Education Commons^™

Peak Power Changes During A Countermovement Jump Following Treadmill And Cycling High-Intensity Interval Training, Michael G. Maregne, Juliet Moore, E Todd Schroeder

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Within activities involving jumping, peak power can be a significant factor to consider when assessing an athlete’s overall physical performance. By investigating different modalities of exercise, it is possible to discover potential benefits or flaws in certain workout regimens that may influence jump performance. In turn, this could influence how physical trainers, athletes, and recreationally active people approach their exercise routine to maximize performance. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in peak jump power during a countermovement jump (CMJ) immediately following and 1-hour post high-intensity interval training (HIIT) using high-impact (running) and low-impact (cycling) …

The Association Between Ankle Dorisflexion And Force-Related Sport Performance Variables, Sean Conboy, Teige Barrett, Kevin Choe

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The back squat (BS) is commonly implemented in strength training programs to improve athletic performance. In order to perform the BS successfully, individuals must have adequate ankle dorsiflexion as it allows the knee to travel forward and lower the center of mass. However, it is currently unknown whether ankle dorsiflexion during the squat is associated with important sport performance variables, such as BS 1-rep max (1RM), peak ground reaction force (GRF) or rate of force development (RFD). PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between peak ankle dorsiflexion angle (DFA) and BS 1RM, peak GRF, …

Vertical Ground Reaction Forces During Stair Descent Transition For Individuals With Femoroacetabular Impingement And Osteoarthritis, Sadie E. Peete, Bryce Truver, Michael Bahk, Marc Mirisch, Michele Leblanc

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is a pathological condition characterized by the misshapen junction between the femoral head and acetabular rim causing joint friction. Not all individuals with FAI experience symptoms associated with the condition. Previous research has determined differences between those with and without symptomatic FAI (FAI-s) and those with and without osteoarthritis (OA) during stair ascent (Hammond et al., 2017 and Hall et al., 2017, respectively). No studies focused on stair descent ground reaction forces (GRFs) between individuals with FAI and/or OA exist. PURPOSE: This study analyzed key vertical GRF values during stair descent transition in adults with FAI-s, asymptomatic …

Biomechanical Indicators Of Steeplechase Hurdle Success, Luke Vankeersbilck, Luke Johnston, Iain Hunter

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The steeplechase is a long-distance running event that requires competitors to jump over 28 hurdles and 7 water jumps over the course of the race. This frequent jumping means that hurdling technique is important and the ability to maintain speed over the barriers can help a runner succeed. PURPOSE: To determine which variables predict maintenance of speed while hurdling in the steeplechase. METHODS: Data were collected at the USATF outdoor championships and Olympic Trials from 2011 to 2023 for both men and women. A Sony video camera running at 120 Hz was used to evaluate several aspects of …

The Effects Of Chronic Pain Levels On Lower Extremity Muscle Activation During Jump Landing/Cutting In Individuals With Chronic Ankle Instability, Isaiah K. Githuka, Hyunwook Lee, Seugnuk Han, Minsub Oh, J. Ty Hopkins

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Lateral ankle sprains (LASs) are the most common injury in sports. Up to 74% of individuals with an initial LAS develop chronic ankle instability (CAI) with chronic ankle pain being one of the residual symptoms. PURPOSE: To Identify the effects of chronic pain levels on lower extremity muscle activation during a maximal jump landing/cutting in CAI individuals. METHODS: This study was a cross-sectional study. Twenty CAI individuals with high pain (High pain) (9M, 11F; age=22±2year; height= 1.74±0.10m; mass=79.4±14.6kg, pain=67.4±7.7), 20 CAI individuals with low pain (Low pain) (9M, 11F; age=21±3year; height=1.73±0.08m; mass=74.2±12.7kg, pain=91.7±3.9), and 20 healthy controls (Control) (9M, 11F; …

Effects Of Anticipation On Energy Dissipation Patterns Among Chronic Ankle Instability Patients, Joshua M. Wilson, Minsub Oh, Hyunwook Lee, Seugnuk Han, J. Ty Hopkins

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Ankle inversion injuries often lead to chronic ankle instability (CAI). CAI patients use altered energy dissipation patterns during jump-landing, but most studies have been limited to tasks performed under anticipated conditions. It is unclear how the anticipatory condition affects joint energetics in CAI patients. PURPOSE: To identify the effects of anticipation on energy dissipation during jump-landing among CAI, coper, and control subjects. METHODS: 60 subjects were categorized according to the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure and Ankle Instability Index. 20 CAI patients (10males, 10females, 1.74±0.1m, 69.1±10.2kg), 20 Copers (10males, 10females, 1.76±0.1m, 70.9±11.1kg), and 20 Controls (10males, 10females, 1.74±0.1m, …

