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Full-Text Articles in Education
Improving Implementation Of Evidence-Based Practice In Mental Health Service Delivery: Protocol For A Cluster Randomised Quasi-Experimental Investigation Of Staff-Focused Values Interventions, Virginia Williams, Lindsay G. Oades, Frank P. Deane, Trevor P. Crowe, Joseph Ciarrochi, Retta Andresen
Improving Implementation Of Evidence-Based Practice In Mental Health Service Delivery: Protocol For A Cluster Randomised Quasi-Experimental Investigation Of Staff-Focused Values Interventions, Virginia Williams, Lindsay G. Oades, Frank P. Deane, Trevor P. Crowe, Joseph Ciarrochi, Retta Andresen
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Background There is growing acceptance that optimal service provision for individuals with severe and recurrent mental illness requires a complementary focus on medical recovery (i.e., symptom management and general functioning) and personal recovery (i.e., having a 'life worth living'). Despite significant research attention and policy-level support, the translation of this vision of healthcare into changed workplace practice continues to elude. Over the past decade, evidence-based training interventions that seek to enhance the knowledge, attitudes, and skills of staff working in the mental health field have been implemented as a primary redress strategy. However, a large body of multi-disciplinary research indicates …
Policy Advocacy Organizations: A Framework Linking Theory And Practice, Sheldon Gen, Amy Conley Wright
Policy Advocacy Organizations: A Framework Linking Theory And Practice, Sheldon Gen, Amy Conley Wright
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
The practice of policy advocacy by organizations has outpaced its theoretical development. Yet the importance of a theoretical grounding for advocacy campaigns has increased with the need for accountability and an understanding of advocates' contributions to policy development. This article synthesizes practitioner and academic literature on policy advocacy and proposes a conceptual framework of policy advocacy inputs, activities, and outcomes. Five distinct advocacy strategies are hypothesized: enhancing a democratic environment, applying public pressure, influencing decision makers, direct reform, and implementation change. This framework provides guidelines for organizations to strategically engage policy processes, while directing a research agenda on advocacy organizations.
Investigating Synergies Between Literacy, Technology And Classroom Practice, Lisa Kervin, Irina Verenikina, Pauline Jones, Olivia Beath
Investigating Synergies Between Literacy, Technology And Classroom Practice, Lisa Kervin, Irina Verenikina, Pauline Jones, Olivia Beath
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
The ways educators incorporate technologies into their classroom literacy experiences and the implications these present for professional practices have been the focus of discussion for some time. We believe it timely to re-examine these debates in a period of 'digital reform' as we consider the realities teachers report as they use technology as a tool in literacy classrooms. In doing this, we acknowledge the potential of new technologies such as laptops, wireless connectivity, Interactive White Boards and mobile communication devices to reshape pedagogic activity within primary classrooms but aim to capture the reality reported by active practitioners. In this paper …
Pre-Service Teachers' Attitudes Towards Overseas Professional Experience: Implications For Professional Practice, Mohan Chinnappan, Barbra Mckenzie, Phil Fitzsimmons
Pre-Service Teachers' Attitudes Towards Overseas Professional Experience: Implications For Professional Practice, Mohan Chinnappan, Barbra Mckenzie, Phil Fitzsimmons
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Reforms in Australia about the education of future teachers have placed a high degree of emphasis on the development of knowledge and skills that are necessary for practitioners who will ply their trade in culturally rich and diverse classrooms (Ramsey, 2000). There is now a broad consensus from key stakeholders (Australian Institute for Teaching and School Leadership, 2012) that pre-service teachers need to be provided with a range of opportunities that are grounded in classroom practices including exposure to teaching students overseas. The aim of this mixed mode study (Creswell, 2012) is to better understand the skills and knowledge that …
Public Health Ethics: Informing Better Public Health Practice, Stacy M. Carter, Ian Kerridge, Peter Sainsbury, Julie K. Letts
Public Health Ethics: Informing Better Public Health Practice, Stacy M. Carter, Ian Kerridge, Peter Sainsbury, Julie K. Letts
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Public health ethics has emerged and grown as an independent discipline over the last decade. It involves using ethical theory and empirical analyses to determine and justify the right thing to do in public health. In this paper, we distinguish public health ethics from clinical ethics, research ethics, public health law and politics. We then discuss issues in public health ethics including: how to weigh up the benefits, harms and costs of intervening; how to ensure that public health interventions produce fair outcomes; the potential for public health to undermine or promote the rights of citizens; and the significance of …
Animals-As-Patients: Improving The Practice Of Animal Experimentation, Jane Johnson, Christopher J. Degeling
Animals-As-Patients: Improving The Practice Of Animal Experimentation, Jane Johnson, Christopher J. Degeling
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
In this paper we propose a new way of conceptualizing animals in experimentation: the animal-as-patient. Construing and treating animals as patients offers a way of successfully addressing some of the entrenched epistemological and ethical problems within a practice of animal experimentation directed to human clinical benefit. This approach is grounded in an epistemological insight and builds on work with so-called "pet models". It relies upon the occurrence and characterization of analogous human and nonhuman animal diseases, where, if certain criteria of homology and mechanism are met, the animal simultaneously becomes a patient and a spontaneous model of the human disease.
