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Full-Text Articles in Education

Brought What I Needed To Succeed: Community Cultural Wealth In The Persistence Experiences Of Former Division Ii Black Women Basketball Players Who Graduated From Predominantly White Institutions, Tomiko T. Smalls Aug 2024

Brought What I Needed To Succeed: Community Cultural Wealth In The Persistence Experiences Of Former Division Ii Black Women Basketball Players Who Graduated From Predominantly White Institutions, Tomiko T. Smalls

All Dissertations

Limited research exists to examine the persistence experiences of Black women student-athletes who graduated from predominantly White institutions and to explore their experiences at institutions with Division II membership. This purpose of this study was to examine factors related to the positive graduation outcomes of Black women student-athletes who graduated from predominantly White institutions. The research question was: How did former Division II Black women basketball players engage community cultural wealth to persist to graduation at predominantly White institutions? Five former Division II basketball players who graduated from predominantly White institutions located in the southeastern region of the United Stated …


Career Adaptability: A Phenomenological Examination Of High School Student-Athlete's Perception Of Their Adaptive Skill Development, Aretha Barnes Jun 2023

Career Adaptability: A Phenomenological Examination Of High School Student-Athlete's Perception Of Their Adaptive Skill Development, Aretha Barnes

Dissertations

This phenomenological study examined high school student-athletes’ perspectives on their adaptive skill development and how their experiences with sports influenced their career development techniques. The study aimed to provide insight into the formation of the adaptive skill development of high school student-athletes to promote post-secondary planning that includes career options outside of the world of sports. Twelve graduated student-athletes who participated in revenue sports at the senior high level completed the Career Adapt-Abilities Scale and participated in an interview designed to measure adaptive attitudes, behaviors, and competencies. Participants’ interview responses were coded based on behaviors, attitudes, and competencies that correlated …


A Framework For A Peer Mentorship Program To Promote Student-Athlete Success At Grand Rapids Community College, Brianna D. Greenough Apr 2023

A Framework For A Peer Mentorship Program To Promote Student-Athlete Success At Grand Rapids Community College, Brianna D. Greenough

Culminating Experience Projects

Research has shown community college student-athletes have a complex transition to their first year of college and there are many resources and programming available to support them. Navigating and learning how to adjust when entering college can be confusing and overwhelming, but the transition can be made easier with the help of an older student-athlete as a mentor. This unique population of students has differing needs from the general student population and requires some extra guidance to maintain their responsibilities. This project analyzed community college student-athletes’ needs, supportive resources, and peer mentoring programs. The desired subsequent outcome of this project …


Building Student-Athlete Resilience On And Off The Field, Hannah Beatus Apr 2023

Building Student-Athlete Resilience On And Off The Field, Hannah Beatus

Culminating Experience Projects

Literature continues to demonstrate that student-athletes have a difficult time understanding how the skills they acquire as a student-athlete are transferrable to a non-sport environment. Student-athletes are exposed to messages about resilience early on in their athletic careers yet lack the understanding of how these skills are applicable to life outside of athletics. This project examines the aforementioned problem through an ecological systems theory lens. A workshop series designed to bring together student-athletes and coaches addresses this knowledge gap. It is hoped that by bringing together student-athletes and coaches that the development of resilience can be understood through a more …


The Effect Of Athletic Participation On Academic Achievement For Private High School Students, Jeff Johnson Apr 2023

The Effect Of Athletic Participation On Academic Achievement For Private High School Students, Jeff Johnson

Graduate Student Dissertations, Theses, Capstones, and Portfolios

Education's role in society is crucial for the sustainability of civilization (Ball, 2021). Education consists of people training people for the future and the betterment of humanity. Governments often prioritize education reform, and decision-makers and school leaders constantly look at ways to improve student gains (Ball, 2021). Further, improving the education system is an ongoing process that is an absolute necessity, and the intent behind this research was to contribute to that endeavor and promote progress.

