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Full-Text Articles in Curriculum and Social Inquiry

Transformative Learning Abroad For Honors Students: Leveraging High-Impact Practices At Global Partner Institutions, Craig Wallace Jan 2020

Transformative Learning Abroad For Honors Students: Leveraging High-Impact Practices At Global Partner Institutions, Craig Wallace

National Collegiate Honors Council Monographs: Chapters

The substantial increase in student participation in learning abroad and the proliferation of program types have greatly changed the international education landscape in the United States and beyond, providing new opportunities for global outreach and collaboration. Creative global partnerships can help students overcome longstanding barriers to studying abroad and provide students with opportunities to enhance their undergraduate education by stacking the high-impact practice of study abroad with other transformative high-impact practices, such as undergraduate research and service learning, which are defining elements of an honors experience. Given the potential for transformation as a result of learning abroad, honors educators and …


“Let’S Get A Coffee!”: A Transformative International Honors Partnership, Leslie Kaplan, Sophia Zevgoli, Andres Gallo Jan 2020

“Let’S Get A Coffee!”: A Transformative International Honors Partnership, Leslie Kaplan, Sophia Zevgoli, Andres Gallo

National Collegiate Honors Council Monographs: Chapters

Advocates of study abroad have emphasized that semester- and year-long programs offer greater opportunities than short-term programs for students to enhance their personal, academic, and professional development (Dwyer). But can carefully constructed short-term study abroad experiences, which are increasingly popular choices for undergraduates, have similar effects? One study suggests they can achieve important outcomes, such as encouraging tolerance for ambiguity, appreciation for diversity, and openness to experience (Shadowen et al.). Another study shows that even shortterm exposure to other cultures can enhance creativity (Leung et al.), and a third demonstrates that creative problem solving was improved by cultural study in …


Intercultural Conversations: Honors-Led Partnerships To Engage International Students On Campus, Robert J. Pampel Jan 2020

Intercultural Conversations: Honors-Led Partnerships To Engage International Students On Campus, Robert J. Pampel

National Collegiate Honors Council Monographs: Chapters

At a time when many universities are interested both in enrollment growth and the prestige of academic selectivity, international student recruitment and honors education emerge as popular strategic initiatives on college campuses. An influx of international students can enhance campus culture, fill enrollment gaps, and increase tuition revenue. Meanwhile, a selective undergraduate honors community serves as an exemplar of scholarship and distinction, which may attract academically talented students to the institution. On the surface, these trends appear unrelated. Lee notes, however, that international students are often motivated by institutional prestige and reputation when deciding to study in the United States …


Balancing International Aspirations With Honors Expectations: Expanding Honors To A Branch Campus In Florence, Italy, James G. Snyder, Vanessa Nichol-Peters Jan 2020

Balancing International Aspirations With Honors Expectations: Expanding Honors To A Branch Campus In Florence, Italy, James G. Snyder, Vanessa Nichol-Peters

National Collegiate Honors Council Monographs: Chapters

Education abroad has the potential to leave a deep and transformative impact on the lives of honors students. That education abroad and a broader focus on the larger world beyond the boundaries of campuses comprises a core value of many honors programs and colleges comes as no surprise. In addition to providing a rigorous education and undergraduate research opportunities, many honors programs aspire to making their students more cosmopolitan in their worldview. The philosopher Kwame Anthony Appiah explains that cosmopolitanism blends two important values: it stretches us “beyond those to whom we are related by the ties of kith and …


The Fulbright International Education Administrators Seminars: Pathways To International Partnerships, Rochelle Gregory, Kyle C. Kopko, M. Grant Norton Jan 2020

The Fulbright International Education Administrators Seminars: Pathways To International Partnerships, Rochelle Gregory, Kyle C. Kopko, M. Grant Norton

National Collegiate Honors Council Monographs: Chapters

While the benefits of studying abroad are well documented (e.g., Braskamp et al.; Lewis and Niesenbaum; Ludlum et al.; McCabe; Williams), honors administrators face significant challenges in internationalizing their honors programs and colleges. The U.S. Fulbright Commission, by partnering with commissions in France, Germany, India, Japan, Korea, Russia, and Taiwan to host programs for international education administrators from around the United States each year, is addressing the challenges of internationalizing American higher education. According to the Institute of International Education, the seminar in Germany in 1984–1985 was the first of its kind. Other seminars were added in 1986 (Japan), 1999 …


