Education Commons^™

Maksi For Ict-Based Accounting Learning At Vocational High Schools, Vivi Pratiwi, Moh. Danang Bahtiar, Han Tantri Hardini

Jurnal Pendidikan Vokasi

This study aims to produce ICT-based learning media for Vocational High Schools (VHS) in the form of ICT-based accounting multimedia application, named "Multimedia Akuntansi" (MAKSI) on bank reconciliation material. The development of learning media is done because of the limited number of innovative learning media available for VHS students, especially in the accounting field. The condition is influential on the students' low level of understanding. This research was research and development using the ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation) model. The use of the ADDIE model is because the model is flexible, so it can be used for learning instrument …

The Impact Of Independent Learning On Students' Accounting Learning Outcomes At Vocational High School, Ery Novita Sari, Zamroni Zamroni

Jurnal Pendidikan Vokasi

The independence of student learning in recent years was discussed in several articles. Through the development of an independent attitude in learning, students can diagnose learning difficulties and find the right solution to solve them. This study was aimed at finding out how the influence of learning independence on students' accounting learning outcomes. The type of research used is ex-post facto quantitative research. The population of the research is all students of class XI of Public Middle School in the city of Yogyakarta, with a total of 156 students. The instruments used were questionnaires and multiple-choice questions (MCQs). Validity and …

The Implementation Of Attitude Assessment In Curriculum 2013 At Elementary Schools, Ikhya Ulumudin, Sisca Fujianita

Jurnal Penelitian dan Evaluasi Pendidikan

This study is aimed at describing the implementation of attitude assessment conducted by teachers starting from the assessment planning, implementation, results processing, its utilization, and the follow-up. This study employed a qualitative and quantitative method. The subject was elementary school teachers in Bekasi city who had taught in classes applying Curriculum 2013. The data were collected using questionnaires and focus group discussions. The result shows that the implementation of attitude assessment had not been done optimally because of teachers' lack of understanding. Besides, too many techniques of attitude assessment cause teachers to need a lot of time to learn and …

Paps Predictive Validity In Predicting The Learning Success Of Master Of Professional Psychology Students, Flaviana Rinta Ferdian, Saifuddin Azwar

Jurnal Penelitian dan Evaluasi Pendidikan

This study aims to determine the ability of Tes Potensi Akademik Pascasarjana (PAPS Test) in predicting the grade point average (GPA) of the graduate students of the Master of Professional Psychology. PAPS test is the graduate entry requirement test in UGM. Graduate students' GPA includes semester grade point average (semester GPA), cumulative grade point average (cumulative GPA), grade point average of master courses, and grade point average of professional courses. The data were obtained in the form of PAPS test scores (verbal subtest, reasoning subtest, quantitative subtest, and total score) and the GPA of the graduate students of Master of …

The Application Of The Generalized Lord's Chi-Square Method In Identifying Biased Items, Herwin Herwin, Sophak Phonn

Jurnal Penelitian dan Evaluasi Pendidikan

This study aims to find out the results of the analysis of item bias by using Generalized Lord's Chi-square test method on the test instrument of elementary school examination in a sub-district of Gowa Regency, Indonesia. This research is explorative research using quantitative approach. This research was conducted in the second semester of the academic year of 2017/2018 at the Bontomarannu District Elementary School in Gowa Regency. Data collection technique used is documentation. The data in this study were analyzed using the DIF method of Generalized Lord Chi-Square test. The results show that in using the Generalized Lord Chi-square method, …

Development Of Self-Rating Scale Instrument Of Self-Directed Learning Skills For High School Students, Intan Febry Sulasiwi, Supriyono Koes Handayanto, Wartono Wartono

Jurnal Penelitian dan Evaluasi Pendidikan

This study aims to develop a valid and reliable self-rating scale instrument for measuring Self-Directed Learning (SDL) skills. This DDI study follows the steps of Hinkin's development (1995) which consists of five stages: creating an item pool, expert conclusion, implementation, confirmatory factor analysis, and reliability analysis. The self-rating scale developed in this study consisted of sixty statements accompanied by a 1-5 Likert scale. Based on the factors analysis, 16 items were still in the draft and 44 items were declared valid and reliable. Five factors that are determined are: awareness (8 items,α = 0.717), learning strategies (9 items,α = 0.806), …

