in promoting research in social sciences, however, there has been much controversy over the misuse and interpretation of the statistical significance test.Compelling criticisms of statistical significance testing can be found in virtually all areas of the social and life sciences, economics, sociology, education and psychology. Because it is the overwhelmingly dominant statistical method in these sciences, criticisms need to be taken seriously.

Yet, after half a century of cogent arguments against statistical significance and calls to adopt alternative practices some disciplines, such as …


The Effect Of Distance Learning Delivery Methods On Student Performance And Perception, Abdulaziz Ali Alzahrani May 2019

The Effect Of Distance Learning Delivery Methods On Student Performance And Perception, Abdulaziz Ali Alzahrani

International Journal for Research in Education

The aim of this study was to investigate student perception and performance resulting from different distance learning delivery methods. A quantitative research method was applied to determine students’ views on synchronous and asynchronous delivery methods. This study was applied at the University of Hail, Deanship of Preparatory Year. The participants were 49 freshman female students. The results showed that there was a significant difference between student performance in both delivery methods—the synchronous delivery method and the synchronous with asynchronous delivery method. In addition, there was also a significant difference in student perception in the two groups. Based on this, it …


Traffic Offences Among Adolescents , And Its Relationship With Leisure Variables, And Attitudes Toward High Risk Sports, Homoud Mohammed Alanazi May 2019

Traffic Offences Among Adolescents , And Its Relationship With Leisure Variables, And Attitudes Toward High Risk Sports, Homoud Mohammed Alanazi

International Journal for Research in Education

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to explore the common traffic offences among adolescents. In addition, to examine the relationship between traffic offences and (leisure boredom, sensation seeking, and attitudes towards participation in high-risk Sport). Participants (N = 289) were recruited via stratified random sampling from grade (1st, 2nd, 3rd) of secondary schools (males) in Turaif city. According to the results, The common traffic offences observed among adolescents were, driving a car without wearing a seat belt, driving a car over speed limit, use a mobile phone while driving, engaging in Altaheet, engaged in car racing with others. Using …


Effectiveness Of Employing Technological Innovations In Teaching The Technology Curriculum For The Sixth Grade To Develop Practical Skills And Achievement In A Sample Of Sixth Grade Students In North Gaza, ايهاب محمد الشيخ خليل Dr May 2019

Effectiveness Of Employing Technological Innovations In Teaching The Technology Curriculum For The Sixth Grade To Develop Practical Skills And Achievement In A Sample Of Sixth Grade Students In North Gaza, ايهاب محمد الشيخ خليل Dr

International Journal for Research in Education

The aim of the research is to find out the effectiveness of employing technological innovations in teaching the technology curriculum for the sixth grade in the governorate of North Gaza and test its effectiveness in the development of achievement and practical performance in the technology of students in the sixth grade of basic education in Palestine. The availability of the sixth grade technology curriculum, the availability of the existing curriculum, the use of technological innovations in the teaching of the sixth grade ICT module, and the research tools: The experimental tools were applied to both the pre-trial and post-test groups, …


The Impact Of Metacognitive Strategies Based Learning Modules On Ninth Grade Student's Science Achievement In Sultanate Of Omanمريم, Maryam Khamis Al-Mahrouqi -, علي مهدي كاظم أ.د May 2019

The Impact Of Metacognitive Strategies Based Learning Modules On Ninth Grade Student's Science Achievement In Sultanate Of Omanمريم, Maryam Khamis Al-Mahrouqi -, علي مهدي كاظم أ.د

International Journal for Research in Education

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the impact of the metacognition strategies (MS) based on learning modules on ninth grade students' science achievement in Oman for the academic year 2016/2017. A quasi-experimental design was used with two experimental groups and one control group. The first experimental group (n= 30) was taught via learning modules in paper form, while the second experimental (n=34) was taught in computerized form. The control group (n=33) was taught using a traditional method. An achievement test comprising (40) items was used. Validity and reliability of it were established. The results showed that there …


The Impact Of Parents Counseling Program In Improving The Development Skills In In Early Childhood Stage, Abedalaziz Mostafa Sartawi May 2019

The Impact Of Parents Counseling Program In Improving The Development Skills In In Early Childhood Stage, Abedalaziz Mostafa Sartawi

International Journal for Research in Education

No abstract provided.


The Concept Of Implicit Intelligence And Creativity In The First And Third Year Students In The Program Doctor Of Medicine In Arabian Gulf University, Fatima Ahmed Al-Jasim, Tarik Al-Shabani May 2019

The Concept Of Implicit Intelligence And Creativity In The First And Third Year Students In The Program Doctor Of Medicine In Arabian Gulf University, Fatima Ahmed Al-Jasim, Tarik Al-Shabani

International Journal for Research in Education

The aim of this research is to identify the concept of implicit theories and implicit creativity among of the first and third year in the program of Doctor Program students in Medicine at the Arabian Gulf University. The sample of the study consisted of 207 students (85 males and 115 females). The descriptive method was used to answer the study questions. The results showed that the arithmetic mean of both implicit intelligence and creativity for first and third year students in MD program are high, and there were no statistically significant differences between them, and there is no statistically significant …