The Effects Of Chronic Pain Levels On Joint Angle During Jump Landing/Cutting In Individuals With Chronic Ankle Instability, Dallin E. Fjerstad, Hyunwook Lee, Seugnuk Han, Minsub Oh, J. Ty Hopkins

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

About 60% of chronic ankle instability (CAI) individuals report ankle pain persisting for longer than 3 months. They have the risk of recurrent ankle sprains while performing multiplanar tasks such as jumping with landing/cutting. However, little is known about the effects of chronic pain levels on joint kinematics differences and how chronic pain levels contribute to motor outcomes when performing multiplanar motions. PURPOSE: To identify the effects of pain levels on kinematics during jump landing/cutting in CAI individuals. METHODS: This study was a cross-sectional study. Twenty CAI patients with high pain (high pain) (9 males, 11 females; age=22±2year; …

Examining The Acute Effects Of Virtual Reality On The Star Excursion Balance Test In Chronic Ankle Instability, Isaac T. Edwards, Hyunwook Lee, Seugnuk Han, Minsub Oh, J. Ty Hopkins

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Chronic ankle instability (CAI) patients display mechanical and functional restrictions, along with neurocognitive dysfunction after lateral ankle sprains. Athletes need to divide their attention to effectively multitask during sports activities. Recent studies have utilized virtual reality (VR) to simulate dynamic sporting environments, aiming to enhance cognitive and postural control. However, little is known about the acute effects of VR on dynamic postural control in CAI patients. PURPOSE: To identify the acute effects of VR gear on dynamic postural control in CAI patients. METHODS: This study was a cross-over study. Twenty CAI patients (11males, 9females; age=21±3year; height=1.63±0.28m; mass=74±13.1kg). We …

Difference Of Elbow Extension Velocity During Flat And Mound Throwing, Omar Arizpe, Joshua Perez, Bryon C. Applequist

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

In baseball, players encounter varying forms of throwing that is dependent upon position. Pitchers often throw on a mound, while position players are seen throwing from a flat ground. The throwing motion of a baseball consists of six phases: wind-up, stride, late cocking, acceleration, deceleration, and follow through. Each of these different phases consists of velocities being produced from the lower body through the elbow, which contributes to a potential cause of throwing arm injuries. Given the prominence of elbow injuries to pitchers, investigation into the solution to reducing arm injuries has continued to gain traction. PURPOSE: The purpose …

The Effects Of Equine-Assisted Therapy On Gait In Adults With Parkinson’S Disease: A Preliminary Analysis, Hunter Alvis, Kanji Mori, Nicholas A. Levine, Andrea Martinez, Suzanne Sessums, Kevin Becker, Heather Roberts, Brandon R. Rigby

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a chronic, progressive, neurological disorder caused by the destruction of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra of the brain. To treat motor symptoms of PD, individuals may choose alternative modes of exercise, such as equine-assisted therapy (EAT), to improve physiological health. PURPOSE: To determine changes in gait following 8 weeks of Equine Assisted Therapy (EAT) in older men with PD. METHODS: Six older adults (age = 68.0 ± 8.6 yrs; height = 178.6 ± 8.3 cm; weight = 93.4 ± 16.3 kg; Hoehn and Yahr classification = 2.8 ± 0.4; time since diagnosis = …

The Effect Of Mobility And Strength Training On Firefighter Cadet Functional Mobility, Raquel J. Cavazos, B. Greg Meek, Hussien K. Jabai, Michael D. Oldham

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Strength and Conditioning programs have positive effects on athletic performance (Hedrick, 2002). Similarly, firefighters have to be adequately fit to perform their job duties which require muscular strength and endurance, and aerobic fitness (Smith, 2011). Thus, firefighter’s health and fitness, including mobility, is crucial in their job performance. PURPOSE: We examined the effects of a strength, conditioning, and mobility program on functional mobility in firefighter cadets. METHODS: 43 firefighter cadets who were enrolled in a 12-week basic firefighter academy course participated. Cadets were separated into one of three cohorts; 1) No program; 2) Unmonitored Program; and 3) Indirectly Monitored …