The Honors Thesis For Health Sciences Students: A Service Abroad Model, Misty Guy, Heidi Evans Knowles, Stephanie Cook, Zane Cooley, Ellen Buckner Jan 2020

The Honors Thesis For Health Sciences Students: A Service Abroad Model, Misty Guy, Heidi Evans Knowles, Stephanie Cook, Zane Cooley, Ellen Buckner

National Collegiate Honors Council Monographs: Chapters

Despite advances in health care sciences and increased awareness of health disparities, unnecessary gaps in outcomes among vulnerable populations and a lack of adequate solutions to combat common diseases worldwide continue. Those deficiencies and the blurring of international borders have led to an increased need for health care professionals to understand health and the factors that influence it on a global scale (Wernli et al.). Nurses comprise the largest group of direct patient care providers in the world and have historically played an essential role in promoting health and improving patient outcomes regardless of the setting. The multifaceted and ever-changing …


“Same Same, But Different”: Trans-Nationalizing Honors In A U.S. Branch Campus, Jesse Gerlach Ulmer Jan 2020

“Same Same, But Different”: Trans-Nationalizing Honors In A U.S. Branch Campus, Jesse Gerlach Ulmer

National Collegiate Honors Council Monographs: Chapters

In July of 2013, I was appointed to lead the Honors Program at Virginia Commonwealth University’s School of the Arts in Doha, Qatar (VCU Qatar), a branch campus of Virginia Commonwealth University in Richmond, Virginia. I attended my first National Collegiate Honors Council (NCHC) conference the following November. The location was New Orleans, Louisiana, a twentysomething hour flight from Doha, Qatar’s capital city. My goal was simple: to engage with honors directors like myself who were running honors programs outside the United States. Jet-lagged beyond belief, I stumbled through the conference in a stupefied, nine-hour time difference haze, rarely straying …


Drawing On Gifts Of International Students To Develop International Partnerships, Kevin W. Dean Jan 2020

Drawing On Gifts Of International Students To Develop International Partnerships, Kevin W. Dean

National Collegiate Honors Council Monographs: Chapters

It was Tuesday of the first week of classes for the fall 2012 term. At two o’clock in the afternoon, swamped with student petitions to register for classes and balancing myriad administrative issues, I found a young man with an unfamiliar accent standing on my office threshold. “I don’t have an appointment, but might you have a moment? My name is Carl. This is my second day in the states from Norway, and I heard about the honors program and would like to join.” A few days exist in an educator’s life that one can consider change moments, and that …


Assessing Honors Internationalization: A Case Study Of Lloyd International Honors College At Unc Greensboro, Chris J. Kirkman, Omar H. Ali Jan 2020

Assessing Honors Internationalization: A Case Study Of Lloyd International Honors College At Unc Greensboro, Chris J. Kirkman, Omar H. Ali

National Collegiate Honors Council Monographs: Chapters

Lloyd International Honors College (LIHC) of the University of North Carolina at Greensboro (UNC Greensboro) is a useful example of the reimagining of a traditional honors program into an honors college with an international focus.1 The process of becoming an internationally focused honors college, which began in 2006, was part of the university’s strategic goal of internationalizing its curriculum, student body, faculty, and culture. It has involved an extended process of program development; campus-wide partnership building, specifically in conjunction with the university’s International Programs Center (IPC) and Global Engagement Quality Enhancement Plan (QEP); and iterative assessment. This chapter outlines the …


Introduction To Internationalizing Honors (2020), Mary Kay Mulvaney, Kim Klein Jan 2020

Introduction To Internationalizing Honors (2020), Mary Kay Mulvaney, Kim Klein

National Collegiate Honors Council Monographs: Chapters

The world of higher education in the twenty-first century recognizes the necessity, not merely the desirability, of educating our students as global citizens. According to the American Council on Education’s Center for Internationalization and Globalization Engagement (CIGE), campus efforts toward internationalization are increasing: approximately half of all institutions now include a global studies component in their general education requirements, roughly half specify internationalization as one of their top five institutional strategic priorities, and nearly two-thirds have identified an international or global outcome as one of the student learning outcomes applicable to the entire student body (Mapping Internationalization). While including an …


