Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Social and Behavioral Sciences (14)
- Higher Education (13)
- Engineering (7)
- Bilingual, Multilingual, and Multicultural Education (6)
- Educational Methods (6)
-
- Engineering Education (6)
- Library and Information Science (6)
- Physical Sciences and Mathematics (6)
- Secondary Education (6)
- Teacher Education and Professional Development (6)
- Health and Physical Education (5)
- Other Engineering (5)
- Science and Mathematics Education (5)
- Curriculum and Social Inquiry (4)
- Educational Assessment, Evaluation, and Research (4)
- Educational Leadership (4)
- Elementary Education (4)
- Arts and Humanities (3)
- Curriculum and Instruction (3)
- Life Sciences (3)
- Other Education (3)
- Accounting (2)
- Business (2)
- Counseling (2)
- Counselor Education (2)
- Early Childhood Education (2)
- Elementary Education and Teaching (2)
- Exercise Science (2)
- Kinesiology (2)
- Institution
-
- San Jose State University (21)
- Brigham Young University (11)
- Stephen F. Austin State University (11)
- University of South Carolina (6)
- Andrews University (2)
-
- Macalester College (2)
- University of Northern Iowa (2)
- Air Force Institute of Technology (1)
- Hope College (1)
- Louisiana State University (1)
- National Louis University (1)
- North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University (1)
- Rollins College (1)
- St. Mary's University (1)
- The University of Southern Mississippi (1)
- Western Kentucky University (1)
- Keyword
-
- Engineering education (3)
- Physical activity (3)
- Technology (3)
- Design (2)
- Didaktik (2)
-
- Middle school (2)
- Mobile devices (2)
- Physical Education (2)
- Physical education (2)
- Preschool (2)
- Self-directed learning (2)
- Undergraduate research (2)
- Writing (2)
- Abusive (1)
- Academic Outcomes (1)
- Academic advising (1)
- Accelerometer (1)
- Accounting (1)
- Adjustment problems (1)
- Adolescents (1)
- Affordable course materials (1)
- Africana Studies (1)
- Age (1)
- Anti-bias (1)
- Appalachia (1)
- Appropriate Instructional Practices (1)
- Atomic bomb (1)
- Autism spectrum disorders (1)
- Bildsamkeit (1)
- Bilingual education (1)
Articles 31 - 60 of 64
Full-Text Articles in Education
Look To Our Campuses For Focus And Inspiration, Kathleen F. Mcconnell
Look To Our Campuses For Focus And Inspiration, Kathleen F. Mcconnell
Faculty Publications
Forum: Communication Activism Pedagogy. Response. Connecting students with broader social movements is a good way to inspire them. We should also recognize that many students arrive at college with a stake in social justice work and many engage in activism while in college. Supporting those efforts is another way of mentoring future social justice advocates.
Engaging Children In Engineering Design Through The World Of Quadcopters, Greg J. Strimel, Scott R. Bartholomew, Eunhye Kim
Engaging Children In Engineering Design Through The World Of Quadcopters, Greg J. Strimel, Scott R. Bartholomew, Eunhye Kim
Faculty Publications
The interest in engineering education for K-12 students has been rising (Carr, Bennett IV, & Strobel, 2012; Strimel, Grubbs, & Wells, 2016), and the importance of engineering education is discussed as early as the elementary school level (Hegedus, 2014). Petroski (2003) claims that children are ready to learn engineering because their play activities are similar to engineering and design activities, such as making, moving, and rearranging things. Studies have examined how elementary school students perceive engineering or engineers (Cunningham, Lachapelle, & Lindgren-Streicher 2005) and found that elementary-aged students associated engineering with repairing, installing, driving, constructing, and improving machines and devices. …
Designing The Technological World Through Biomimicry, Emily Yoshikawa, Greg J. Strimel, Scott R. Bartholomew
Designing The Technological World Through Biomimicry, Emily Yoshikawa, Greg J. Strimel, Scott R. Bartholomew
Faculty Publications
Scientific discoveries are a driver for advancing our technological world (ITEA/ITEEA; 2000/2002/2007). As more knowledge is acquired through scientific inquiry, people can better design and develop technological inventions and innovations (Knowles, Kelley, & Hurd, 2016). In turn, these novel technologies can aid in making new scientific discoveries, thus driving an ongoing cycle of technological advancement. However, in the process of designing and advancing our technological world, people can turn to the study of life and its phenomena to inspire and inform their designs. Nature is functional as well as beautiful. As we study the phenomena or functions of living organisms …
Educational Trajectories Of Latino English Language Learner Students In Dual-Language Programs, Kathryn Lindholm-Leary
