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Full-Text Articles in Education

The Good, The Bad, And The In Between: The Effects Of Covid-19 And Remote Learning, Samantha Anastasio May 2024

The Good, The Bad, And The In Between: The Effects Of Covid-19 And Remote Learning, Samantha Anastasio

Capstone Projects and Master's Theses

This Capstone Project delves into the perspectives of Bay High School teachers regarding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and remote learning on students' education. Through a thorough analysis of interviews and relevant research, the study aims to address and mitigate the learning setbacks experienced by students during this challenging period. With a focus on the two-year learning gap caused by remote learning and school closures, the researchers highlight the significance of understanding teachers' firsthand experiences and insights. They argue that the implementation of effective tutoring programs emerges as the most promising approach to bridge the education gap and support …


Returning To School After A Pandemic: K-6 Special Education Teachers Perspectives On Students With Disabilities Returning To School In Regard To Mindset, Behavior, Social Connections, And Academic Achievement, Andrea Xenios Mar 2024

Returning To School After A Pandemic: K-6 Special Education Teachers Perspectives On Students With Disabilities Returning To School In Regard To Mindset, Behavior, Social Connections, And Academic Achievement, Andrea Xenios

Dissertations

Purpose: The purpose of this phenomenological study was to determine K-6 special education educators’ perceptions of the impact on students with disabilities returning to school after the trauma of a pandemic for 2 years with regard to behavior, academic achievement, mindset, and social connections.

Methodology: This qualitative study interviewed 10 special education teachers who taught before, during, and after the pandemic in Orange County, CA. Semi-structured open ended interview questions was the main source of data collection with other sources including observations, and artifacts. Data was coded and the researcher analyzed the data for themes and patterns.

Findings: The study …


The Effects Of The Covid-19 Pandemic On Students In The School Setting: The Adaptations Needed For Tiered Supports, Eleni M. Gajewski Dec 2023

The Effects Of The Covid-19 Pandemic On Students In The School Setting: The Adaptations Needed For Tiered Supports, Eleni M. Gajewski

Dissertations

This study aims to evaluate the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on students in the school setting and identify necessary adaptations needed, particularly through a tiered system of support. The research aims for two primary objectives by employing a constructivist framework utilizing mixed methods for data collection. Firstly, it aims to provide districts with a foundation for understanding the social-emotional and academic consequences of the pandemic on students. Secondly, its purpose is to empower districts to leverage this comprehensive evaluation as a proactive approach to cater to the diverse needs of all students. This includes responding to the challenges posed …


The Future Of Extension Programming Post-Pandemic: The Need For Diverse Approaches, Andrew Zimbroff Aug 2023

The Future Of Extension Programming Post-Pandemic: The Need For Diverse Approaches, Andrew Zimbroff

The Journal of Extension

The Covid-19 pandemic has been highly disruptive to Extension programming. Online programming has emerged as one of the primary approaches for maintaining engagement with the communities and populations Extension serves. Some have even suggested that it might become the default programming method, even after it is safe to return to in-person programming. In this commentary, I discuss some of the current limitations and challenges inherent in online-only programming -- ones that are often overlooked by Extension personnel. Further, I discuss key factors that Extension personnel should take into account when considering online programming for any future professional efforts.


Examining The Impact Of Course Modality And Course Content Presentation Modality On Undergraduate Grade Outcomes And Course Evaluations, Valerie E. Hogan-Sandi Aug 2023

Examining The Impact Of Course Modality And Course Content Presentation Modality On Undergraduate Grade Outcomes And Course Evaluations, Valerie E. Hogan-Sandi

Doctoral Dissertations

This study was conducted with students previously enrolled in an introduction to educational psychology course during the fall 2019 “F2F”, fall 2020 “online”, and fall 2021 “mixed” semesters, (N =515). The primary goal of this study was to examine how course modality, online and F2F, impacts certain course variables. Specifically, research questions examine how course modality impacts overall course performance, exam performance, homework completion, homework timeliness, and student ratings. Overall course grade, exam grades, and homework completion information were downloaded from Canvas and students identifying information were removed. De-identified student evaluation data were shared with the investigator.