The Blind Spots: The Importance Of Measuring Non-Academic Indicators That Are Critical To Producing Positive Outcomes Specifically For Youth Who Are Living In Adverse Conditions, Orrin White Jan 2020

The Blind Spots: The Importance Of Measuring Non-Academic Indicators That Are Critical To Producing Positive Outcomes Specifically For Youth Who Are Living In Adverse Conditions, Orrin White

West Chester University Doctoral Projects

The study explores the impact of measuring non-academic indicators to establish and promote positive secondary and post-secondary outcomes, specifically for youth living in adverse conditions. In pursuit of this objective, the sixth grade population attending a traditional public middle school in Wilmington, Delaware completed the Search Institute’s Developmental Asset Profile (DAP), a self-report survey designed to understand the strengths and supports young people have in their lives. The assessment of the secondary data was the result of already existing programming and evaluation initiatives by the United Way of Delaware. The analyses show that participants perceptions of self, family, and community …


Teacher Perceptions Of Funds Of Knowledge In Central Appalachia, Kiplyn Collins Jan 2020

Teacher Perceptions Of Funds Of Knowledge In Central Appalachia, Kiplyn Collins

Ed.D. Dissertations

This study examined teacher perceptions of their use of funds of knowledge pedagogy in classrooms in two counties in central Appalachia. The funds of knowledge theory was originally applied to the migrant Mexican American population and then transitioned to other minority populations but has rarely been examined within the Appalachian region, nor the central Appalachian region specifically. Since the President’s Appalachian Regional Commission in 1964, the Appalachian region has been recognized by its financial struggles, low employment rates, and low educational achievement. While numerous researchers have examined the problems of education in the area, few studies have sought methods for …


Rey-Ifying A New Heroine: Interrogating The Curriculum Of Femininity In Star Wars Films, Rebekah S. Morgan Jan 2020

Rey-Ifying A New Heroine: Interrogating The Curriculum Of Femininity In Star Wars Films, Rebekah S. Morgan

College of Graduate Studies: Theses & Dissertations

The Star Wars film trilogies are a cross-generational phenomenon. Due to its powerful and pervasive nature, the messages within Star War’s films must be problematized. As a cultural artifact, Star Wars was used to explore the representations of women across time and three generations. Using a conceptual framework based on cultural curriculum studies and feminist theory, this study explored the significance of Star Wars as gender text by interrogating the representations of women in the Star Wars film saga and what these representations teach about gender and femininity. By focusing on the themes of agency, empowerment, and identity, this work …


The Rose Who Grew From Concrete: A Black Female Administrator's Perspective Of The Public School Experience For Black Girls Who Attend A Predominantly White Middle School In Southeast Georgia, Latashia S. Thomas Jan 2020

The Rose Who Grew From Concrete: A Black Female Administrator's Perspective Of The Public School Experience For Black Girls Who Attend A Predominantly White Middle School In Southeast Georgia, Latashia S. Thomas

College of Graduate Studies: Theses & Dissertations

This study explores the educational experiences of Black girls who attended a predominantly White school in Southeast Georgia from the perspective of a Black female administrator. Using Critical Race Theory (e.g. Bell, 1987, 1992, 1995; Delgado & Stefancic, 2001; Solorzano & Yosso, 2001) and Black Feminist Thought (e.g. Hill Collins, 2000; hooks, 1984/2000) as theoretical frameworks and memoir (Angelou, 1969/2009; Hurston, 1996) and fiction (Bell, 1992; Morrison, 1970/1993) as methodology, I explore ways in which Black girls are oppressed when they attend majority White public schools.

Six meanings emerged from this inquiry: (1) Writing my memoir has allowed me to …


Inquiry-Based Emergent Curriculum Using A Transdisciplinaryapproach To The Visual Arts In Early Childhood Education And Care:Implications For Policy, Education And Practice, Evelyn Mary Egan Jan 2020

Inquiry-Based Emergent Curriculum Using A Transdisciplinaryapproach To The Visual Arts In Early Childhood Education And Care:Implications For Policy, Education And Practice, Evelyn Mary Egan

Theses

This research aims to investigate current approaches used by practitioners in the design and delivery of visual arts curricula for children availing of the Irish Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE) Scheme (DCYA, 2019). The study rationale is borne out of an interest in establishing what constitutes good practice in this domain. The focus of the study is to provide an extensive review of national and international literature debating approaches to visual arts curricula for young children and to establish how this translates into practice through a field study methodology within the Irish ECCE context. Underpinning the research is the …