Educational Trajectories Of Latino English Language Learner Students In Dual-Language Programs, Kathryn Lindholm-Leary
Faculty Publications
The purpose of this research is to examine the language proficiency and reading achievement trajectories of 2201 fourth- through eighth-grade students who differed by English language proficiency and were enrolled in a dual language program. Results showed that: 1) students achieved average in Spanish reading achievement and at similar levels in English as their English mainstream ELL peers; 2) students in the four English language proficiency groups varied significantly in all outcome measures in English and Spanish (FEP>Advanced>Intermediate>Beginner) by upper, but not K/1 entry, grades; and 3) examining students’ trajectories shows the importance of Bilingual, not just …
Culturally And Linguistically Diverse Student And Family Perspectives On Using Augmentative And Alternative Communication Devices, Saili S. Kulkarni, Jessica Parmar
Culturally And Linguistically Diverse Student And Family Perspectives On Using Augmentative And Alternative Communication Devices, Saili S. Kulkarni, Jessica Parmar
Faculty Publications
Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) devices are essential to children with disabilities that result in complex communication needs (CCN) to fully participate in social and academic realms of life. As the numbers of culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) learners in schools increase, so does the imperative to better inform instruction for CLD students who use AAC devices. This paper reviewed N=14 articles that emphasized CLD students who use AAC devices and their families. Implications highlighted that Euro-American culture dominates many aspects of AAC use, assessment, and professional recommendations. Additionally, there are limited perspectives of AAC users and families from CLD, …
Why Teach Science? Helping Teacher Candidates Frame Instructional Decision Making From Moral And Ethical Perspectives, Grinell Smith, Colette Rabin
Why Teach Science? Helping Teacher Candidates Frame Instructional Decision Making From Moral And Ethical Perspectives, Grinell Smith, Colette Rabin
Faculty Publications
This qualitative research project’s overarching goal was to explore ways to help primary grade teacher candidates (re)kindle a conception of teaching as a moral enterprise involving ethical choices and enactment of one’s values. In the context of a science methods course, we explored the research question: What happens to the commitments toward science instruction of pre-service elementary teachers when we help them view science instruction as an act of caring? Our findings suggest that for many, this approach helped students take a moral stance, articulate an ethical position regarding educational issues, and use these perspectives to inform decision-making at the …
‘‘The Day That Changed My Life, Again’’: The Testimonio Of A Latino Dacamented Teacher, Luis Enrique Juarez Treviño, Jose Garcia, Eric Ruiz Bybee
‘‘The Day That Changed My Life, Again’’: The Testimonio Of A Latino Dacamented Teacher, Luis Enrique Juarez Treviño, Jose Garcia, Eric Ruiz Bybee
Faculty Publications
This article, based on the testimonio of a Latino DACAmented teacher, underscores the impacts and benefits of immigration policies for individuals and their communities. Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) has benefitted about 750,000 people; most have used the benefits to pursue higher education and to enter public service careers, including teaching and nursing. Mr. Juarez’s testimonio walks us through his educational trajectory and current role as an educator. This testimonio contributes to current debates and struggles demanding the new U.S. presidential administration to maintain DACA. As researchers, we urge students, educators, policymakers, and the incoming administration to listen to …
Walking The Walk: Authentic Science And Mathematics Research Conducted By Preservice And Inservice Teachers, Cherie Mccollough, Tonya D. Jeffery, Kim Moore
Walking The Walk: Authentic Science And Mathematics Research Conducted By Preservice And Inservice Teachers, Cherie Mccollough, Tonya D. Jeffery, Kim Moore
Faculty Publications
No abstract provided.
Gopher Fitstep Pro Accuracy When Measuring Steps And Moderate-To-Vigorous Physical Activity, Ali S. Brian, Justin A. Haegele
Gopher Fitstep Pro Accuracy When Measuring Steps And Moderate-To-Vigorous Physical Activity, Ali S. Brian, Justin A. Haegele
Faculty Publications
Background: The Gopher FITStep Pro (GFSP) is a commercially available objective physical activity monitor that records steps taken and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA).
Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of the GFSP for measuring steps taken in a guided walking condition and MVPA during planned fitness activities.
Method: University-aged participants (N = 35, Mage = 20) wore two GFSP (right and left side) pedometers and one ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometer during both conditions.
Results: Paired samples t-tests determined that self-step counts in the guided walking condition were not significantly different than the right side GFSP …
Faculty And Student Perceptions Of Cheating, Anita M. Gordon, Helen C. Harton, Emma Welch
Faculty And Student Perceptions Of Cheating, Anita M. Gordon, Helen C. Harton, Emma Welch
Faculty Publications
Students and faculty at a mid-sized masters comprehensive university completed a survey regarding their perceptions of student cheating and other academic misbehavior. A total of 656 student surveys (22%) and 303 faculty surveys (35%) were analyzed to determine the perceived prevalence of cheating across campus, which behaviors are considered cheating, and how wrong they are perceived to be. Results demonstrated less consensus among faculty than expected on which misbehaviors violate the academic ethics policy as well as considerable variation in the perceived frequency that the policy violations occur, for both students and faculty. Increased education about plagiarism and cheating is …
Integrated Stem Through Tumblewing Gliders, Scott R. Bartholomew
Integrated Stem Through Tumblewing Gliders, Scott R. Bartholomew
Faculty Publications
Teachers have the opportunity to use technology and engineering design problems to engage students in integrated STEM education. “Tumblewing” gliders are easy-to-make paper gliders that can challenge, excite, and engage students. As students emphasize the practices of science and engineering while completing a tumblewing design challenge, they will engage in both scientific inquiry and the engineering design process.
Adapted Shared Storybook Reading: A Study Of Its Application For Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders And In Home Settings, Andrea Golloher
Adapted Shared Storybook Reading: A Study Of Its Application For Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders And In Home Settings, Andrea Golloher
Faculty Publications
This study investigated the use of an adapted shared reading protocol with three children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in home settings. Using a multiple baseline across participants design, this investigation replicated and extended a previous investigation by Browder et al. to children with ASD and home settings. In addition, this study was to investigate whether individual components of the intervention package contributed to its overall effectiveness. Finally, the extent to which the participating children generalized their ability to engage in adapted shared reading with the researcher to shared reading with their parents was explored. The results of the investigation …
Service Learning As Inquiry In An Undergraduate Science Course, Kelsie M. Bernot, Amy E. Kulesza, Judith S. Ridgway
Service Learning As Inquiry In An Undergraduate Science Course, Kelsie M. Bernot, Amy E. Kulesza, Judith S. Ridgway
Faculty Publications
To engage students in applying scientific process skills to real-world issues, we implemented a service-learning project model in our undergraduate introductory biology course for science majors. This model illustrates how we integrate inquiry inside and outside of the classroom through four steps: service, learning, classroom, and community. Out-of-class activities engaged students in serving the community (Service step) while deepening their learning experience beyond what they would learn in a classroom (Learning step). To connect the service-learning project with scientific process skills, students were asked to identify problems that our community partners were trying to solve, identify proposed solutions, and design …
A Multiple Case Narrative Examining The Experiences Of Alumni Of A Minority Research And Training Program, Gretchen Burton
A Multiple Case Narrative Examining The Experiences Of Alumni Of A Minority Research And Training Program, Gretchen Burton
Faculty Publications
The implementation of minority research and training (MRT) programs at the post secondary level has risen to close the educational achievement gap and build undergraduate pathways to generate a highly skilled and diverse STEM pool. Although the numbers of advanced science related degrees have slowly increased over the past decade, partially due to the utilization of MRT programs, this increase has not been adequate to establish an impactful representation in either academic or industry research careers. Numerous studies identify various support interventions influencing positive outcomes among MRT participants achieving graduate degrees. However, majority of the studies utilize quantitative or a …
Defining And Measuring Excellence In The Changing World Of Higher Education: Case Stories From Five Colleges Of Education, Jannah Nerren, Christina Sinclair, Nan Barker, Mark J. Reid, Gina Anderson
Defining And Measuring Excellence In The Changing World Of Higher Education: Case Stories From Five Colleges Of Education, Jannah Nerren, Christina Sinclair, Nan Barker, Mark J. Reid, Gina Anderson
Faculty Publications
This paper presents a collection of case stories from five Educator Preparation Programs (EPPs) within colleges of education, four from institutions in Texas and one from California, to present a micro cross-sectional narrative interpretation of what constitutes excellence in educator preparation. The broad framework utilized in this interpretation focuses on the individual approaches used by each institution for creating and sustaining positive cultures of data-informed decision-making, with the ultimate objective of continuous program improvement, while also meeting the accreditation expectations of each institution.