The Effectiveness And Constraints Of Learning In Polytechnic Education, I Nyoman Gunung, I Ketut Darma

Jurnal Penelitian dan Evaluasi Pendidikan

This study is aimed at finding out: (1) the level of effectiveness of the teaching implementation at a polytechnic education institution viewed from the interrelatedness of the components of context, input, process, and product, and (2) the constraints in the teaching implementation at the institution. This study used the Contex Input Process Product (CIPP) model from Stufflebeam. The data were collected using a questionnaire, interview guide, and related docu-ments. The subjects of the evaluation were the students, lecturers, and the top management staff of the departments at the polytechnic. The data were analyzed using a quantitative descriptive method. The effectiveness …

Evaluating The Implementation Of English Communication Therapy (Ect): An Objective Structured Clinical Assessment (Osca) Approach, Nursanti Dwi Yogawati, W. Widihastuti

Jurnal Penelitian dan Evaluasi Pendidikan

This study is aimed at evaluating the implementation of the English Communication Therapy (ECT) instructional program oriented to the Objective Structured Clinical Assessment (OSCA) for the students of the D-3 Nursing Study Program at STIKES Al-Irsyad Al-Islamiyyah, Cilacap. Three research problems are put forward concerning (1) the fit of the program in terms of the variables context, input, process, and product; (2) obstacles faced by students; and (3) attainment of the ECT learning objectives. The study is evaluation research using the qualitative and quantitative CIPP model. The research subjects are 168 students of the Nursing Study Program of STIKES Al-Irsyad …

Evaluation Of Islam Education Teachers Training Implementation, Helen Sabera Adib, Djemari Mardapi, Zamroni Zamroni, Adam Jait

Jurnal Penelitian dan Evaluasi Pendidikan

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the implementation of the Islam education teachers' training in the Religion Education and Training Center in Palembang. This study is an evaluation research conducted using the Islam Education Teachers Training model, which consists of Context, Input, Process, and Product aspects. Sources of information in this study include the training organizers, Widyaiswara (civil servants assigned as instructors), and the participants of the training. Data collection was conducted using questionnaires, observation, and documentation. The data analysis technique used in this study was quantitative descriptive. The results of the study conclude that the implementation of …

The Contribution Of Technopreneurship Scientific Learning And Learning Readiness Towards The Entrepreneurship Learning Outcomes In Higher Vocational Education, Hendra Hidayat, Boy Yendra Tamin, Susi Herawati, Khairul Khairul, Eril Syahmaidi

Jurnal Pendidikan Vokasi

This research was motivated by the entrepreneurship learning outcomes in vocational education which is still poor. Technopreneurship scientific learning and learning readiness are assumed to be factors affecting entrepreneurship learning outcomes. The purpose of this study is to describe and test the contribution of technopreneurship scientific learning and readiness to learning of entrepreneurship learning outcomes. This research used the quantitative method with correlation descriptive. The population was all students who follow the general course of entrepreneurship in Higher Education for 1100 people. While the samples are 217 students who were selected by using proportional stratified random sampling. This research tool …

Dari Terminologi Ke Subtansi Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan: Implikasi Terhadap Revitalisasi Pancasila, Freddy K. Kalidjernih, Winarno Winarno

Jurnal Civics: Media Kajian Kewarganegaraan

Artikel ini mengeksplorasi berbagai istilah (terminologi) yang berkaitan dengan praktik kewarganegaraan atau pendidikan kewarganegaraan yang digunakan di Indonesia setelah runtuhnya rezim Orde Baru. Ia berpendapat bahwa penggunaan istilah tersebut agak serampangan karena mereka kurang dibahas dan diperebutkan di kalangan akademis. Akibatnya, agak membingungkan ketika pemerintah Indonesia berniat untuk memperkenalkan kembali Pendidikan Pancasila baru-baru ini. Makalah ini menyarankan bahwa penggunaan istilah-istilah tersebut secara konsisten dan sistematis akan memungkinkan kita untuk menempatkan Pancasila secara lebih proporsional dalam "peta" Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan Indonesia (Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan, PKn).