Re-Forging Democracy In Schools Through The History Of American Social Movements, Jonathan Privado Jan 2020

Re-Forging Democracy In Schools Through The History Of American Social Movements, Jonathan Privado

West Chester University Master’s Theses

Democratic virtue and spirit are severely lacking in the traditional school setting. With so many threats to the planet, the nation, and democracy as a whole, direct action, and active civic engagement are more important than ever. The traditional social studies and history curriculums of schools, both sanitized and passive, often claim to prepare students for citizenry, but are actually ill preparing students for the challenge and the necessity of genuine civic engagement. In particular, one of the most egregious offenders within the domain of the social studies is the traditional American history curriculum. In most cases, as this study …


Student's Perceptions Of Smartphone Use At Home And At A High School Regarding A New Smartphone Policy: A Case Study, Ana Zurita Jan 2020

Student's Perceptions Of Smartphone Use At Home And At A High School Regarding A New Smartphone Policy: A Case Study, Ana Zurita

College of Graduate Studies: Theses & Dissertations

The new generation raised in the digital era continues to present unresolved challenges for both parents and teachers. The purpose of this case study is to analyze students' usage of their smartphones in their lives, and understand the success of a new school policy on smartphone use at an arts school in the U.S. For this qualitative research, I interviewed ten participants from the high school. The literary review informs us that smartphones are potentially addictive, with negative effects for healthy mental, emotional and social child development, as well as a source of misleading information. As a consequence, smartphones in …


How The Change To Online Learning Affected Chinese Language Teaching In California Schools Due To The 2020 Covid-19 Pandemic, Jing Ren Jan 2020

How The Change To Online Learning Affected Chinese Language Teaching In California Schools Due To The 2020 Covid-19 Pandemic, Jing Ren

Cal Poly Humboldt theses and projects

This research study investigates how Chinese language teachers in California made the change from in-person learning to distance learning during the COVID-19 pandemic, how they set up and taught virtual classes and what their reactions were to the online transitions. Teachers utilized various interactive tools and strategies to teach students in their virtual classrooms. Parental involvement with the child’s education at home increased. Some public school district polices caused greater reductions in student participation than others. Teachers applied various communication strategies to engage students in creative ways while teaching online. This together with curriculum development and assessment design required that …


Creating Dynamic Spaces: Exploring Student-Empowered Self-Expression Through Art, Meghan E. Charest Jan 2020

Creating Dynamic Spaces: Exploring Student-Empowered Self-Expression Through Art, Meghan E. Charest

Honors Theses

Research suggests that students living in rural areas may be more likely to face adversity and stress due to intersecting challenges present in their communities including poverty, substance abuse, addiction, poor health, reduced economic opportunity, and geographic isolation. I conducted an engaged scholarship project in partnership with students and staff at JES to explore ways that open-ended art activities that provide students with self-directed creative spaces can cultivate a student-centered environment built around strong relationships. This type of environment can mitigate the negative impacts of adverse childhood experiences potentially affecting rural Maine students and improve a culture of emotional wellness …


Participatory Action Research In Schools: Unpacking The Lived Inequities Of High Stakes Testing, Tiffany A. Dejaynes, Tabatha Cortes, Israt Hoque Jan 2020

Participatory Action Research In Schools: Unpacking The Lived Inequities Of High Stakes Testing, Tiffany A. Dejaynes, Tabatha Cortes, Israt Hoque

Publications and Research

Purpose – This paper aims to examine a school-based Youth Participatory Action Research (YPAR) project on educational inequity and high stakes testing.

Design/methodology/approach – A former high school teacher (currently a university professor) and two former students (currently research assistants and university students) take up a youth studies framework to collaboratively resee multimodal artifacts from a tenth-grade course in qualitative research.