Promoting Sexual Healthcare Within General Practice, Ann Dadich, Hassan Hosseinzadeh, Penny Abbott, Jenny Reath, Wendy Hu, Tim Usherwood, Melissa Kang, Carolyn Murray
Promoting Sexual Healthcare Within General Practice, Ann Dadich, Hassan Hosseinzadeh, Penny Abbott, Jenny Reath, Wendy Hu, Tim Usherwood, Melissa Kang, Carolyn Murray
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Poster presented at the 2012 Primary Health Care Research Conference, 18-20 July 2012, Canberra, Australia
Enhancing Sexual Healthcare Within General Practice, Ann Dadich, Hassan Hosseinzadeh, Penny Abbott, Jenny Reath, Wendy Hu, Tim Usherwood, Melissa Kang, Carolyn Murray, K Reakes
Enhancing Sexual Healthcare Within General Practice, Ann Dadich, Hassan Hosseinzadeh, Penny Abbott, Jenny Reath, Wendy Hu, Tim Usherwood, Melissa Kang, Carolyn Murray, K Reakes
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Poster abstract presented at IUSTI World Congress, 15-17 October 2012, Melbourne, Australia
What's On The Menu For The 75+ Health Assessment?: An Opportunity For Nutrition Screening Of Older Patients In General Practice, A H. Hamirudin, K E. Charlton, K L. Walton, A Bonney, J. Potter, Marianna Milosavljevic, G Albert, A Hodgkins, A Dalley
What's On The Menu For The 75+ Health Assessment?: An Opportunity For Nutrition Screening Of Older Patients In General Practice, A H. Hamirudin, K E. Charlton, K L. Walton, A Bonney, J. Potter, Marianna Milosavljevic, G Albert, A Hodgkins, A Dalley
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Abstract presented at the Annual Scientific Meeting of the Nutrition Society of Australia, 27-30 November 2012, Wollongong, Australia
University Students' Subject Matter Knowledge And Misconception Of Teaching Games For Understanding And Its Implication To Teaching Practice, Julismah Jani, Phil Pearson, Greg Forrest, Paul Webb
University Students' Subject Matter Knowledge And Misconception Of Teaching Games For Understanding And Its Implication To Teaching Practice, Julismah Jani, Phil Pearson, Greg Forrest, Paul Webb
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
This study is to track the subject matter knowledge of and misconception about Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU) of fourth year undergraduate pre-service teachers' physical education majors at an Australian university. The test of reliability on misconception scale are subjected to a Rasch analysis (KR-20 = .52) which consists of 20 dichotomous questions with true/false answers. Analyses of the data reveal that students achieve a credit on subject matter knowledge and attain four misconceptions about TGfU. There is a significant (p < 0.05) difference in the scores for subject matter knowledge and concepts of TGfU through paired samples t test. These results imply that subject matter knowledge does have an effect on students' concepts of TGfU but with very low relationship (r(53 = .19, p < 0.05). The implication of content knowledge to teaching is to resist the pre-concept or misconception of the subject matter. If pre-service teachers are to improve the quality of teaching and learning in content areas, he or she needs to possess a deep understanding of games both within and across categories in TGfU. Misconceptions tend to be very resistant to instruction because learning entails replacing or radically reorganizing student knowledge. This puts teachers in the very challenging position of needing to bring about significant conceptual change in student knowledge. Therefore pre-service teachers must know the subject matter they teach and their performance will be determined by the depth of their content knowledge in relation to teaching, making this an essential component to their teaching practice. Teachers must know the subject they teach and this is important to teacher competency.