The relationship between athletics and academic performance has been studied broadly in literature. However, there is a literary void and lack of delineated exploration …


Perceived Effectiveness Of Study Skills Training For Division Iii College Athletes: A Pilot Program, Jill W. Lassiter, Amanda L. Campbell Mar 2023

Perceived Effectiveness Of Study Skills Training For Division Iii College Athletes: A Pilot Program, Jill W. Lassiter, Amanda L. Campbell

Journal of Athlete Development and Experience

College athletes experience high levels of stress and academics is one of the primary causes. This study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of a study skills training workshop designed around the theory of Multiple Intelligences. The pilot-workshop was developed with minimal resources, tailored to college athletes, and focused on helping them adopt personally meaningful active study strategies. An inductive, naturalistic evaluation approach was used to analyze the qualitative responses of 55 athletes who participated in the workshop. Findings showed that those who adopted active study strategies experienced benefits in the areas of decreased stress, perceived effectiveness, perceived efficiency, greater …


#Juccostruggle: A Critical Examination Into The Lived Experiences Of Black Male Community College Athletes, Terry James Sivers Jan 2023

#Juccostruggle: A Critical Examination Into The Lived Experiences Of Black Male Community College Athletes, Terry James Sivers

CGU Theses & Dissertations

Claremont Graduate University and San Diego State University: 2022This study investigated the lived experiences of Black male student-athletes (BMSAs) participating in football and basketball at a community college. Their psycho-social-emotional experiences and development were emphasized before, during, and after college. The study deployed Afropessimism to frame the experiences of BMSAs; as such, I assumed that the continued violence against Black people was a physical projection of a psychic and emotional web sustained by the othering of Blackness or anti-Blackness. This study was informed by the primary research question: How does anti-Blackness produce itself in community college athletics? Prior research on …


Exploring The Cognitive, Environmental, And Behavioral Factors That Impact Concussion Reporting Behavior In Division Iii Football Players, Brandon T. Wright Jan 2023

Exploring The Cognitive, Environmental, And Behavioral Factors That Impact Concussion Reporting Behavior In Division Iii Football Players, Brandon T. Wright

All ETDs from UAB

Purpose: This dissertation applies Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) to understand concussion reporting behavior in D-III football players and explores the culture of concussion reporting through qualitative ethnography. Using the SCT constructs, the study investigates the cognitive, environmental, and behavioral factors influencing concussion reporting in D-III football players. The lack of research on how reciprocal determinism affects concussion reporting at the most vulnerable level of competition provides an opportunity to examine the cultural context of concussion reporting. The goal is to develop theoretically-based interventions that increase concussion reporting and change cultural narratives concerning concussion reporting behavior in under-resourced institutions. Methods: This …


The Impact Of Student-Teacher Interactions On Academic Achievement: A Phenomenological Study Examining The Perceptions Of First-Year University Student-Athletes With Online Education, Shinelle Wallace Oct 2022

The Impact Of Student-Teacher Interactions On Academic Achievement: A Phenomenological Study Examining The Perceptions Of First-Year University Student-Athletes With Online Education, Shinelle Wallace

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this transcendental phenomenological study was to describe the impact of student-faculty interaction and its perceived effects on academic achievement in online education for student-athletes attending a Division I university in Missouri. At this stage in the research, quality of student-faculty interaction in online education is defined as online interaction between teachers and students that leads to better self-directedness, motivation, engagement, student satisfaction, and academic achievement. The theory guiding this study was self-determination theory as it helps to identify and understand the student-athlete’s inherent drive towards action and doing tasks towards growth and proficiency in online education. The …


Gold & Blue, Spring 2022, St. Mary's University- San Antonio, Texas Apr 2022

Gold & Blue, Spring 2022, St. Mary's University- San Antonio, Texas

Gold & Blue

This is the Spring 2022 edition of Gold & Blue which is St. Mary's University's official school publication.