Findings – Findings illustrate the power of finding allies in peers and educators; the transformative power of deep participation; and the longitudinal nature of social change and action. Thus, this research demonstrates that when students are positioned as researchers, …


Cocreate: Collaborative Curriculum Reimagining And Enhancement Aiming To Transform Education, Barry J. Ryan, Adrienne Fleming, Catherine M. Deegan, Claire Mcavinia, Colm O'Kane, David Williams, Edmund Nevin, Eric Bates, Fionnuala Darby, Jen Harvey, Lesley Murphy, Maebh Coleman, Miriam O'Donoghue, Nicola Duffy Jan 2020

Cocreate: Collaborative Curriculum Reimagining And Enhancement Aiming To Transform Education, Barry J. Ryan, Adrienne Fleming, Catherine M. Deegan, Claire Mcavinia, Colm O'Kane, David Williams, Edmund Nevin, Eric Bates, Fionnuala Darby, Jen Harvey, Lesley Murphy, Maebh Coleman, Miriam O'Donoghue, Nicola Duffy

Teaching Fellowship Reports

The establishment of TU Dublin in January 2019 provided a unique opportunity to create a bespoke curriculum framework for students, staff and stakeholders of TU Dublin, produced by the students, staff and stakeholders of TU Dublin. A curriculum framework is a set of guiding values that inform the design of teaching and learning activities within TU Dublin. A Teaching Fellowship Team, comprising eighteen teaching academics from across the three TU Dublin campuses and supported extensively by the Learning Teaching and Technology Centre (LTTC), was formed to collaboratively craft, in partnership with all stakeholders, a curriculum framework for TU Dublin. Working …


The Great Turning: A Call For Systems-Thinkers, Gabriella M. Demarce Jan 2020

The Great Turning: A Call For Systems-Thinkers, Gabriella M. Demarce

Undergraduate Theses, Professional Papers, and Capstone Artifacts

David Orr, in an article on ecological intelligence reminds us that the modern world was shaped by people who did not understand that our social and economic systems could not coexist with the rest of the biological or natural systems on Earth (Orr, 1994). My research is rooted in Orr’s argument and discovering ways to shift this degrading paradigm. With my belief in the power of education in empowering youth and my background in environmental and climate change studies, I see a future in great need of people who holistically understand the functions of all types of systems and can …


A Quantitative Study On The Effectiveness Of A Rural Magnet School Versus An Urban School Magnet Program In Academic Success And Stakeholder Satisfaction, Shayera Whitfield Jan 2020

A Quantitative Study On The Effectiveness Of A Rural Magnet School Versus An Urban School Magnet Program In Academic Success And Stakeholder Satisfaction, Shayera Whitfield

Doctor of Education Dissertations

Research studies has indicated there is a correlation with magnet school curriculum being the cause of an increase in student achievement, high levels of student motivation, and satisfaction with morale as well as an increase in the number of parents satisfied with the school. However, according to Gamoran (1996), there have only been studies examining the academic achievement of magnet school students to non-magnet school students. This research study was designed to determine the effectiveness of a magnet school program in a rural and urban school district on the academic performance of students in reading and math as well as …


Portland State University: General Education And Equitable Assessment, Rowanna L. Carpenter, Vicki Reitenauer, Aimee Shattuck Jan 2020

Portland State University: General Education And Equitable Assessment, Rowanna L. Carpenter, Vicki Reitenauer, Aimee Shattuck

Women, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Faculty Publications and Presentations

Portland State University is not only Portland, Oregon’s public research university, but a place of innovation and engagement. Portland State offers over 200 degree programs, and is very engaged in community development as it sits in the heart of downtown. Originally founded in 1946 to serve returning World War II veterans, Portland State has “grown into Oregon’s most diverse urban public research university with 26,000 students.” Of the students served, 25% are students with children, 37% are first-generation, 45% receive Pell grants, and 48% are students of color. Espoused values of the university include the promotion of access, inclusion, and …


New Working Group: Teaching Mathematics For Social Justice In The Context Of University Mathematics Content And Methods Courses, Eva Thanheiser, Frances K. Harper, Christa Jackson, Naomi Jessup, Crystal Kalinec-Craig, Cathery Yeh, Amanda Sugimoto Jan 2020

New Working Group: Teaching Mathematics For Social Justice In The Context Of University Mathematics Content And Methods Courses, Eva Thanheiser, Frances K. Harper, Christa Jackson, Naomi Jessup, Crystal Kalinec-Craig, Cathery Yeh, Amanda Sugimoto

Education Faculty Articles and Research

"There are three goals for this new working group: 1) To create a community of mathematics teacher educators (MTEs) who are (or are interested in) collaboratively teaching mathematics for social justice (TMfSJ) in their university content and/or methods classes. 2) To collaboratively select/develop/modify TMfSJ tasks and implement those in mathematics content/methods classes. 3) To research the implementation of TMfSJ tasks in content and methods classes."