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practices of citizenship or civic education used in Indonesia after the demise of the New Order regime. …

Back Matter, The Editors

Jurnal Civics: Media Kajian Kewarganegaraan

No abstract provided.

Pengembangan Jobsheet Rangkaian Elektronika Kelas Xi Teknik Elektronika Industri, Aditya Sunu Widyanto, Priyanto Priyanto

Elinvo (Electronics, Informatics, and Vocational Education)

The purpose of this study is designed to: (1) develop Job sheet in accordance with the curriculum for Grade XI students of Electronic Engineering; and (2) describes the percentage level of job sheet worthiness as a learning device for implementing electronic circuits. This research is a development research using the development model of 4-D models with four main stages namely, Define, Design, Develop, Disseminate. Data collection was carried out using a questionnaire. The data analysis technique in this research is quantitative descriptive. The results of the study note that: (1) Job sheet was developed containing 13 materials; and (2) based …

Efektivitas Worked Example Dengan Strategi Pengelompokan Siswa Ditinjau Dari Kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah Dan Cognitive Load, Muhammad Ferry Irwansyah, Endah Retnowati

Jurnal Riset Pendidikan Matematika

Pada penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan dan membandingkan efektivitas strategi pembelajaran worked example dan problem solving dengan strategi pengelompokan siswa (kolaboratif dan individual) ditinjau dari kemampuan pemecahan masalah dan cognitive load. Penelitian ini melibatkan 64 siswa kelas 8 sebagai partisipan penelitian yang dibagi menjadi empat kelompok secara acak dengan menggunakan desain eksperimen 2 × 2 (worked example vs. problem solving) × kolaboratif vs. individual). Hasil penelitian ini mengindikasikan bahwa tidak terdapat perbedaan signifikan penerapan strategi worked example dengan pengelompokan kolaboratif dan individual ditinjau dari kemampuan pemecahan masalah. Ditinjau dari cognitive load, strategi worked example efektif ketika …

Analisis Kemampuan Kognitif Matematika Berdasarkan Task Commitment Siswa Kelas Khusus Olahraga Sekolah Menengah Atas, Nurafni Retno Kurniasih, Idris Harta

Jurnal Riset Pendidikan Matematika

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan kemampuan kognitif matematika, task commitment, dan hubungan antara kemampuan kognitif matematika dan task commitment siswa Kelas Khusus Olahraga (KKO) SMA negeri se-DIY. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode survei. Populasi pada penelitian ini yaitu siswa KKO kelas X SMA negeri se-DIY yang berjumlah 319 siswa. Sampel sejumlah 132 siswa yang terbagi dalam 8 sekolah penyelenggara kelas KKO se-DIY ditentukan dengan teknik sampel acak proporsional sistematik. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kemampuan kognitif matematika siswa KKO SMA negeri se-DIY dalam kategori sedang dengan nilai rata-rata 40,62 dari nilai tertinggi ideal 100, task commitment siswa KKO …

Efektivitas Problem-Based Learning Ditinjau Dari Keterampilan Pemecahan Masalah Dan Kemandirian Belajar Matematis, Yuli Kurniyawati, Ali Mahmudi, Endang Wahyuningrum

Jurnal Riset Pendidikan Matematika

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan efektifitas problem-based learning ditinjau dari keterampilan pemecahan masalah dan kemandirian belajar matematis. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian Quasi Experimental dengan populasi siswa kelas VIII SMP Negeri 1 Ngadirejo Temanggung tahun pelajaran 2017/2018. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan secara acak dengan mengambil 3 kelas dari 7 kelas yang ada, dan terpilih kelas VIII A sebagai kelas ujicoba, kelas VIIIB sebagai kelas eksperimen, dan kelas VIIIC sebagai kelas kontrol. Instrumen penelitian yang digunakan adalah tes keterampilan pemecahan masalah matematis dan skala kemandirian belajar matematis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa problem-based learning efektif ditinjau dari keterampilan pemecahan dan kemandirian belajar matematis. Terdapat …