Relationship Between Regional Pectoralis Major Muscle Size And Peak Power During Incline Bench Press Strength Testing: A Pilot Study, Dawei Guan, Daniel Newmire, Ronald Snarr, Bryon C. Applequist

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The peak power generated by skeletal muscle during strength training is influenced by several factors, including body weight, maximal force, and muscle fiber orientation, as well as the function affecting excitation patterns. However, there is limited research on the relationship between regional muscle size and peak power output. PURPOSE: This pilot study seeks to explore the associations between muscle thickness (MT) and cross-sectional area (CSA) of the pectoralis major and peak power output during an incline bench (IB) press one-repetition maximum (1RM) strength bout. METHODS: Seven participants (males = 3; females = 4; age: 24.3±2.7 years; height: 168.2±3.3 …

Biomechanical Response Of The Leg To Single Leg Drop Landings Before And After Prolonged Plantar Flexor Stretch., Himadri Patel, Michael W. Olson

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The plantar flexor muscles have become important in activities such as gait analysis in healthy and patient populations. The duration of stretch is reported to influence their ability to generate force and if mechanical laxity is present after stretching, it is unclear how this laxity will influence the movement patterns of the lower extremities. PURPOSE: The study aimed to investigate influence of prolonged stretch to plantar flexor muscles on landing biomechanics during a single-leg drop landings. METHODS: Sixteen active participants (24.6 ± 3.1 yrs, 75.4 ± 15.6 kg mass, 1.75 ± 0.9m height) were recruited and randomly assigned …

Peak Forces In The Landing And Push-Off Foot Between Varying Fastpitch Softball Pitches, Samantha Martinez

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Although softball and baseball tend to often be compared to each other, the skill of fastpitch softball pitching is drastically different. Limited studies done on softball pitching hinders the ability of athletes being able to maximize their performance. PURPOSE: To determine differences in peak force of the push-off, landing feet and ball velocity during different types of softball pitches (fastball, changeup, and curveball). METHODS: 5 NCAA Division III softball pitchers were all tested for the peak forces in their push-off and loading foot (LoadsolⓇ, Novel, St. Paul, MN) as well as their ball velocity among a variation of pitches …

A Bilateral Comparison Of Overuse Shoulder Rotation In Overhead Throwing Athletes, Lindsay K. Rankin, Calvin D. Smith, Kase J. Pennartz, Dakota R. Harris, Samuel J. Ramirez, Sierra M. Washington, Isabella E. Zapata, Neil Petroff, Micheal J. Luera

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Repetition of an unnatural movement may lead to skeletal muscle and/or connective tissue injury resulting in bilateral deficits. These discrepancies can be identified via the assessment of electromyographic activation and peak torque (PT) values during concentric internal and external rotation. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the bilateral differences in PT output and root mean squared (RMS) values during isokinetic internal and external shoulder rotation with association to overuse injuries. METHODS: Six overhead throwing athletes (n=6, age=19 ± 1 year; height=181.8 ± 7.5 cm; weight= 85.1 ± 7.9 kg) completed bilateral isokinetic internal and external rotation of …

Regional Motor Unit Firing Behaviors Of Mono- And Bi-Articular Leg Extensor Muscles, Calvin D. Smith, Jesus A. Hernandez-Sarabia, Carlos A. Estrada, Lyric D. Richardson, Dakota R. Harris, Kase J. Pennartz, Jason M. Defreitas, Micheal J. Luera

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Motor unit (MU) activation patterns provide vast insight into skeletal muscle contractions and may differ depending on architectural differences. Previous findings have suggested that MU activation patterns, specifically within the quadriceps group, are region-specific; this, along with the architectural differences between the quadriceps muscles, may further influence force production as reflected within the relationships between the firings. PURPOSE: To examine regional activation in proximal and distal regions of biarticular [rectus femoris (RF)] and monoarticular [vastus lateralis (VL)] knee extensors during submaximal isometric knee extensions. METHODS: On two separate randomized visits, eight lower-body resistance trained individuals, 6 males (n=6, …

Timing Of Muscle Synergies And Knee And Hip Moments During The Stand-To-Sit, Mohsen Alighanbari, Lisa Griffin

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The timing of the hip and knee moments regulates precise control of the center of mass (CoM) during a stand-to-sit (StandTS). Alteration in hip and knee moment timing may increase the risk of falling. Muscle synergy patterns, as a diagnostic tool, may indicate the change in the timing of hip and knee moments. However, the relationship between the timing of synergy levels and hip and knee moments has yet to be assessed. PURPOSE: To evaluate the relationship between the time-to-peak of StandTS synergies with the time-to-peak of knee extension, hip flexion and abduction moments. METHODS: Ten healthy male …