Ethical Practice In Learning Through Participation: Showcasing And Evaluating The Pace Ethical Practice Module, Michaela Baker, Alison Beale, Laura Ann Hammersley, Kate Lloyd, Anne-Louise Semple, Karolyn L. White
Ethical Practice In Learning Through Participation: Showcasing And Evaluating The Pace Ethical Practice Module, Michaela Baker, Alison Beale, Laura Ann Hammersley, Kate Lloyd, Anne-Louise Semple, Karolyn L. White
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
In 2008, Macquarie University introduced the Participation and Community Engagement (PACE) initiative, which embeds units in the undergraduate curriculum that involve learning through participation, including service learning and work-integrated learning (WIL), that is mutually beneficial to the student, the University and the partner organisation. Ethical practice is thus an integral part of this initiative. However, the issue of ethical practice in these approaches to learning has not been comprehensively addressed (Peterson et al, 2007) with research ethics in undergraduate curricula also warranting further examination and integration (Crabtree, 2008; Tryon et al., 2008). To support both students and staff at Macquarie …
Applying Linguistics In Making Professional Practice Re-Visible, Tom Bartlett, Honglin Chen
Applying Linguistics In Making Professional Practice Re-Visible, Tom Bartlett, Honglin Chen
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Editorial: In their introduction to the first issue of the relaunched Journal of Applied Linguistics and Professional Practice ( JALPP), Sarangi and Candlin (2010) give two readings to the conjunction of 'applied linguistics' and 'professional practice' in the title, signalling two complementary agendas in applied linguistics research. The first agenda is to extend the study of language and communication to a wider range of professional contexts, i.e. to respecify the field of applied linguistics; the second is to contribute to the transformation and recontextualization of the professional practices of applied linguists in advancing knowledge and providing professional judgement. Following this …
What Counts As Comprehension In Teacher Practice?, Susan Byers, Pauline T. Jones, Lisa K. Kervin
What Counts As Comprehension In Teacher Practice?, Susan Byers, Pauline T. Jones, Lisa K. Kervin
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Comprehension is generally considered to be an essential skill required in all learning areas. The Australian Curriculum argues that much of the explicit teaching of literacy occurs in the English learning area, and is strengthened, made specific and extended in other learning areas as students engage in a range of learning activities with significant literacy demands (ACARA, 2012, p. 9). This has important ramifications for all teachers because they are charged with the responsibility of ensuring their students acquire the literacy skills necessary for success in the discipline areas. Despite this, comprehension means different things to different people. This paper …
Online Practice & Offline Roles: A Cultural View Of Teachers’ Low Engagement In Online Communities, Sarah Howard, Jonathan Mckeown
Online Practice & Offline Roles: A Cultural View Of Teachers’ Low Engagement In Online Communities, Sarah Howard, Jonathan Mckeown
Faculty of Education - Papers (Archive)
An online community of practice (CoP) can extend teachers’ professional interaction beyond their school, but these practices are often underutilized. Using cultural theory, this paper proposes that teachers’ low engagement in online CoPs is that this “practice” is not part of their role as a teacher, individually or in their school culture. These ideas are examined through teachers’ low engagement in an online CoP as part of a research project. Findings suggest that teachers saw the online community as part of their role in the project, not as part of their “offline” role as a classroom teacher. The discussion conjectures …
Neoliberalism And The Biophysical Environment 3: Putting Theory Into Practice, Noel Castree
Neoliberalism And The Biophysical Environment 3: Putting Theory Into Practice, Noel Castree
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
There now exists a significant body of theoretically informed empirical research into 'neoliberal environments'. It comprises numerous studies which together explore the connections between neoliberal principles and policies, on the one side, and the biophysical world on the other. However, making sense of them is by no means straightforward, despite their common focus on neoliberal environments. It is currently left to readers of these studies to synthesize them into a wider, joined-up account of neoliberal environments. This and two companion articles aim for precisely this sort of broad and coherent understanding. The contribution of this third instalment is twofold. First, …
Walking The Talk: Translation Of Mathematical Content Knowledge To Practice, Barbara Butterfield, Mohan Chinnappan
Walking The Talk: Translation Of Mathematical Content Knowledge To Practice, Barbara Butterfield, Mohan Chinnappan
Faculty of Education - Papers (Archive)
Recent debates on students’ learning outcomes in mathematics have shifted the focus to better understanding the types of knowledge that teachers need in order to support children. In the present study, we examined the quality of knowledge of a cohort of prospective teachers along the dimensions developed by Ball et al. (2008). We found support for the contention that beginning teachers tend to have built a body of content knowledge. However, that knowledge remains less germane to teaching children. Implications for translation of this knowledge for teaching are presented.
