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Full-Text Articles in Education

Assessing Primary School Preservice Teachers’ Confidence To Apply Their Tpack In Specific Categories Of Technologies Using A Self-Audit Survey, David A. Martin, Michael D. Carey, Natalie Mcmaster, Madeleine Clarkin Jan 2024

Assessing Primary School Preservice Teachers’ Confidence To Apply Their Tpack In Specific Categories Of Technologies Using A Self-Audit Survey, David A. Martin, Michael D. Carey, Natalie Mcmaster, Madeleine Clarkin

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Internationally, university teacher educators have acted on the requirement that practising teachers need to be operational users of technologies. In response, coursework has been restructured to develop preservice teachers’ (PSTs) use and application of educational technologies for teaching and learning purposes. This paper presents the development and use of a self-audit survey designed to guide primary school PSTs’ self-directed learning and assessments in 10 specific categories of technologies, and to improve their confidence to apply their knowledge. The survey was administered to 296 PSTs in a pre- and post-course design and validated post hoc with Rasch analysis. Pre- and post-course …


Professional Development, Digital Platforms, And Middle School Education During Covid-19, Cynthia Susan Castro Dec 2023

Professional Development, Digital Platforms, And Middle School Education During Covid-19, Cynthia Susan Castro

Theses and Dissertations

The COVID-19 outbreak shifted towards online learning, requiring educators and administrators to adapt to new digital platforms and technologies quickly. The purpose of this quantitative study is to examine whether there is a significant difference in the frequency of use of digital platforms among middle schools. Secondly, it explores the relationship between teachers' attendance at professional development sessions and their integration of Nearpod lessons during the pandemic. Lastly, it investigates the relationship between the time campus principals invested in technology-related professional development and teachers' adoption of digital platforms at their respective campuses. Surveys and administrative records were …


Looking Back In Order To Move Forward: Lessons From Covid-19 For Teacher Education, Kiersten Greene, Lizabeth Cain, Elizabeth Brennan, Brianna Vaughan Nov 2023

Looking Back In Order To Move Forward: Lessons From Covid-19 For Teacher Education, Kiersten Greene, Lizabeth Cain, Elizabeth Brennan, Brianna Vaughan

Excelsior: Leadership in Teaching and Learning

This article provides critical perspectives on education technology integration in a teacher education context in a post-pandemic world. The authors—two early career teachers, one in a pre-school and one in an elementary school, and two elementary teacher education faculty members at a mid-sized public university—use the U.S. Department of Education’s 2016 guiding principles for educational technology in teacher education for analysis. The commentary evolves directly from and reflects the authors’ collective experience across the P-20 spectrum in education technology, with close attention paid to what was learned during the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent pivot to remote learning …


Upper Elementary Teacher, Instructional Technology Coach, And Administrator Experiences With Technology Integration During Covid-19 Related School Closures: A Phenomenography, Amber Gravitt Oct 2023

Upper Elementary Teacher, Instructional Technology Coach, And Administrator Experiences With Technology Integration During Covid-19 Related School Closures: A Phenomenography, Amber Gravitt

Doctor of Education in Instructional Technology Dissertations

The purpose of this phenomenographic research was to qualitatively examine the experiences of teachers, instructional technology coaches, and administrators of technology integration during the emergency remote teaching (ERT) phase of the COVID-19 related school closures. Twelve participants were interviewed using a semi-structured interview approach to gather information about their experiences of ERT using Moorhouse and Wong’s Phases to Innovation in Response to Crisis framework. An adapted phenomenographic data analysis approach was used to analyze the unique experiences of each participant group. Initially, teachers only used the technologies they were comfortable with and had used prior to school closures, but as …


Elementary Teachers’ Perception Of Digital Resources Based On Student Achievement, Tanya R. Small Oct 2023

Elementary Teachers’ Perception Of Digital Resources Based On Student Achievement, Tanya R. Small

Doctor of Education (Ed.D)