Electromyographic Activation Of The Quadriceps During The Concentric Phase Of The Squat, Kase Pennartz, Dakota Harris, Calvin Smith, Lyric Richardson, Micheal Luera

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Mechanical muscle properties such as length-tension relationship in conjunction with electromyography (EMG) allow greater insight into the overall motor coordination. The different morphologies of the quadriceps and their force generating capacities can be quantified through the differences in EMG amplitude. PURPOSE: To examine quadriceps activation during the squat exercise under various intensities. METHODS: Eleven participants (age 18-35; height: 181.1 ± 8.9cm; weight: 97.7 ± 19.1kg) were recruited for this study. Subjects completed three visits, one familiarization and two testing days separated by 48 hours. Ultrasound images were obtained from the three primary leg extensor muscles (vastus lateralis (VL), …

The Relationship Between Chronic Low Back Pain And Functional Movement, Lindsey Taylor Wensel, Spencer Baker

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

ABSTRACT

Movements of the spine are different in those who have chronic low back pain (CLBP) compared to those who do not. By using inertial measurement units (IMUs), we assessed the angular acceleration of L5 and the sacrum in both healthy and CLBP individuals. PURPOSE: To determine if there is a difference in the movement patterns of L5 and the sacrum during spinal flexion in those with CLBP compared to those without. METHODS: Movement acceleration patterns were evaluated in 10 individuals between the ages of 35-65 years of age. 5 of the individuals reported having CLBP so they …

Joint Angle Calculations Using Motion Capture And Deep Learning Pose Estimation While Running, Luke Vankeersbilck, Isaac Hedengren, Mcgyver Clark, Iain Hunter

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Marker based motion capture is currently the most accurate method of measuring human kinematics; however, it is expensive and is often limited to lab environments making it unsuitable for many applications. Two-dimensional methods are available through open source code, but it is unclear which of these methods provides the greatest accuracy. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to quantify the accuracy of pose estimation from a monocular electro-optical sensor with deep learning to infer segment end points and pose estimation utilizing two open-source code approaches. METHODS: One subject ran at 6.5 m/s for 15 s while being …

Heavy Backpack Load Carriage Affects The Median Nerve, Deanna Schmidt, Jennifer Hein, Katherine Saul

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

First responder and military personal often carry heavy backpacks of over 30% body weight when loaded with equipment. Use of the hands may be impaired by the compression of backpack straps on the nerves of the upper limb. PURPOSE: The aim of the study is to characterize the effects of walking with backpack load on upper limb function by examining changes in nerve conduction resulting from compression of the brachial plexus by backpack straps. We hypothesized that nerve conduction would be decreased in amplitude of the action potential and timing would be delayed after walking while carrying a 30% …

Make Reading Fun: Implications Of Virtual Reality On Standing Balance And Control, Makena Savola, Belle Ponce De Leon, Amanda Duben, Wendy T. Pham, Joshua Vicente, Jacob Hinkel-Lipsker

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The recent rapid expansion of virtual reality (VR) technology is driving a widespread number of new applications, including providing immersive environments for users to learn and read through commercially-available applications. However, recent research has shown that VR causes symptoms of dizziness and motion sickness, which could disrupt users gait and balance. Thus, it is important to understand how to best mitigate these effects before VR use becomes more widespread across the lay public. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the acute effect of VR use on gait and balance control following use, and whether aspects of virtual …

Does Experimental Anterior Knee Pain Alter Effects Of Running On Femoral Articular Cartilage Thickness And Volume? A Pilot Study, Lauren N. Richardson, Andrew Pope, Sunku Kwon, Matthew K. Seeley

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Anterior knee pain is a common problem for runners that often alters running biomechanics. It is unclear how/if changes in running biomechanics due to anterior knee pain affect knee articular cartilage health. PURPOSE: To determine if experimental anterior knee pain during running acutely alters deformation in femoral articular cartilage due to running. METHODS: 10 runners completed three sessions that each in- volved a 60-min treadmill run: a control, sham, and pain session. Experimental anterior knee pain was in- duced during the pain session via a continuous infusion of hypertonic saline into the infrapatellar fat pad. The sham and control sessions …