Academic Accounting Salaries In The Southwest: A Revisitation And Exploration, Kelly Noe, Mary Fischer, Treba Marsh, Dana A. Forgione
Academic Accounting Salaries In The Southwest: A Revisitation And Exploration, Kelly Noe, Mary Fischer, Treba Marsh, Dana A. Forgione
Faculty Publications
This study examines the faculty located in the Southwest Region of the American Accounting Association to ascertain salary determinants as well explore salary compression and inversion. This study finds there are differences among faculty salaries based on longevity, institutional type and size. Typically larger, public institutions pay higher salaries. Further this study finds that salary, perceived salary compared to others, institutional longevity, marital status, institutional type and size are significantly associated with faculty’s gender.
Lumberjack Construction: Job-Order Costing & Manufacturing Simulation, Marie Kelly, Nikki Shoemaker
Lumberjack Construction: Job-Order Costing & Manufacturing Simulation, Marie Kelly, Nikki Shoemaker
Faculty Publications
This paper describes a classroom Job-Order Costing and manufacturing simulation called Lumberjack Construction. This simulation is used in introductory managerial accounting and cost accounting courses to help students understand the various parts of the manufacturing process and the application of Job-Order Costing principles. For this simulation, students are placed into manufacturing groups. Each group is responsible for manufacturing a building and calculating the cost of that building using job-order costing.
Ready To Learn: The Impact Of The Morning Blast Physical Activity Intervention On Elementary School Students, Tingting Xu, Erik Jon Byker, Monica Rae Gonzales
Ready To Learn: The Impact Of The Morning Blast Physical Activity Intervention On Elementary School Students, Tingting Xu, Erik Jon Byker, Monica Rae Gonzales
Faculty Publications
Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a physical activity intervention programme, named “Morning Blast”, on elementary school students’ math learning and daily physical activity. The Morning Blast intervention programme was a 16-week cardiovascular endurance emphasized physical activity program that students voluntarily participated in before the school day. Participants that volunteered, did so for the duration of the program. Methods: This mixed-methods study included seven educators and 83 students (n=90). The students were all children who were enrolled in Grades 3, 4, and 5 in a semi-rural elementary school in the United States. …
Using Wireless Pedometers To Measure Children’S Physical Activity: How Reliable Is The Fitbit Zip?, Tingting Xu, Erik Jon Byker, Monica Rae Gonzales
Using Wireless Pedometers To Measure Children’S Physical Activity: How Reliable Is The Fitbit Zip?, Tingting Xu, Erik Jon Byker, Monica Rae Gonzales
Faculty Publications
The purpose of this study is to examine the reliability of wireless pedometers in measuring elementary school children’s physical activity. Activity measurement using a wireless pedometer Fitbit ZipTM was compared to activity measurement using Yamax Digi-WalkerTM SW701 for a group of randomly selected 25 children in Grades 3, 4, and 5. Fitbit ZipTM wireless pedometers were found to have an appropriate degree (Nunnally & Bernstein, 1994) of accuracy and reliability compared to the Yamax Digi-WalkerTM SW701 pedometer. The Fitbit ZipTM wireless pedometer collected more step counts than the Yamax Digi-WalkerTM SW701 pedometer; however, the …
A Summer Camp In Engineering Physics For Incoming Freshman To Improve Retention And Student Success, Hector A. Ochoa, Christopher J. Aul, Dan Bruton, Collin J. Timmons
A Summer Camp In Engineering Physics For Incoming Freshman To Improve Retention And Student Success, Hector A. Ochoa, Christopher J. Aul, Dan Bruton, Collin J. Timmons
Faculty Publications
Summer camps have proven to be a valuable tool to attract and recruit students interested in pursuing a career in the STEM field. They have been also used to spark their curiosity in areas like mathematics. However, these camps do not help with issues that appear after the student has been admitted at the university. It is well known that many students are shocked when they transition from high-school to college. Many of them do not know how to handle their academic freedom; they start without any friends, and they do not know the campus and the resources available. By …
Confronting And Countering Bias And Oppression Through Early Childhood Policy And Practice: An Introduction. [Special Issue], Flora Farago, Colette Murray, Beth Blue Swadener