Reconsidering Student Attitudes Towards School Achievement: A Mixed Method Approach To Explore Gifted Middle School Underachievers' Attitudes About School, Allison Berner Jan 2020

Reconsidering Student Attitudes Towards School Achievement: A Mixed Method Approach To Explore Gifted Middle School Underachievers' Attitudes About School, Allison Berner

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

This study aimed to examine the attitudes and lived experiences of individuals identified as 'gifted underachievers'. A mixed-methods approach was used to investigate the concept 'gifted underachievement' using a survey regarding student attitudes towards school and individual interviews. This study used a sequential explanatory design: the first phase compared gifted achievers and gifted underachievers to determine school-related attitude differences; the second phase used a transcendental phenomenological design to describe the lived experiences of those identified as gifted underachievers. A mixed methods approach allowed for the strengths of both qualitative and quantitative research methods to be utilized with evidence from survey …


Levels Of Feedback In Preparation For A Student-Led Conferencing Event: A Case Study Of Elementary Students' Experiences, Cherise Williams Jan 2020

Levels Of Feedback In Preparation For A Student-Led Conferencing Event: A Case Study Of Elementary Students' Experiences, Cherise Williams

Theses and Dissertations--Curriculum and Instruction

According to the literature on student achievement, the classroom teacher and effective feedback are two of the most influential factors that affect students’ performance (Hattie and Timperley, 2007). Teacher feedback is an effective and efficient instructional strategy that can bridge the gap between a student’s actual level of understanding and the level required to become independently successful. There are multiple types and levels of feedback that teachers may employ to support students’ work. It is important that a teacher utilizes various levels of feedback, particularly levels that pertain to the task (FT), the process (FP), and student regulation (FR) skills …


Culturally Collaborative Teaching: A Path Toward Black Student Learning, J. Love Benton Jan 2020

Culturally Collaborative Teaching: A Path Toward Black Student Learning, J. Love Benton

Antioch University Dissertations & Theses

Inservice teachers’ influence and power are vital components for academic success among Black children. Previous research has shown that when teacher/student interactions are culturally responsive, engaging, and equitable, student learning is positively impacted (Banks, 2001; Gay, 2010; Ladson-Billings, 2011; Sleeter, 2000; Warren, 2018). However, equity gaps between Black and White k-12 students continue to exist within classroom settings (Grant & Sleeter, 2012; Ladson-Billings, 2018). Using a mixed-method approach that includes Repertory Grid Technique underpinned by Personal Construct theory to identify the teaching perceptions of inservice teachers, I gathered data that indicate how k-12 teachers understand what enables Black students to …


Instructional Decision-Making For Students In Community-Based Transition Programs, Rachel Knoepfle Jan 2020

Instructional Decision-Making For Students In Community-Based Transition Programs, Rachel Knoepfle

University of the Pacific Theses and Dissertations

Per the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEA), students with moderate to severe intellectual disabilities are eligible to receive transition services beyond twelfth grade, if they have not met the requirements for a high school diploma. There is not a formal model for how transition services should be implemented and there a number of factors in play when considering instruction for students in transition classrooms. Thus, the following questions arise: what does teaching and learning look like in such a classroom? How do teachers of CBT programs explain and understand their curriculum decision-making processes?

This study employed the methods …


Stel Benchmark Verb Alignment To Cognitive, Affective, And Psychomotor Domains, T. Shown, Philip A. Reed Jan 2020

Stel Benchmark Verb Alignment To Cognitive, Affective, And Psychomotor Domains, T. Shown, Philip A. Reed

STEMPS Faculty Publications

(First paragraph) Curriculum developers and classroom teachers often need to make sure they are teaching and assessing students at the appropriate levels of the cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains. The STEL benchmarks are written with active verbs to target different levels of these domains. In addition, curriculum developers and classroom teachers want to know whether the benchmarks are at the factual, conceptual, procedural, or metacognitive level of knowledge. The second resource being provided on ITEEA’s interactive STEL website will identify these factors for all 142 STEL benchmarks. This tool was developed to help insure the alignment of the three domains …