Athlete Identity And Mental Health Among Ncaa Division Iii Student-Athletes, Sarah Stokowski, Alison Fridley, Chris Croft, Peyton Stensland, Skye Arthur-Banning Mar 2022

Athlete Identity And Mental Health Among Ncaa Division Iii Student-Athletes, Sarah Stokowski, Alison Fridley, Chris Croft, Peyton Stensland, Skye Arthur-Banning

Journal of Athlete Development and Experience

Student-athletes often identify with the athlete role and demonstrate high levels of athlete identity. High athlete identity leads to many unintended consequences such as low career maturity and difficulty adapting to a life beyond sport. Additionally, high athlete identity often leads to mental health concerns among the student-athlete population. Informed by self-categorization theory (Turner, 1982), the purpose of this study was to explore athlete identity and mental health among NCAA Division III student-athletes. The Athlete Identity Measurement Scale (AIMS) and The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 were completed by 332 NCAA Division III student-athletes. The results demonstrated that Division III student-athletes …


Resilience & Persistence Of First-Generation Ncaa Division I Student-Athletes: An Evaluation Of The Key Culture, Communication, & Sports Program At Colorado State University, Sarabeth Morofsky Jan 2022

Resilience & Persistence Of First-Generation Ncaa Division I Student-Athletes: An Evaluation Of The Key Culture, Communication, & Sports Program At Colorado State University, Sarabeth Morofsky

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This program evaluation highlights the Key Culture, Communication, & Sports (KCCS) Program at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, CO, a learning community program dedicated to serving student-athletes. Learning communities, considered high-impact practice in higher education, have a longstanding and successful approach to supporting new college students (Mamerow & Navorro, 2014). Many of the traditional benefits of learning community participation line up closely with the needs of student-athletes (Mamerow & Navorro, 2014). A Utilization-Focused program evaluation was implemented. KCCS students and KCCS faculty and staff were interviewed to understand if and how the KCCS program was meeting its goals. The …


The Forgotten Ones: A Qualitative Study To Understand The Phenomena Of Medically Disqualified Student-Athletes., Regina Chanel Johnson Dec 2021

The Forgotten Ones: A Qualitative Study To Understand The Phenomena Of Medically Disqualified Student-Athletes., Regina Chanel Johnson

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to gain a better understanding of the experiences of medically disqualified student-athletes (MDSA) at National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I institutions. This study is significant because few studies have examined MDSAs, yet they present concerns around career-ending injuries. Drawing on the Kübler-Ross Model of Death and Dying (1969) framework, this study examined if MDSAs have faced experiences in stage-like forms such as denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. This study called the attention of athletic administrators to examine and develop support resources for this often-overlooked student-athlete group. Over five chapters, this dissertation …


A Case Study Investigation: Student's Perceptions Of Preferential Treatment Of Student-Athletes, Darrin Scott Tipton Nov 2021

A Case Study Investigation: Student's Perceptions Of Preferential Treatment Of Student-Athletes, Darrin Scott Tipton

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this exploratory case study was to understand students’ perceptions of teachers’ preferential treatment of high school student-athletes at two Georgia high schools using a multiple case design. Social cognitive theory and the social identity theory guided this study as they relate to high school students’ perceptions of the treatment of student-athletes by classroom teachers. The participants were seniors from two north Georgia high schools who were asked to complete a demographic survey. Purposeful sampling was used to select four student-athletes and four non-student-athletes from each school that then participated in interview sessions and created documentation in the …


An Action Research Study Implementing A Livescribe™ Pen And Cornell Note-Taking Strategy In A Personal And Community Health Course To Support Note-Taking And Comprehension Of College Student-Athletes With Learning Disabilities, Ivana Rich Oct 2021

An Action Research Study Implementing A Livescribe™ Pen And Cornell Note-Taking Strategy In A Personal And Community Health Course To Support Note-Taking And Comprehension Of College Student-Athletes With Learning Disabilities, Ivana Rich

Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of the Livescribe™ Symphony smartpen and the Cornell note-taking strategy on the lecture comprehension and quality of written notes of college student-athletes with learning disabilities. To explore educational tools and strategies that can assist students with learning disabilities in overcoming academic challenges, this study focused on three research questions: (1) how does the use of the Cornell note-taking strategy supported with a Livescribe™ pen affect the note-taking quality of student-athletes with learning disabilities (2) how does the use of the Cornell note-taking strategy supported with a Livescribe™ pen affect the …


Enhancing Financial Literacy Among College Athletes, Lisa M. Rubin, Mindy Joseph, Sonya Lutter, Daron K. Roberts, Julian J. Jones Jul 2021

Enhancing Financial Literacy Among College Athletes, Lisa M. Rubin, Mindy Joseph, Sonya Lutter, Daron K. Roberts, Julian J. Jones