Many factors impact teachers’ decisions about when and how to implement technology during instruction. However, a gap exists in understanding teachers’ motivations for technology integration and face-to-face instruction. Therefore, this qualitative case study explored how teachers’ perceptions of student achievement, motivation, classroom behaviors, and digital challenges influenced their decisions about using technology or direct instruction in the classroom setting. A group of 20 teachers from two southern Florida public elementary schools completed anonymous Likert-scale surveys; six teachers participated in semi-structured interviews. The findings determined via descriptive statistics and thematic analysis revealed that teachers’ inclusion of technology and traditional resources is …


Recommendations To Solve The Problem Of A Lack Of Computer Skills Among Clb 4 And 5 Learners At The Linc Center, Samir Hanna Sefain Sep 2023

Recommendations To Solve The Problem Of A Lack Of Computer Skills Among Clb 4 And 5 Learners At The Linc Center, Samir Hanna Sefain

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this study was to provide recommendations to solve the problem of a lack of computer skills among Canadian Language Benchmark (CLB) 4 and 5 learners at the Language Instruction for Newcomers to Canada (LINC) Center. The problem was that CLB 4 and 5 learners do not have basic computer skills. When the school switched to online mode during the pandemic, most teachers were not sure how to teach and assess learners using technology. Around 75% of learners asked the coordinator to withdraw from the program as they felt they did not get the same teaching quality as …


Exploring Bhutanese Primary School Teachers’ Technological Knowledge, Sonam Dhendup, Kezang Sherab Jul 2023

Exploring Bhutanese Primary School Teachers’ Technological Knowledge, Sonam Dhendup, Kezang Sherab

Journal of Global Education and Research

The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the normal functions of schools globally. Online learning is a new concept in Bhutan. Nonetheless, classes have begun using various online learning platforms to continue their operations during the pandemic. This study examined primary school teachers’ perceived information technology knowledge and proficiency. The participants of this study consisted of 124 primary teachers from two western districts of Bhutan. Data were collected using an online survey. The study’s findings suggested that although the majority of participants (98.2%) had access to personal digital devices, slow internet connection and high internet data subscription charges (60.7%) were cited as …


Becoming An Effective Digital Educator: A Case Study Of Technology Preparation In A Novel Preservice Teacher Internship Program, Stephanie Milner Jun 2023

Becoming An Effective Digital Educator: A Case Study Of Technology Preparation In A Novel Preservice Teacher Internship Program, Stephanie Milner

Doctor of Education in Instructional Technology Dissertations

The purpose of this case study was to explore one teacher preparation program's internship model as implemented in one school district and discover the extent to which training for teaching with technology was integrated into the process. It also aimed to understand how former intern teachers felt the entire preparation program equipped them for technology-rich instruction during their first year of full-time teaching. Internship program documents and lesson plans were analyzed, and early career teachers, mentor teachers, school administrators, and internship program coordinators were interviewed individually. Classroom observations were conducted for the lesson plans analyzed. Findings spotlighted the district’s technology-friendly …


A Longitudinal Qualitative Study On Teachers’ Technology Barriers To Distance Learning: A School For Students With Dyslexia, Holli Bice, Hengtao Tang May 2023

A Longitudinal Qualitative Study On Teachers’ Technology Barriers To Distance Learning: A School For Students With Dyslexia, Holli Bice, Hengtao Tang

Journal of Educational Technology Development and Exchange (JETDE)

The purpose of this qualitative case study was to develop an account of teachers’ perception of barriers to technology integration throughout distance learning. COVID-19 pandemic forced schools to adopt distance learning to cope with the crisis, but whether teachers are prepared for this change is unknown. Therefore, this study described teachers’ experience of technology integration over the course of distance learning and identified the barriers they faced at a small, private school for students with dyslexia. The findings found distance learning influenced teachers’ technological knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about technology integration. Barriers to technology integration were identified by all participants, …


A Causal-Comparative Investigation Of The Effect Of Middle School Teachers’ Perceptions Of Students’ Socioeconomic Status On Their Attitudes Toward Technology, Catherine Rose May 2023

A Causal-Comparative Investigation Of The Effect Of Middle School Teachers’ Perceptions Of Students’ Socioeconomic Status On Their Attitudes Toward Technology, Catherine Rose