Efektivitas Guided Discovery Menggunakan Pendekatan Kontekstual Ditinjau Dari Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis, Prestasi, Dan Self-Efficacy, Imaludin Agus

Jurnal Riset Pendidikan Matematika

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan perbedaan keefektifan guided discovery meggunakan pendekatan kontekstual dan konvensional ditinjau dari kemampuan berpikir kritis, prestasi belajar, dan self-efficacy matematika siswa SMP. Jenis penelitian ini adalah quasi-experiment dengan pretest-posttest nonequivalent group design. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas VIII SMP Negeri di Kontukowun, kabupaten Muna dan kelas VIII-1 dan Kelas VIII-2 dipilih secara acak sebagai sampel. Untuk mengetahui keefektifan guided discovery menggunakan pendekatan kontekstual dan konvensional menggunakan uji one sample t-test, sedangkan untuk perbedaan keefektifan metode pembelajaran menggunakan uji two group manova. Jika terdapat perbedaan maka dilanjutkan dengan uji perbandingan menggunakan independent sample t-test …

Kemampuan Proses Matematis Siswa Kalimantan Timur Dalam Menyelesaikan Soal Matematika Model Pisa, Anwaril Hamidy, Jailani Jailani

Jurnal Riset Pendidikan Matematika

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan kemampuan proses matematis siswa Kalimantan Timur dalam menyelesaikan soal matematika model PISA (Programme for International Students Assessment). Penelitian ini dilakukan terhadap 300 siswa kelas IX SMP Kalimantan Timur yang belum pernah mewakili Indonesia sebagai sampel PISA bidang Matematika. Siswa tersebut tersebar dari tiga level sekolah (rendah, sedang, tinggi) yang ditentukan berdasarkan hasil Ujian Nasional 2016 pada mata pelajaran matematika. Pengumpulan data menggunakan 16 butir soal matematika model PISA (α = 0,835) yang mencakup tiga proses matematis: formulate, employ dan interpret. Kemampuan siswa dianalisis berdasarkan mean measure logit dan selanjutnya ditransformasi ke …

Kualitas Butir Bank Soal Statistika (Studi Kasus: Instrumen Ujian Akhir Mata Kuliah Statistika Universitas Terbuka), Agus Santoso, Kartianom Kartianom, Gulzhaina K. Kassymova

Jurnal Riset Pendidikan Matematika

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeksripsikan kualitas butir soal ujian akhir semester mata kuliah statistika ekonomi yang dikembangkan oleh Universitas Terbuka (UT) sebagai dasar dalam mengembangkan bank soal yang terkalibrasi menggunakan pendekatan Teori Respons Butir. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kuantitatif. Sumber data penelitian ini adalah pola jawaban mahasiswa UT yang telah mengikuti ujian akhir semester (UAS) mata kuliah statistika ekonomi selama enam masa ujian, dengan ukuran sampel sebanyak 23334 mahasiswa. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa butir-butir soal ujian akhir semester mata kuliah statistika ekonomi yang dikembangkan UT: (1) terbukti valid secara konstruk, yakni hanya mengukur satu faktor dominan, yaitu kemampuan …

What The High School Students Say About Mathematics Homework, Fransiskus Magnis Pastoriko, Kana Hidayati, Rasmuin Rasmuin

Jurnal Riset Pendidikan Matematika

Homework had become a tradition in teaching and learning mathematics in school. Even so, in Indonesia, there is not enough research on homework. Our research is conducted to investigate high school students' views on homework and to provide the basis for further research on homework in Indonesia. In this research, we use exploratory-descriptive qualitative to explore and describe the students' view of homework. We collected the data from 124 high school students by using the structured interview conducted via online form. The data were analyzed by using the thematic analysis. Based on our results, we found that (1) students know …

Pengembangan Perangkat Pembelajaran Menggunakan Problem Solving Dalam Problem Posing Berbasis Pendekatan Saintifik, Ahmad Lutfi