Confronting And Countering Bias And Oppression Through Early Childhood Policy And Practice: An Introduction. [Special Issue], Flora Farago, Colette Murray, Beth Blue Swadener
Faculty Publications
Across the globe, there has been sustained anti-bias and anti-oppressive scholarship and policywork addressing social inclusion in early childhood and teacher education, grounded in the work of Louise Derman-Sparks and the ABC Task Force, 1989 (Kumishiro, 2000; Murray & Urban, 2012; Swadener, Aquino-Sterling, Nagasawa, & Bartlett, 2009). In this special issue, contributors address a range of social inclusion focused policies and practices across continents, including the challenges and opportunities of implementing anti-bias education. This kind of research takes a principled stance as it works to ameliorate, and eventually eliminate, exclusionary practices impacting young children and their families. The primary goal …
Anti-Bias Or Not: A Case Study Of Two Early Childhood Educators, Flora Farago
Anti-Bias Or Not: A Case Study Of Two Early Childhood Educators, Flora Farago
Faculty Publications
This work examines anti-bias teaching practices through a case study of two early childhood educators working in classrooms with 4- to 5-year-old children. The educators self-identified that they intentionally addressed diversity in their classrooms using the anti-bias curricular approach (Derman-Sparks & the ABC Task Force, 1989). Specifically, the study explored how early childhood educators used anti-bias practices, and how educators discussed race and gender with young children. The methodology involved semi-structured interviews, naturalistic observations of educator-child interactions, and a survey of educators’ beliefs and classroom practices regarding race and gender. Findings indicated that educators felt more comfortable and skilled at …
Partnering With Educational Leaders To Advance Social Work Education In Vietnam, Laurie Drabble, Edward Cohen, Hoa Nguyen, Alice Hines, Debbie Faires, Tuan Tran, Patrick Thanh Ngo
Partnering With Educational Leaders To Advance Social Work Education In Vietnam, Laurie Drabble, Edward Cohen, Hoa Nguyen, Alice Hines, Debbie Faires, Tuan Tran, Patrick Thanh Ngo
Faculty Publications
This case study describes the leadership component of the Social Work Education Enhancement Project (SWEEP), an international collaboration designed to strengthen the capacity of Vietnam’s undergraduate social work programmes to deliver quality education. SWEEP strategies for building capacity in leadership and administration include the following: 1) leadership development, 2) development of university-specific and collective strategic plans, and 3) improving collaboration among leaders. Thematic analysis of qualitative evaluation data identified eight effective elements of the leadership programme. Findings underscore the importance of partnership and flexibility in planning, as well as the value of supporting a leadership consortium to guide ongoing national …
Designing A Course For Peer Educators In Undergraduate Engineering Design Courses, Gina Quan, Chandra Turpen, Ayush Gupta, Emilia Tanu
Designing A Course For Peer Educators In Undergraduate Engineering Design Courses, Gina Quan, Chandra Turpen, Ayush Gupta, Emilia Tanu
Faculty Publications
Learning Assistants (LAs) are undergraduate peer educators who participate in weekly pedagogyseminars and work alongside faculty instructors in active-learning based undergraduate courses.While LA programs were initially developed for science and math courses, many LA programssupport LAs in a wide range of disciplines. This paper describes a pilot adaptation of the LAprogram for engineering design courses that we have developed at the University of Maryland,College Park Campus. All LAs assist in 14 separate sections of University of Maryland’sengineering design course for first-year undergraduate students. Our seminar integrates topicsfrom the discipline-general LA pedagogy seminar (cognitive science of learning, facilitation ofclassroom discourse, collaboration, …
Teaching In The Age Of Humans Helping Students Think About Climate Change., Grinell Smith
Teaching In The Age Of Humans Helping Students Think About Climate Change., Grinell Smith
Faculty Publications
To convey the magnitude and rapidity of current climate change and the severity of predictions for the next century, I present essential climate science information using four key sets of data and contextualize that information with personal anecdotes. I then consider the reasons for the large gap between the scientific consensus about anthropogenic climate change and public perceptions of that consensus. With several known challenges to climate change education in mind, I offer four recommendations for teachers that map relevant social psychology to pedagogy: (1) establish a learning community that works to disrupt in-group favoritism and reduce attribution bias; (2) …