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This quantitative causal-comparative study investigated the effect of middle school teachers’ perceptions of students’ socioeconomic status on their attitudes toward technology. The study was based on the theory of social constructivism and the will, skill, and tool model of technology integration to investigate teachers’ attitudes toward technology. This study advanced the body of knowledge by examining the connection between pedagogical beliefs and teachers’ attitudes toward technology, the use of technology with students from lower socioeconomic backgrounds, and the need for more research on technology use by teachers at the middle school level. The research question exploring the possibility of a …


A Predictive Study Of Factors Impacting Technology Integration In Elementary Public Charter Schools, Carrie D. Ortiz Apr 2023

A Predictive Study Of Factors Impacting Technology Integration In Elementary Public Charter Schools, Carrie D. Ortiz

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this predictive correlational study was to determine if technology integration in elementary public charter schools can be predicted from a variety of factors. These factors included self-efficacy for technology usage, perceived benefits of technology usage, teachers’ beliefs and behaviors related to technology, and the available support. The study addressed technology integration in public charter schools by analyzing relationships between these factors and the level of technology integration. The target population was public charter school classroom teachers in the state of New Mexico. All teachers were general education teachers in grades kindergarten to sixth. Teachers completed the Teacher …


Evaluating The Impact Of Personalized Professional Learning On Technology Integration In The Classroom, Angela Bishop Burgess Apr 2023

Evaluating The Impact Of Personalized Professional Learning On Technology Integration In The Classroom, Angela Bishop Burgess

Theses and Dissertations

Classroom access to technology such as a computer or the Internet does not guarantee a high-level of integration of technology by the teacher or application by the student. Tools that could be used to increase student creation or personalized learning opportunities may instead be used by the teacher at lower levels of use that replace non-technological tools. The purpose of this action research was to implement and evaluate the impact of technology-focused personalized professional learning on participants’ use of and attitudes towards classroom technology. It attempted to show that modeling technology integration in professional learning opportunities for educators could have …


Citizen Scientists And Artists: Integrating Arts And Technology To Teach The Effects Of Climate Change On Bird Migration, Laura Fattal Dr., Heejung An Dr. Feb 2023

Citizen Scientists And Artists: Integrating Arts And Technology To Teach The Effects Of Climate Change On Bird Migration, Laura Fattal Dr., Heejung An Dr.

The STEAM Journal

Ways to incorporate climate change into K-12 curricula are of growing interest to many science educators. The International Cooperation for Animal Research Using Space (ICARUS) examines animal and bird migrations as a lens to understand climate change aiding educators with its emphasis on technological imagining in science and visual arts teaching and learning. This article presents an interdisciplinary unit pertaining to bird migration and climate change that integrates the arts and technology by placing upper-elementary students in the position of being citizen scientists and artists, leading to a culminating art installation project. The unit shows how a variety of digital …


A Descriptive Qualitative Study Exploring Middle-School Teachers’ Perceptions Of Professional Development On Technology Integration, Dayana Núñez Feb 2023

A Descriptive Qualitative Study Exploring Middle-School Teachers’ Perceptions Of Professional Development On Technology Integration, Dayana Núñez

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Today’s teachers are being encouraged to incorporate technology into their classrooms. Technology integration became a worldwide focus for schools after remote learning was necessary to continue instruction due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, research shows that technology-infused lessons improve student achievement and increase student engagement. Despite efforts to support teachers throughout the technology integration process, concerns have developed. Preparing highly qualified teachers ready to incorporate technology into their teaching repertoire has developed additional stress factors. In this descriptive qualitative study, the researcher wanted to address the problem of teacher attrition, possibly related to stress factors associated with technology integration. The …


Evaluating Behavioral Intention To Increase Classroom Geotechnology Usage Following Geoinquiry Implementation, Erika S. Klose Jan 2023

Evaluating Behavioral Intention To Increase Classroom Geotechnology Usage Following Geoinquiry Implementation, Erika S. Klose

Theses, Dissertations and Capstones

As educational practices include foundational and cutting-edge preparation, the value of problem-based instruction employing industry-standard technologies increases. Geospatial technologies (GST), are a group of professional technologies, including GIS (Geographic Information Systems), used by industries to make informed decisions with spatial data. This study investigated educator behavioral intention to use GIS/GST in classroom practice, and the moderating effect, if any, of the GeoInquiry, a curricular resource. The UTAUT framework was employed to evaluate and quantify the factors impacting behavioral intention (performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, and facilitating conditions). These data were examined to identify moderation by GeoInquiry usage. One hundred …