Jurnal Riset Pendidikan Matematika

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan produk berupa perangkat pembel-ajaran aljabar menggunakan problem solving dalam problem posing berbasis pendekatan saintifik yang valid, praktis dan efektif ditinjau dari keyakinan terhadap pelajaran matematika (KTM) dan kemampuan berpikir kreatif (KBK) siswa SMA. Penelitian pengembangan ini menggunakan model Plomp. Hasil penelitian ini adalah perangkat pembelajaran aljabar menggunakan problem solving dalam problem posing berbasis pendekatan saintifik yang berorientasi pada keyakinan terhadap pelajaran matematika dan kemampuan berpikir kreatif siswa SMA berupa RPP dan LKS. Kualitas perangkat pembelajaran yang dikembangkan ditinjau dari aspek kevalidan, aspek kepraktisan dan aspek keefektifan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa RPP dan LKS valid dan …

Pengembangan Perangkat Pembelajaran Geometri Dengan Mengadaptasi Model Core Untuk Meningkatkan Efikasi Diri, Danis Agung Nugroho

Jurnal Riset Pendidikan Matematika

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan perangkat pembelajaran yang diadaptasi dari model CORE (Connecting, Organizing, Reflecting, dan Extending) yang valid, praktis, dan efektif untuk meningkatkan efikasi diri siswa. Pengembangan perangkat menggunakan model pengembangan Borg dan Gall yang dimodifikasi oleh peneliti dengan tahapan: (1) studi pendahuluan, (2) perencanaan, (3) pengembangan rancangan produk awal, (4) uji coba terbatas, (5) revisi tahap I, (6) uji coba operasional, (7) revisi tahap II, dan (8) desiminasi produk akhir. Uji coba produk dilakukan di SMA Negeri 1 Prambanan Sleman dengan melibatkan 52 siswa dan seorang guru matematika. Instrumen yang digunakan terdiri atas …

Pengaruh Keterlibatan Orang Tua, Perilaku Guru, Dan Motivasi Belajar Terhadap Prestasi Belajar Matematika Siswa, Abdoulaye Fane, Sugito Sugito

Jurnal Riset Pendidikan Matematika

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk untuk mendeskripsikan pengaruh keterlibatan orang tua, perilaku guru, dan motivasi belajar baik terhadap prestasi belajar mata pelajaran matematika siswa kelas X SMA. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian expost facto. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas X MIPA SMA Negeri 4 Yogyakarta, Indonesia, tahun ajaran 2016/2017. Sampel penelitian sejumlah 121 siswa ditentukan menggunakan simple random sampling technique. Pengumpulan data menggunakan studi dokumen hasil belajar matematika siswa dan angket yang telah dibuktikan validitas serta diestimasi reliabilitasnya. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis regresi ganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) terdapat pengaruh positif dan signifikan masing-masing …

Pemanfaatan Video Pembelajaran Berbasis Geogebra Untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Pemahaman Konsep Matematis Siswa Smk, Erdawati Nurdin, Aulia Ma㢂¬„¢Aruf, Zubaidah Amir, Risnawati Risnawati, Noviarni Noviarni, Memen Permata Azmi

Jurnal Riset Pendidikan Matematika

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan efektivitas pemanfaatan video pembelajaran berbasis Geogebra dalam meningkatkan kemampuan pemahaman konsep matematis siswa Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan. Desain penelitian kuasi eksperimen ini adalah nonequivalent control group design. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah wawancara dan tes kemampuan pemahaman konsep matematis. Analisis data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan uji U Mann-Whitney. Hasil analisis data menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan kemampuan pemahaman konsep matematis siswa yang menggunakan video pembelajaran berbasis Geogebra lebih baik dibandingkan siswa yang belajar dengan pembelajaran konvensional. Video pembelajaran berbasis Geogebra efektif dan berpengaruh positif terhadap peningkatan kemampuan pemahaman konsep matematis siswa. Video pembelajaran berbasis Geogebra ini dapat …