Csrde 2017 Roundtable - Grad Degree Completion.Pdf, Anne Edmunds Aguirre
Csrde 2017 Roundtable - Grad Degree Completion.Pdf, Anne Edmunds Aguirre
Faculty Publications
The increasing importance of graduate degrees and need for graduate tuition revenue are compelling university leaders to pay increased attention to graduate enrollment issues. This roundtable will explore how to measure graduate degree retention and completion. With a lack of external requirements to report graduate degree completion rates, institutions often don’t track them. Those that do must decide how to handle students matriculating at different times of the year, part time v. full time enrollment, combined degree students, and other scenarios inherent in graduate education. The moderator will share their institution’s efforts to track graduate degree completion by developing a …
Translanguaging: Definitions, Implications, And Further Needs In Burgeoning Inquiry, Luis E. Poza
Translanguaging: Definitions, Implications, And Further Needs In Burgeoning Inquiry, Luis E. Poza
Faculty Publications
The term translanguaging has appeared with growing frequency in research about the education of linguistic minority students. Amid increasing application of the term, concern emerges regarding the consistency of its definitions and characterizations, specifically with respect to the term’s social justice implications, which risk dilution. Early instances (García, 2007, 2009a) position the term as both a pedagogical strategy for supporting multilingual learners and a critique of existing conceptualizations of language and bilingualism that have historically marginalized particular speech communities. In this review of recent literature, I analyze 53 texts published between 1996 and 2014 for their definitions, exemplifications, and attributed …
Brandishing Our Air, Space, And Cyber Swords: Recommendations For Deterrence And Beyond, Mark Reith
Brandishing Our Air, Space, And Cyber Swords: Recommendations For Deterrence And Beyond, Mark Reith
Faculty Publications
This article examines how the nation could better prepare to deter aggressive action in space and cyberspace, and if necessary, prevail should deterrence fail. The key themes throughout this article include a strong need for space and cyber situational awareness, the need for an international attribution and escalation framework, and a national investment in space and cyber education, along with an updated national strategy and military doctrine. Although related, this article focuses on deterrence and avoids the topic of cyber coercion.
Promoting Undergraduate Research Through Integrative Learning, Elise C. Lewis
Promoting Undergraduate Research Through Integrative Learning, Elise C. Lewis
Faculty Publications
Educators in higher education often seek innovative pedagogies to include in their classrooms. This article describes an integrative learning experience and details the planning, implementation, considerations, and benefits of creating a major-specific undergraduate research day. The event created an opportunity for students to gain confidence and practice discussing their work during research poster presentations. The event also allowed them to integrate classroom activities and extracurricular experiences to make meaningful connections. Identifying the steps, considerations, and outcomes may inform educators considering implementing this technique. The description of the undergraduate research day is applicable across disciplines and is relevant to faculty and …
Middle School Student Habits, Perceptions, And Self-Directed Learning, Scott R. Bartholomew
Middle School Student Habits, Perceptions, And Self-Directed Learning, Scott R. Bartholomew
Faculty Publications
Today’s students are growing up in a digital world with constant connectivity, instant access to information, and new technological developments at every turn. The feasibility, effectiveness, and possibilities of students leveraging technological tools around them for learning are the subject of continual debate (Becker, 2017; Bowen, 2012; Tamim, Bernard, Borokhovski, Abrami, & Schmid, 2011). In this study, 706 middle school students from 18 classes worked in groups of 2-3 to complete an open-ended engineering design challenge. Students completed design portfolios and constructed prototypes in their groups in response to the design challenge. Classes were divided with some receiving access to …