Exploring Rural Elementary Teachers’ Integration Of The Beyond Textbooks Framework, Yolanda Noriega Jan 2023

Exploring Rural Elementary Teachers’ Integration Of The Beyond Textbooks Framework, Yolanda Noriega

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Elementary school teachers at a rural school district in southeastern Arizona integrated the Beyond Textbooks framework in their classroom instruction related to academic achievement; however, exploring how rural elementary teachers integrated Beyond Textbooks in classroom instruction had yet to be investigated. This basic qualitative project study aimed to explore rural elementary teachers’ integration of Beyond Textbooks as related to student academic achievement. Guided by David Kolb’s experiential learning theory of learning from experience, the research question explored how rural elementary teachers integrated Beyond Textbooks in classroom instruction to improve student academic achievement. Due to the Covid-19 pandemic at the time …


Shaking Up Assessment: Integrating Low And High Technology Tools, Lenessa Clark, Erin Besser Jan 2023

Shaking Up Assessment: Integrating Low And High Technology Tools, Lenessa Clark, Erin Besser

South Carolina Association for Middle Level Education Journal

Assessment is an important component of education because it communicates whether the academic goals are met within a class. Generally, assessments offer opportunities for educators to target their teaching goals and to measure the extent to which the expected goals are attained (Madani, 2016). Incorporating the right technology provides opportunities to enhance teaching and learning. This article presents several low- and high-tech tools that middle grades educators can integrate into their instructional practice as a developmentally responsive way to facilitate the assessment process.


School Librarian Self-Efficacy Beliefs About Integrating Technology During Inquiry-Based Learning: A Mixed Methods Study, Joseph James Babb Jan 2023

School Librarian Self-Efficacy Beliefs About Integrating Technology During Inquiry-Based Learning: A Mixed Methods Study, Joseph James Babb

Graduate Research Theses & Dissertations

The purposes of this explanatory sequential mixed methods study were to examine the self-efficacy beliefs of school librarians about integrating technology during inquiry-based learning during the quantitative phase and then to explore how these practices about technology integration during inquiry-based learning were being implemented during the qualitative phase. This study was conducted to better understand the self-efficacy beliefs of school librarians and how they provided students with authentic and meaningful experiences when integrating technology during inquiry-based learning. For the quantitative strand of research, the Technology Integration Self-Efficacy Scale (Wang et al., 2004) was slightly modified to tailor it for school …


English Language Arts Teachers’ Motivations And Experiences Related To Incorporating Digital Texts In Grades 6-12, Leah M. Marsh Jan 2023

English Language Arts Teachers’ Motivations And Experiences Related To Incorporating Digital Texts In Grades 6-12, Leah M. Marsh

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Selecting text mediums that best support their curriculum needs is a critical task for English Language Arts (ELA) teachers, who also need to choose materials aligned with state standards and district requirements. Because 21st-century learning standards require students to have more technology skills, teachers are increasingly offering digital texts in classrooms. The problem under investigation in this study was the gap in understanding of the curricular choices U.S. teachers make when incorporating digital texts in ELA classrooms for Grades 6-12 to increase literacy. The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine ELA teachers’ motivation and experiences related to the …


English Language Arts Teachers’ Motivations And Experiences Related To Incorporating Digital Texts In Grades 6-12, Leah M. Marsh Jan 2023

English Language Arts Teachers’ Motivations And Experiences Related To Incorporating Digital Texts In Grades 6-12, Leah M. Marsh

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Selecting text mediums that best support their curriculum needs is a critical task for English Language Arts (ELA) teachers, who also need to choose materials aligned with state standards and district requirements. Because 21st-century learning standards require students to have more technology skills, teachers are increasingly offering digital texts in classrooms. The problem under investigation in this study was the gap in understanding of the curricular choices U.S. teachers make when incorporating digital texts in ELA classrooms for Grades 6-12 to increase literacy. The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine ELA teachers’ motivation and experiences related to the …