Need Of Vocational High School Based On Local Potential For Regional Development In Cilacap District, Widi Lesmana, Pardjono Pardjono

Jurnal Pendidikan Vokasi

This study intends to: (1) describe regional development programs, (2) determine local potential, (3) describe the level of alignment of the current spectrum of expertise and make a spectrum of expertise Vocational High Schools based local potential in the Cilacap District. Descriptive research was used in this study. The research site was carried out in the Cilacap Regency area. The data sources used are secondary data sources, namely the use of data through official documents such as the Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah (RTRW), Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Daerah (RPJMD), Cilacap Regency in the 2017 Figures and the Cilacap Regency Economic …

Designing And Quality Testing Of "Digichip" Virtual Simulation Software Of Android Platform For Mobile-Virtual Learning Supporting Vocational Mechatronics Engineering, Titih Rejyasmito Hadi, Eko Marpanaji

Jurnal Pendidikan Vokasi

Technology enhancement in any life aspects is undeniably crucial to face the globalization era. A strategic approach to touch any life aspect is gained through education. Supporting this educational long-term goal, this study aims to: (1) produce learning media in the form of a virtual-learning simulation software, which is capable of operation on mobile devices to facilitate mobile, portable, effective, economical, and operationally-safe learning; (2) test the developed software quality in terms of the functional aspects of suitability, maintainability, portability, and usability (ISO/IEC 25010). The subjects of this Research and Development (R&D) study were class XI students of Mechatronics Engineering …

Visualizing The Stages Of The Educational Research Methodology Into Animation Infographics For Vocational Students, Ketut Agustini, Gede Saindra Santyadiputra, Nyoman Sugihartini

Jurnal Pendidikan Vokasi

Visualizing something abstract into a concrete object can help students improve their mastery of concepts in learning. The purpose of this study is to visualize the stages of the educational research methodology into an animation infographic media. The method used refers to the instructional development model. The target subjects of this study were students of informatics engineering education study program who had taken courses in educational research methodology. In order to get valid, practical, and effective media, several tests were carried out, such as formative evaluation and effectiveness testing with Hake formula. The results show that the dynamic infographic media …

Methods Used By Mathematics Teachers In Developing Parallel Multiple-Choice Test Items In School, Kartika Pramudita, R. Rosnawati, Socheath Mam

REID (Research and Evaluation in Education)

The study was aimed at describing five methods of the development of parallel test items of the multiple-choice type in mathematics at Yogyakarta (primary education level). The study was descriptive research involving 22 mathematics teachers as the respondents. Data collection was conducted through interviews and document reviews concerning the developed test packages. A questionnaire was used to gather data about the procedure the teachers employed in developing the tests. Findings show that the teachers used five methods in developing the test item; namely (1) randomizing the item numbers; (2) randomizing the sequences of response options; (3) writing items using the …

Psychometric Characteristic Of Positive Affect Scale Within The Academic Setting, Kartika Nur Fathiyah, Asmadi Alsa, Diana Setiyawati

REID (Research and Evaluation in Education)

This analysis study is one of several stages that must be passed before testing the structural model. This study is initiated due to the limited information related to the measurement of the Positive Affect Scale within the academic settings. The research method used in this study was a quantitative method. It was done in among 724 students of state junior high schools in Sleman, Yogyakarta. The instrument development consisted of guideline arrangement, language feasibility testing, content validation through expert judgments, trials to measure the item discrimination index, item selection based on the item discrimination results, items representation for each indicator, …

An Assessment Instrument Of Mind Map Product To Assess Students' Creative Thinking Skill, Regina Ratih Fardhila, Edi Istiyono

REID (Research and Evaluation in Education)

Education is now more demanding for students to think more at a higher and more complex level. Mind map also builds creativity because it is more flexible in expressing ideas. The result of need assessment was the teachers cannot put on equation about creative thinking in test because the input of heterogeneous students, but they carried out project and practicum assessments, which required relatively much time, place and equipment. Therefore, the researchers develop instruments for assessing students' creative thinking skills at the high-school level trough mind map on valid and reliable biology subjects so that teachers can use them as …