Writing Social Determinants Into And Out Of Cancer Control: An Assessment Of Policy Practice, Stacy M. Carter, Claire Hooker, Heather M. Davey
Writing Social Determinants Into And Out Of Cancer Control: An Assessment Of Policy Practice, Stacy M. Carter, Claire Hooker, Heather M. Davey
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
A large literature concurs that social determinants of health (SDH) are demonstrable, important, and insufficiently attended to in policy and practice. A resulting priority for research should be to determine how the social determinants of health can best be addressed. In this paper we support the more effective transfer of social determinants research into policy by: (1) describing a qualitative analysis of thirty-two cancer control policy documents from six English-speaking OECD countries and two transnational organizations, demonstrating great variability in the treatment of social determinants in these policies; (2) critiquing these various policy practices in relation to their likely impact …
Assessing Alternative And Differential Response: Implications For Social Work Practice In Diverse Communities, Executive Summary, Jill Duerr Berrick, Christina Branom, Amy Conley Wright, Amy Price
Assessing Alternative And Differential Response: Implications For Social Work Practice In Diverse Communities, Executive Summary, Jill Duerr Berrick, Christina Branom, Amy Conley Wright, Amy Price
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
This study examines outcomes, processes, and community context for "Another Road to Safety" (ARS), a Differential Response intervention providing voluntary home visiting to families reported for child maltreatment. Using mixed methods and drawing on diverse data sources (including interviews, focus groups, administrative records, and census tract data), this research will examine implementation of the program model; clients' perspectives on services; preliminary client outcome data; and the impact of neighborhood factors on client outcomes. Findings will inform the development of a research-based curriculum that will facilitate skill-development in implementation, community engagement, and client understanding for Differential Response interventions.
Key Issues And Future Directions In The Nexus Of Literacy Research, Policy And Practice., Pauline J. Harris
Key Issues And Future Directions In The Nexus Of Literacy Research, Policy And Practice., Pauline J. Harris
Faculty of Education - Papers (Archive)
Relationships among literacy research, policy and practice continue to constitute a contentious issue in the context of literacy policy reforms in Australia and overseas. Referring to these relationships as the Literacy Nexus, this paper explores the nexus in terms of research/policy relationships; policy/practice relationships; and practice/research relationships. The paper provides a review of related literature on these relationships, based on Australian and U.S. research studies and reports published since 2000; and highlights key issues inherent in these relationships. These issues include ways in which literacy research is used in literacy policy and the consequences of this use for the fields …
Influencing Policy And Practice Through Research On Early Childhood Education, Brenda Taggart, Iram Siraj-Blatchford, Kathy Sylva, Edward Melhuish, Pam Sammons
Influencing Policy And Practice Through Research On Early Childhood Education, Brenda Taggart, Iram Siraj-Blatchford, Kathy Sylva, Edward Melhuish, Pam Sammons
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
This paper presents the scientific evidence from one study that has informed Early Years policy in the U.K. It begins with a description of the policy context in the early 1990s and shows how research was used to inform a decade of policy innovation. There have been many studies of ways that research has informed practice but fewer on instances of research shaping policy. This paper is one step in that direction, as advocated by Whitty (2007) and Huw, Nutley and Smith (2001).