Journal of Athlete Development and Experience

College students, including athletes, have limited exposure to financial education prior to enrolling in college (Britt et al., 2015). Athletes juggling two full-time roles as athlete and college student have limited time for financial education and the opportunity to work. Some athletes receive athletic scholarships and some do not, but either way, many athletes must seek additional funding and student loans to pay for college. Huston’s (2010) model demonstrated connections between financial literacy, behaviors, and education to serve as a framework for our study. The purpose of this study was to determine college athletes’ subjective and objective financial literacy, how …


A Predictive Correlation Study Examining Attrition Among Ncaa Diii Student-Athletes Based On Roster Gender, Sport-Type, And Sport-Attrition, Rebecca Jean Kayda Apr 2021

A Predictive Correlation Study Examining Attrition Among Ncaa Diii Student-Athletes Based On Roster Gender, Sport-Type, And Sport-Attrition, Rebecca Jean Kayda

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This quantitative, correlational study examined whether gender, sport-type, and sport attrition can predict university attrition of student-athletes from a small, private, NCAA DIII institution. Student-athletes attending DIII institutions are considered a vulnerable population and are largely under-studied. Participation in extra-curricular activities, such as belonging to an athletics team, has been linked to higher rates of social integration on campus and smoother transitions into college life overall. This participation has not been shown to decrease academic performance; however, university attrition of student-athletes remains a problem. This problem is especially relevant in smaller schools, where a small percentage of student attrition can …


Athletics As A Life Curriculum: Lessons Learned Through Different Aspects Of Athletics, Thomas J. Davis Jan 2021

Athletics As A Life Curriculum: Lessons Learned Through Different Aspects Of Athletics, Thomas J. Davis

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

For my dissertation, I decided to write a memoir to have the opportunity to go through the self-reflection process and learn more about my inner self. I wanted to learn how the life experiences I write about have affected me as a student-athlete, coach, teacher, parent, and how they have shaped me into who I am today. I took instances from my life in athletics that I believe are significant in the development of my overall being. Educational scholars such as William Pinar (1995, 2004), John Dewey (1916/2019, 1933), Frederic Gros (2011), Immanuel Kant (1908/2015), Nel Noddings (2005), and Paulo …


Black Male Collegiate Athletes’ Perceptions Of Their Career And Academic Preparation: A Mixed Methods Study, Jennifer R. Curry, Franklin A. Soares, Justin E. Maclin, Imre Csaszar Jan 2021

Black Male Collegiate Athletes’ Perceptions Of Their Career And Academic Preparation: A Mixed Methods Study, Jennifer R. Curry, Franklin A. Soares, Justin E. Maclin, Imre Csaszar

Journal of College Access

We employed a mixed methods approach with sequential explanatory design (Creswell & Plano Clark, 2017) and a Social Capital Theory framework (Bourdieu, 1977) to investigate three research questions: (1) In what ways were participants’ career and college readiness capital developed during high school? (2) How do participants view their academic and career growth and development prior to and after coming to college? (3) Who provided career and college development to participants in this study prior to their college entrance? Results revealed potential reasons why disparities existed between Black and White participants beginning in K-12 and continuing through college. Implications for …


Analisis Tingkat Motivasi Belajar Dan Berlatih Pada Atlet-Pelajar Pplop Jawa Tengah Tahun 2020, Agam Akhmad Syaukani, Nur Subekti, Muhad Fatoni Dec 2020

Analisis Tingkat Motivasi Belajar Dan Berlatih Pada Atlet-Pelajar Pplop Jawa Tengah Tahun 2020, Agam Akhmad Syaukani, Nur Subekti, Muhad Fatoni

Jurnal Keolahragaan

Pemerintah daerah melalui dinas pemuda dan olahraga memiliki program pemusatan latihan bagi atlet pelajar setingkat SMA yang bertajuk Pusat Pendidikan dan Latihan Olahraga Pelajar (PPLOP). Efektivitas program PPLOP sangat bergantung dari prestasi atlet di lapangan dan di bangku sekolah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat motivasi atlet-pelajar PPLOPD Jawa Tengah dalam berlatih dan belajar di sekolah. Penelitian ini melibatkan 36 atlet dari cabang olahraga beregu. Metode survey deskriptif kuantitatif presentase digunakan untuk menjabarkan tingkat motivasi latihan (ML) dan motivasi belajar (MB). Uji beda juga dilakukan untuk mengetahui perbedaan tingkat ML dan MB antara pemain inti dan pemain cadangan pada sampel …