Mobile Learning: Examining The Relationships Between The Use Of Mobile Devices And Student Performance In Ela And Math Within Technology And Non-Technology Districts, Gabrielle S. Jones Dec 2022

Mobile Learning: Examining The Relationships Between The Use Of Mobile Devices And Student Performance In Ela And Math Within Technology And Non-Technology Districts, Gabrielle S. Jones

Theses and Dissertations

Mobile and other internet-connected devices infiltrate society, including K-12 classrooms. A large body of research indicated that these devices might distract students; however, other studies have revealed many benefits when the devices are used for educational purposes. This study aimed to examine the relationships between the use of mobile devices and student performance in mathematics (MA) and English Language Arts (ELA). The study compared two districts, one that had implemented a 1:1 technology infrastructure for learning and one that had not. Archival data on the Mississippi Academic Assessment Program (MAAP) standardized test were accessed from the two districts, containing fourth-grade …


Understanding The School Counselor's Experience As They Transition To Meet The Demands Of Their Job: A Phenomenological Study, Crystal Michelle Smith Dec 2022

Understanding The School Counselor's Experience As They Transition To Meet The Demands Of Their Job: A Phenomenological Study, Crystal Michelle Smith

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this transcendental phenomenological study was to describe the experiences of school counselors as they transition to integrate technology to meet the demands of their job as transformed school counselors. Eleven participants were selected using a purposeful and criterion-based sample of school counselors from a school counselor’s Facebook group. The participants selected were employed in a public middle school, junior high school, or high school system found within the United States. The central question for this study was: how do school counselors describe their experiences of integrating technology so they may meet the demands of their job? The …


Teachers’ Experiences With And Perceptions Of Virtual Manipulatives Following The Covid-19 Pandemic, Fayth Keldgord, Yu-Hui Ching Nov 2022

Teachers’ Experiences With And Perceptions Of Virtual Manipulatives Following The Covid-19 Pandemic, Fayth Keldgord, Yu-Hui Ching

Educational Technology Faculty Publications and Presentations

While the use of virtual manipulatives (VM) is rising in classrooms, there is still limited research. regarding teacher experiences with and perceptions of virtual manipulatives. Most of the research regarding teacher perceptions of VM has focused only on short-term uses following professional development sessions and none has highlighted the experiences of teachers using them during emergency remote teaching during COVID-19. The purpose of this study was to explore teacher perceptions and. experiences with virtual manipulatives following emergency remote teaching during COVID-19. To achieve this, the researchers conducted an online survey to gather data on educator’s (n = 103) experiences, …


Elementary School Teachers' Perceptions Of Student Motivation To Use Classroom Integrated Technology, Jason Lynn Webb Aug 2022

Elementary School Teachers' Perceptions Of Student Motivation To Use Classroom Integrated Technology, Jason Lynn Webb

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The integration of technology into the classroom transforms curriculum design and instructional methods. Research suggests that the perspectives of teachers and students are not always in agreement regarding the influence of classroom integrated technology on learning motivation. The purpose of this causal-comparative study was to determine if there is a significant difference in how teachers perceive the influence of technology integration on student learning motivation based on teacher gender, teacher weekly hours of computer use, and teacher years of teaching experience. The study used the Teacher Attitudes toward Classroom Computing Scale to collect data from 238 4th- and 5th-grade rural …


An Integrative Study Of The Effect Of Early Learning With Touchscreen Technologies Using Samr Framework: A Meta-Analysis And Systematic Review, Atefeh Taherian Kalati Aug 2022

An Integrative Study Of The Effect Of Early Learning With Touchscreen Technologies Using Samr Framework: A Meta-Analysis And Systematic Review, Atefeh Taherian Kalati

Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository

Digital technologies have brought about a remarkable shift in early childhood learning. Among different technological devices, touchscreens have attracted special interest among young children given their intuitiveness and interactive features. However, the existing empirical findings regarding the effect of this technology on young children’s learning are not consistent. Touchscreen technologies have been also postulated to have the potential for transforming learning experiences. However, there is a dearth of research explicating if the transformative potentials of touchscreens are benefited in early learning and examining the factors/conditions contributing to the improvement of young children's learning with touchscreens. To address these gaps in …