Using A Sensemaking Approach To Explore Interrelationships Between Policy And Practice, Barbra Mckenzie
Using A Sensemaking Approach To Explore Interrelationships Between Policy And Practice, Barbra Mckenzie
Faculty of Education - Papers (Archive)
Increasingly the literature concerning change to schooling systems tends to use language more readily associated with that of business. Several researchers (Vinson, 2001; Hargreaves & Fullan, 1998; Fullan, 1999) warn of the shift from earlier views of education, towards a more recent perception that appears to consider education as a type of marketable commodity. Increasingly we are moving into a climate where schools are compared to business organizations, where the language of business and terms like knowledge economy (DEST, 2003:1) and middle managers (Fullan, 1999:16) are becoming more commonplace to describe the role of the modern school in society. This …
Risky Journeys: The Development Of Best Practice Adult Educational Programs To Indigenous People In Rural And Remote Communities, Roselyn M. Dixon, Sophie E. Constable, Robert Dixon
Risky Journeys: The Development Of Best Practice Adult Educational Programs To Indigenous People In Rural And Remote Communities, Roselyn M. Dixon, Sophie E. Constable, Robert Dixon
Faculty of Education - Papers (Archive)
The findings from a culturally relevant innovative educational program to support community health through dog health are presented. It will report on the pilot of a program, using a generative curriculum model where Indigenous knowledge is brought into the process of teaching and learning by community members and is integrated with an empirical knowledge base. The characteristics of the pilot program will be discussed. These included locally relevant content, appropriate learning processes such as the development of personal caring relationships, and supporting different world views. Recommendations include the projected use of local Indigenous health workers to enhance the sustainability of …
Investigating Relationships Between Literacy Research, Policy And Practice: A Critical Review Of The Related Literature, Pauline J. Harris, Barbra Mckenzie, Honglin Chen, Lisa K. Kervin, Philip R. Fitzsimmons
Investigating Relationships Between Literacy Research, Policy And Practice: A Critical Review Of The Related Literature, Pauline J. Harris, Barbra Mckenzie, Honglin Chen, Lisa K. Kervin, Philip R. Fitzsimmons
Faculty of Education - Papers (Archive)
This paper is driven by concern that the fields of literacy research, policy and practice do not interact with one another in ways that are congruent or productive, as evidenced in recent government literacy reports in Australia and overseas. This concern leads us to interrogate the nature of the relationship between literacy research, policy development and classroom practice. With a view to understanding how this relationship might be enhanced, this paper provides a literature review of the nexus between literacy research, policy and practice, the issues that arise therein, and directions for further investigation, including our ARC Discovery Nexus Project …
Conflicts Of Interest In Divisions Of General Practice, N Palmer, Annette J. Braunack-Mayer, Wendy Rogers, C Provis, G Cullity
Conflicts Of Interest In Divisions Of General Practice, N Palmer, Annette J. Braunack-Mayer, Wendy Rogers, C Provis, G Cullity
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Community-based healthcare organisations manage competing, and often conflicting, priorities. These conflicts can arise from the multiple roles these organisations take up, and from the diverse range of stakeholders to whom they must be responsive. Often such conflicts may be titled conflicts of interest; however, what precisely constitutes such conflicts and what should be done about them is not always clear. Clarity about the duties owed by organisations and the roles they assume can help identify and manage some of these conflicts. Taking divisions of general practice in Australia as an example, this paper sets out to distinguish two main types …
Fostering Communities Of Practice During The Creation Of An Online Classroom-Based Simulation, Brian Ferry, Lisa K. Kervin
Fostering Communities Of Practice During The Creation Of An Online Classroom-Based Simulation, Brian Ferry, Lisa K. Kervin
Faculty of Education - Papers (Archive)
Working with and managing a team can be a challenge in any project development. This paper reports on how a team of researchers, an instructional designer, programmers and graphic artists worked within a community of practice, as simulation software was created and further developed. The simulated classroom represented in this software was designed to enhance the initial practicum experience of pre-service teachers. The teaching of literacy skills in primary schools framed the pedagogical focus of the software – one of the priority areas within primary schooling. We report on how research associated with each iteration of the simulation prototype software …
Transfer Of Online Professional Learning To Teachers' Classroom Practice: An Analysis Of Eight Cases, Anthony J. Herrington, Janice A. Herrington, Garry Hoban, Doug Reid
Transfer Of Online Professional Learning To Teachers' Classroom Practice: An Analysis Of Eight Cases, Anthony J. Herrington, Janice A. Herrington, Garry Hoban, Doug Reid
Faculty of Education - Papers (Archive)
Professional learning is an important process in enabling teachers to update their pedagogical knowledge and practices. The use of online technologies to support professional learning has a number of benefits in terms of flexibility and scalability. However, it is not clear how well the approach impacts on teachers’ classroom practices. This paper outlines a research study conducted on behalf of a state-based Department of Education to evaluate the transfer of professional learning from online modules about the integration of ICT to the practices of K-12 classroom teachers.