Electromyographic Comparison Between The Rear-Foot-Elevated Vs. B-Stance Unilateral Back Squat Techniques, Sarah Pearce, Jennifer Rivera, Minhyuk Kwon, Whitney Leyva, Edward Jo

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The Rear-Foot-Elevated back squat (RFE) and B-Stance (BS) are two unilateral back squat techniques with the latter commonly proposed as the more stable of the two. There is currently a lack of research comparing these two techniques with respect to neuromuscular demand and movement characteristics. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the muscle activation differences via surface electromyography (EMG) between the RFE vs. BS unilateral back squat techniques with equated load. METHODS: Thirteen healthy college-aged, resistance-trained male (n=10) and female (n=3) subjects were recruited for this study. Subjects visited the laboratory on two occasions separated …

The Effect Of Age And Sex On Lower Extremity Joint Power Coordination, Isabella G. Martinez, Kylie B. Garcia, Michele Leblanc

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Previous research has provided conflicting results regarding interjoint coordination during a squat jump for young and old adults. In particular, researchers have noted if a proximal-to-distal sequencing (PDS) pattern characterized by hip, then knee, then ankle movement was utilized. Argaud et al. (2019) concluded that both groups used a PDS pattern while Haguenauer et al. (2005) reported that older adults exhibited a more simultaneous strategy. However, both of these studies only investigated male subjects. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine if there are differences in joint power sequencing between males and females and between young and older …

Effect Of Air Resistance On Braking And Propulsive Impulses During Treadmill Running., Luke Johnston, Jared Steele, Luke Vankeersbilck, Iain Hunter

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Treadmill running is a convenient option for runners looking to avoid adverse environmental conditions or that prefer a gym setting. Outdoor running includes air resistance, whereas treadmill running typically does not. Very little research has been focused on the influence of air resistance and its role on kinetic factors during running. PURPOSE: To determine how anterior/posterior impulses change due to air resistance during two different treadmill speeds. METHODS: A wind tunnel was placed 0.61m from the edge of a force instrumented treadmill (Bertec, Boston, MA) while attempting to run 1.12m from the opening of it. Seven subjects ran …

Type Of Physical Activity In Active Individuals Leads To Differences In Strength, Dora Ivanov, Julia Freedman Silvernail, Devin Kelly, John Mercer, Michelle Samual

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a very commonly injured ligament in the knee. Typically, the injuries require reconstruction surgery and rehabilitation. The goal of rehab is to achieve the same level of ability and strength as prior to the injury. PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to investigate activity and strength in individuals who have undergone ACL reconstruction and healthy control participants. We aimed to determine the strength differences between participants who do intentional workouts versus those who live an active lifestyle and to determine whether activity alters strength measures. METHODS: Using existing data, participants were …

Novel Application Of A Performance Prediction Model During Altered Running Gait Strategies, Oluchi Ibe, Robert Musci, Jenevieve L. Roper

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Currently, there is limited research demonstrating that gait retraining can significantly impact running economy and subsequent running performance in distance runners with most of the research showing no or minimal change. Recently, a novel model was developed that predicts running performance based on changes in running economy but has not previously been applied when altering running gait strategies. PURPOSE: The goal of the study was to determine the effect of altering running strategy on predicted running performance in distance runners through application of this novel prediction model. METHODS: Fifteen male (n=10; Age: 22.2 ± 4.9 years; Height: 177.7 ± 7.4 …

Alternative Concussion Balance Testing Between Land & Aquatic Athletes, Taylor Garcia, Bethany Metcalfe, Travis Peterson

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Sports related concussions have been a global and community health issue, with up to 3.8 million occurring in the U.S each year (Langlois et. al. 2006). Impaired postural control is one of the most common symptoms. Balance assessments have been an integral part of concussion analysis to assess if an athlete can return to play (RTP). Swimmers show significant differences in Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) performance compared to a normal population (Sugiura et. al. 2021). PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine if the SEBT (Plisky et. al. 2009) can assess differences in dynamic balance between land and aquatic …

The Effect Of Sex And Age On Lower Extremity Joint Power Asymmetry During A Squat Jump, Kylie B. Garcia

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Previous research has identified greater asymmetry in lower extremity strength tests in older adults with a fall history when compared to older adults without a history of falls and to younger adults (Perry et al., 2007). However, it is not known if these strength asymmetries manifest in asymmetrical movement patterns or if the asymmetries differ for females and males. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of sex and age on lower extremity joint power asymmetry during a squat jump. METHODS: Thirty two subjects including 19 young adults (9F and 10M) between 18-25 years …