Professional Development Rewired: A Case Study Of Tims Approach, Tian Luo, Jilian Reynolds, Pauline Muljana Jul 2022

Professional Development Rewired: A Case Study Of Tims Approach, Tian Luo, Jilian Reynolds, Pauline Muljana

Journal of Educational Technology Development and Exchange (JETDE)

This paper presents a case study of a technology-enhanced professional development strategy and demonstrates how an extended workshop approach, based on tutorials, instructional modeling, and support (TIMS), was used for professional learning at a school site. Data collection procedures included a pre-survey, an audiotaped focus group, interviews, a post-survey, and previous district historical survey collection and analysis regarding professional development sessions. Overall, the results indicate that the TIMS approach is an effective form of professional development delivery, which focuses on providing live modeling, attending to lesson relevancy and student needs, as well as being content-specific. Implications regarding implementing technology-focused professional …


A Case Study Examining How Students In An Elementary, Early Childhood, And Exceptional Child Educator Preparation Program Acquire Technology Skills, Jana L. Gerard Jun 2022

A Case Study Examining How Students In An Elementary, Early Childhood, And Exceptional Child Educator Preparation Program Acquire Technology Skills, Jana L. Gerard

Dissertations

This qualitative case study examined two sections of an educational technology class that was part of an elementary, early childhood, and exceptional child educator preparation program, to determine how students acquired educational technology skills for future teaching. As the ability to integrate educational technology skills into teaching and learning is vital to preservice educators, this study aimed to address possible changes needed in educator preparation programs to ensure preservice educators are ready to effectively teach with educational technology in their field experiences, student teaching, and future classrooms. In order to examine how students acquired educational technology skills, the researcher observed …


The Effect Of Explicit Vocabulary Instruction On Elementary Students’ Vocabulary Knowledge And Reading Comprehension: An Action Research Study, Tonia Bauer Apr 2022

The Effect Of Explicit Vocabulary Instruction On Elementary Students’ Vocabulary Knowledge And Reading Comprehension: An Action Research Study, Tonia Bauer

Theses and Dissertations

Reading comprehension seems to be a significant challenge for rising fifth graders with limited vocabulary knowledge. A possible solution is to provide them with explicit vocabulary instruction which may positively impact their reading comprehension. This action research aimed to evaluate the effect of implementing explicit vocabulary instruction delivered through Schoology on fifth graders’ vocabulary knowledge and reading comprehension at an urban elementary school in the southeastern United States. This study also sought to analyze students’ perceptions of the usefulness of the online vocabulary learning modules. A convergent mixed-method approach was applied to answer the research questions. The quantitative data (e.g., …


A Phenomenological Study Of Perceived Factors Influencing Math Teachers' Technology Self-Efficacy, Jenna Finnegan Mar 2022

A Phenomenological Study Of Perceived Factors Influencing Math Teachers' Technology Self-Efficacy, Jenna Finnegan

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this study was to explore how a teacher's technology self-efficacy influences decisions they make about the use of technology in their classrooms. The factors influencing teachers' technology self-efficacy were examined through a qualitative transcendental phenomenological research design. This study's theoretical framework was based on the combination of social cognitive theory and self-efficacy theory; both provide insight into how external and internal factors can influence a person's perception of their abilities. Using these theories helped identify and describe the self-efficacy experiences of high school math teachers. This research was conducted during the 2020-2021 school year using a qualitative …


Exploring The Tensions Between Teacher Beliefs About Integrating Technology: A Case Study, Monica Frank Jan 2022

Exploring The Tensions Between Teacher Beliefs About Integrating Technology: A Case Study, Monica Frank

West Chester University Doctoral Projects

This single case study examines teachers’ beliefs and attitudes toward technology integration during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study focuses on how teachers’ beliefs have shifted since schools pivoted to virtual learning in March 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, with many schools continuing some form of virtual learning, such as a hybrid model. The single case study design incorporated a survey instrument and semi-formal interviews during the two-phase study. The 20-question survey collected data on the participants’ demographics, teachers’ knowledge of technology integration, and their beliefs and perspectives on technology integration’s impact on student learning. The study participants …