What Makes A Good Gp? An Empirical Perspective On Virtue In General Practice, Annette J. Braunack-Mayer
What Makes A Good Gp? An Empirical Perspective On Virtue In General Practice, Annette J. Braunack-Mayer
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
This paper takes a virtuist approach to medical ethics to explore, from an empirical angle, ideas about settled ways of living a good life. Qualitative research methods were used to analyse the ways in which a group of 15 general practitioners (GPs) articulated notions of good doctoring and the virtues in their work. I argue that the GPs, whose talk is analysed here, defined good general practice in terms of the ideals of accessibility, comprehensiveness, and continuity. They regarded these ideals significant both for the way they dealt with morally problematic situations and for how they conducted their professional lives …
Building Online Communities Of Practice For Teachers, Anthony J. Herrington, Janice A. Herrington, Ian W. Olney
Building Online Communities Of Practice For Teachers, Anthony J. Herrington, Janice A. Herrington, Ian W. Olney
Faculty of Education - Papers (Archive)
Numerous online communities of practice have emerged, in both formal and informal settings, to meet the professional needs of diverse groups throughout the world. While some of these communities fail, many become self-sustaining in their ability to meet the needs of their members. Using current research and theory relating to the creation of online communities, this paper describes the development o f a generic model to guide the design and development of sustained, engaging, supportive and collaborative communities. The paper illustrates the way a website built for the professional development and support of beginning primary teachers can be used as …
Six Words Of Writing, Many Layers Of Significance : An Examination Of Writing As Social Practice In An Early Grade Classroom, Pauline Harris, Philip Fitzsimmons, Barbra Mckenzie
Six Words Of Writing, Many Layers Of Significance : An Examination Of Writing As Social Practice In An Early Grade Classroom, Pauline Harris, Philip Fitzsimmons, Barbra Mckenzie
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
This paper explores a six-year-old child's text that he wrote at school. We explore this text in order to demonstrate how even a simple text embodies many complex aspects of writing. These aspects include how writers represent texts, compose meaning, achieve social purposes, and position readers. We more deeply examine these aspects of writing practices in terms of contexts of situation and culture in which a child writes. In this examination, we consider how a child's experiences, predispositions and resources form a significant part of their classroom writing context.
From Theory To Practice: What Does The Metaphor Of Scaffolding Mean To Educators Today?, Irina Verenikina
From Theory To Practice: What Does The Metaphor Of Scaffolding Mean To Educators Today?, Irina Verenikina
Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)
The current emphasis on rising educational standards in Australian society (eg A Commonwealth Government Quality Teacher Initiative, 2000) has stimulated a growing interest in Vygotsky's socio-cultural theory widely renowned for its profound understanding of teaching and learning. The metaphor of scaffolding commonly viewed as underpinned by socio-cultural theory and the zone of proximal development in particular, has become increasingly popular among educators in Australia (Hammond, 2002). Teachers find the metaphor appealing as it "offers what is lacking in much literature on education - an effective conceptual metaphor for the quality of teacher intervention in learning" (Hammond, 2002, p.2). However, there …