"Meet Me At The 50": A Critical Discourse Analysis Of How Higher Education Curriculum Is Meeting The Needs Of Black, Male Student-Athletes, Julia Diane Morris Aug 2020

"Meet Me At The 50": A Critical Discourse Analysis Of How Higher Education Curriculum Is Meeting The Needs Of Black, Male Student-Athletes, Julia Diane Morris

Teaching & Learning Theses & Dissertations

The overarching goal of this research is to make proverbial payments towards Ladson-Billings’ (2006) “education debt” owed to historically resilient populations by promoting equitable and democratic practices in all facets of education. Black men, specifically those who participate in athletics, are advocated for in this research because these men identify as part of a community of voices who are not only historically oppressed but are being failed by current educational practices. Further, student-athletes provide a predetermined and specific sociocultural context, and thus social location, by which to compare how various types of critical literacy assignments are addressing said contexts. Using …


Development Of The Life After Sports Transition (Last) Online Course For Collegiate Student-Athletes: Pretest-Posttest Study, Michael Stellefson, Trevor Bopp, Michael Odio, Min Qi Wang, Linxi Zhang Jul 2020

Development Of The Life After Sports Transition (Last) Online Course For Collegiate Student-Athletes: Pretest-Posttest Study, Michael Stellefson, Trevor Bopp, Michael Odio, Min Qi Wang, Linxi Zhang

Journal of Athlete Development and Experience

Transitioning into athletic retirement can have negative impacts on college student-athletes’ psychological, social, emotional, and physical well-being, yet few educational programs exist to help augment college student-athlete preparation for embracing life after sports. The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate a new Life After Sports Transition (LAST) online course for college student athletes. A single group pretest-post-test study evaluated effects of the LAST course among a convenience sample of college student-athletes (n=10) attending a NCAA Division I university. Paired sample t-tests examined changes in athletic identity, psychological well-being, hope, and self-reflection/insight. Propensity score matching …


Athletic Identity: Complexity Of The “Iceberg”, Jamian Newton, Diane L. Gill, Erin Reifsteck Jul 2020

Athletic Identity: Complexity Of The “Iceberg”, Jamian Newton, Diane L. Gill, Erin Reifsteck

Journal of Athlete Development and Experience

Athletic identity is a common topic in research on athlete experiences and development. Many researchers rely on the understanding of athletic identity as conceptualized by Brewer, Van Raalte, and Linder (1993). This seminal work provided a foundational understanding for conducting survey research on athletic identity. However, the emphasis on survey approaches has resulted in an incomplete understanding of athletic identity as deeper meanings of the construct are taken for granted (Ronkainen, Kavoura, & Ryba, 2016a). To develop a more nuanced conceptualization of athletic identity, the current study used a qualitative descriptive approach to explore the meaning of athletic identity from …


Gold & Blue, Spring/Summer 2020, St. Mary's University- San Antonio, Texas Jul 2020

Gold & Blue, Spring/Summer 2020, St. Mary's University- San Antonio, Texas

Gold & Blue

This is the Spring/Summer 2020 edition of Gold & Blue which is St. Mary's University's official school publication.


Summertime: A Mixed-Methodolody Study Exploring The Effects Of A University Career And Professional Development Course As First-Year Student-Athletes Transition Into The University, Lori Simone' Robinson Mar 2020

Summertime: A Mixed-Methodolody Study Exploring The Effects Of A University Career And Professional Development Course As First-Year Student-Athletes Transition Into The University, Lori Simone' Robinson