The Reality Of Educational Media Throughout The Emirate Of Abu Dhabi Secondary Schools In The United Arab Emirates From The Perspectives Of Students, Omar M. Khasawneh, Rafeea Musallem Al Ameri Oct 2018

The Reality Of Educational Media Throughout The Emirate Of Abu Dhabi Secondary Schools In The United Arab Emirates From The Perspectives Of Students, Omar M. Khasawneh, Rafeea Musallem Al Ameri

International Journal for Research in Education

The purpose of this study was to identify the reality of educational media throughout the Emirate of Abu Dhabi secondary schools in the United Arab Emirates from the perspectives of students. To attain the study purpose, the researchers prepared a questionnaire consisted of 63 statements in its final format as an instrument for data collection. Upon the completion of stating the questionnaire items, the researchers tested its reliability as well as validity. The study instrument had been divided into five major domains. Such domains were school media, instructional technology, school broadcasting, forums/lectures, and local community/family-school communication. Then, (384) questionnaires, representing …


The Impact Of An Early Intervention Training Program Based On Verbal Behavior To Develop Communication Skills Among Children With Autism In Saudi Arabia, Mohammed Alzyoudi, Rawan Bakkar Oct 2018

The Impact Of An Early Intervention Training Program Based On Verbal Behavior To Develop Communication Skills Among Children With Autism In Saudi Arabia, Mohammed Alzyoudi, Rawan Bakkar

International Journal for Research in Education

This study aimed to identify the impact of an early intervention training program based on verbal behavior in the development of communication skills for children with Autism in Saudi Arabia. The study sample consists of 12 children with Autism, who had been identified as having average and less than average degrees of autism according to Gilliam Autism Rating Scale. They were aged 4-6 years. The study uses the following tools, after checking their validity and stability by the researcher: Teacher's Rating of Autistic Child Joint Attention Scale; a translated version of Behavior Language Assessment Form (BLAF). The results of the …


Phonological And Articulation Disorders Among Children With Communication Disorders In Jordan, Enas M. Oliemat Oct 2018

Phonological And Articulation Disorders Among Children With Communication Disorders In Jordan, Enas M. Oliemat

International Journal for Research in Education

This study aimed at identifying the phonological and articulation disorders among typically developing children and children with communication disorder in Jordan in terms of the nature of the disorder in spoken Arabic phonetic according to their age-groups. The study sample consisted of 200 children (100 typically developing children and 100 children with communication disorder) who were chosen randomly from six governorates in Jordan. Data were collected using Phonological Test, Spontaneous Speech Sample, and Picture's Expressive Sample. Using descriptive data analysis, results have showed that there are qualitative and quantitative differences in the nature of the phonological and articulation disorders in …


The Impact Of The Worked Example Modality And Sequencing On Achievement When Self-Learning Complex Multimedia Math Problems, Daniah Alabbasi, Haya Alwehaiby, Abeda Alenezy Oct 2018

The Impact Of The Worked Example Modality And Sequencing On Achievement When Self-Learning Complex Multimedia Math Problems, Daniah Alabbasi, Haya Alwehaiby, Abeda Alenezy

International Journal for Research in Education

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of using multimedia to teach complex math problems. It is designed based on the worked example principle with varied modality and sequencing and tested its efficacy on high school students’ achievement. In order to implement the research idea, high school students were randomly assigned to four groups that were self-taught by four different educational programs. The results of the study showed that there are statistically significant differences (α0.05) between the four groups' mathematical mean scores in the post-test. This means that the modality of displaying the worked example (sound, without …


The Degree Of The Teacher’S Role Practice In The Jordanian Education System In The Era Of Knowledge Openness As Seen By Educational Supervisors, Omar Abdul Rahim Rababa'a Oct 2018

The Degree Of The Teacher’S Role Practice In The Jordanian Education System In The Era Of Knowledge Openness As Seen By Educational Supervisors, Omar Abdul Rahim Rababa'a

International Journal for Research in Education

This study identified the practice degree of the teacher’s role in the Jordanian Education system in the Era of knowledge openness through answering the following question: What is the practice degree of teacher’s exercising his/her roles in the Jordanian education system in the era of knowledge openness as seen by the educational supervisors? This study adopted the descriptive analytical approach. The population consisted of (800) educational supervisors whereas the sample of the study consisted of (120) supervisors randomly selected. The results of the study showed that the degree of teacher’s role exercising the academic role in the Jordanian education system …


Self–Assessment In Efl Grammar Classroom: A Study Of Efl Learners At The Centre For Languages And Translation, Ibb University, Marwan Saeed Saif Moqbel May 2018

Self–Assessment In Efl Grammar Classroom: A Study Of Efl Learners At The Centre For Languages And Translation, Ibb University, Marwan Saeed Saif Moqbel

International Journal for Research in Education

The present study investigated the implementation of self-assessment in EFL grammar classroom to identify the attitudes of EFL learners at the Centre for Languages and Translation, Ibb University towards self-assessment, their perceptions of the advantages of self-assessment, and the problems or difficulties that EFL learners may face while carrying out self-assessment activities. To collect data, the researcher used three instruments: a questionnaire, a structured interview, and a focus group discussion. The questionnaire was administered to (85) EFL learners. Using the stratified sampling technique, the researcher selected randomly (14) learners for the interviews and (21) learners to participate in the focus …