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

The purpose of this study was to understand what, if any effect, an intervention such as a summer bridge program or course designed for incoming student-athletes had on the participants. Specifically, this study used Gaston-Gales (2004) Student-Athlete Motivation towards Sport and Academics Questionnaire (SAMSAQ) as a pre and post-intervention measure that examined the effect of the Student-Athlete Development Course 101 (SADC 101), which was designed and implemented mainly by athletics department personnel. The three constructs that the SAMSAQ instrument examined were: 1) Academic Motivation (AM), 2.) Student-Athlete Motivation (SAM), and 3.) Career-Athletic Motivation (CAM). The sample population (N=60) included only …


Reimagining The Polynesian Pipeline Phenomenon: An Intersectionality Of Race & Athletics In The College-Going Decisions Of Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander High School Student-Athletes, Samara Iusitina Suafo'a Jan 2020

Reimagining The Polynesian Pipeline Phenomenon: An Intersectionality Of Race & Athletics In The College-Going Decisions Of Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander High School Student-Athletes, Samara Iusitina Suafo'a

CGU Theses & Dissertations

Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander (NHOPI) high school student-athletes are highly sought after by collegiate athletic programs across the country, creating the Polynesian Pipeline phenomenon (Johnston, 1976; Tengan and Markham, 2009; Uperesa, 2014; Vainuku and Cohn, 2015). However, the college graduation rates of NHOPIs remain comparable to those of other minoritized communities. Utilizing an adapted conceptual framework of college access (Ogbu, 1990; Tierney and Venegas, 2009) which argues that college-going decisions are impacted by multiple environmental influencers, this study examines the role of the Polynesian Pipeline one of those contextual factors in the college choice process for NHOPI student-athletes. Furthermore, this …


Eagle Insider, Georgia Southern University May 2019

Eagle Insider, Georgia Southern University

Eagle Insider

  • Fifty-seven student-athletes receive stoles
  • Men's golf competes in the Stanford NCAA Regional
  • 2019 football season tickets on sale
  • Coaches caravan
  • Student-Athlete success


Sexual Violence Prevention Programming For Collegiate Athletes: A Behavior Change Approach To Prevention, Amy Kame May 2019

Sexual Violence Prevention Programming For Collegiate Athletes: A Behavior Change Approach To Prevention, Amy Kame

M.A. in Leadership Studies: Capstone Project Papers

Sexual violence is a pressing issue on college campuses. Evaluations of prevention programming on college campuses have shown to increase knowledge about sexual assault and increase the use of resources on campus, but current programming has been unsuccessful in reducing violent behavior. Male student-athletes are found to be incorporated in an extensive amount of sexual assault complaints and specialized prevention programming for this population does not exist. An examination of the literature on effective prevention strategies show that dosage, timing and sociocultural relevance has been found necessary for behavior change. Effective prevention techniques are used in accordance with specific frameworks …


A Transcendental Phenomenological Study Of Persistence Among National Junior College Athletic Association Division Iii Student Athletes, Carlton Hartsell Bryan Jr May 2019

A Transcendental Phenomenological Study Of Persistence Among National Junior College Athletic Association Division Iii Student Athletes, Carlton Hartsell Bryan Jr

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this transcendental phenomenological study was to describe the experiences of Division III National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA) student athletes in central North Carolina who successfully persist to a four-year institution. The theory that guided this study was Vincent Tinto’s Theory of Student Integration (1975) as it established the principle that student’s personal commitment or determination to earn a degree and their commitment to their college or university determines whether they will complete their educational goals. The central research question guiding this study is: What are the experiences of the Division III NJCAA student-athlete in central North …


African American Student-Athletes: Factors Influencing Choice Of Graduate School, Tanner Feterl Jan 2019

African American Student-Athletes: Factors Influencing Choice Of Graduate School, Tanner Feterl

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Although support systems are in place for student-athletes, African Americans remain underrepresented in careers requiring a graduate education, including intercollegiate athletic departments (Okahana, Feaster, & Allum, 2016). The purpose of this qualitative, phenomenological study was to explore the factors influencing an NCAA Mid-major, Division I African American student-athletes’ choice of pursuing graduate school. Researchers identified themes utilizing Critical Race Theory (CRT) and Student Involvement Theory frameworks to explain the influencing factors. The participants consisted of nine African American sophomore, junior, and senior student-athletes who participated in different sports and were chosen using purpose sampling. Each participant took part in an …