A Kruskal-Wallis H …


College Education Students' Learning Experiences On The Advent Of Online Distance Education In The Philippines: A Phenomenological Study, Lalin A. Tuguic, Henry P. Bilan Jul 2023

College Education Students' Learning Experiences On The Advent Of Online Distance Education In The Philippines: A Phenomenological Study, Lalin A. Tuguic, Henry P. Bilan

The Qualitative Report

The introduction of online distance learning in the Philippines was like the emergence of an uninvited houseguest who refused to leave. This pandemic disrupted the status quo of education, and as a result, institutions resorted to using online distance learning methods. The purpose of this research was to explore the home-based learning experiences of college education students. Phenomenological interviews were used to collect information from 15 participants of the study. Overall, a text analysis was structured around their perspectives on learning during the COVID-19 pandemic and found significant themes related to online distance education like methods and means regarding how …


Examining Faculty’S Transition To 100% Online Learning During A Pandemic: A Narrative Inquiry, Christa Ann Banton, Jose Garza Jan 2023

Examining Faculty’S Transition To 100% Online Learning During A Pandemic: A Narrative Inquiry, Christa Ann Banton, Jose Garza

The Qualitative Report

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) quickly emerged as an unprecedented pandemic that has impacted communities at every level. Although online teaching is not a new concept, many faculty entered new territory as they transitioned into the online learning environment at the onset of the pandemic. This qualitative, narrative inquiry sought to capture the unique experiences of on-ground faculty during the rapid transition into online learning. Through these twenty interviews, some emerging themes included the instability and usage of technology, changes in engagement and participation, and the need for additional student and faculty support. Emerging themes provide insight to future implications related …


Remote Working And Online Education Among Neurodiverse Individuals, Kendall Smith Jan 2023

Remote Working And Online Education Among Neurodiverse Individuals, Kendall Smith

Emerging Writers

Many jobs and schools closed in response to the Covid-19 pandemic, and a vast majority of students and employees found it difficult to resume their education and careers online; however, those on the neurodiverse spectrum found it much harder. Upon first glance, it was easy to see how frustrating and stressful online schooling was for special needs students. Many had difficulty concentrating during virtual lectures or lacked motivation to stay on task. Likewise, many neurodiverse employees found that at-home distractions were far worse than in-office ones, and the loneliness from staying home all day was jarring. But after pulling research …


Pandemic Driven Mobility In Higher Education: The Good, The Bad And The Useful, Orly Calderon, Susan Penque, David Luhr, Caryn Nahum, Lauren Scardigno Jan 2023

Pandemic Driven Mobility In Higher Education: The Good, The Bad And The Useful, Orly Calderon, Susan Penque, David Luhr, Caryn Nahum, Lauren Scardigno

Nursing Faculty Publications

The purpose of this mixed method research study is to describe the experiences of faculty and students in post-secondary education institutions as they shifted to remote education at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, and to understand these experiences in the context of previous research about pre-pandemic remote or mobile education. One hundred and two participants in the study include full-time and adjunct faculty, undergraduate and graduate students. A convergent mixed method survey queried about participants’ demographics, mobility experiences in terms of frequency of access to technology and a suitable learning/teaching environment and usefulness of various web and video conferencing …


Creating The Pause: A Theoretical Approach To Helping Students Achieve Creative Independence, Amanda J. Anderson Jan 2023

Creating The Pause: A Theoretical Approach To Helping Students Achieve Creative Independence, Amanda J. Anderson

MSU Graduate Theses

This paper will detail how the 2020 Covid-19 pandemic revealed the need for a modification of our current educational best practices. This modification asks that teachers create an intentional Pause where students can spend time dwelling on content and making their own meaning before teachers intervene through scaffolding and front loading. It uses a combination of personal experience, review of best practices, and Covid-19 data to show that best practices did not transfer well during the pandemic. It will then provide evidence for the addition of the Pause as well as addressing anticipated counterarguments.


School Leadership Assessment Of Teachers’ Work-Life Balance: Perceptions And Professional Learning Needs During A Global Health Pandemic, Juliann Sergi Mcbrayer, Summer Pannell, Alissa Sasser, Katherine Fallon, Katarina Evans Oct 2022

School Leadership Assessment Of Teachers’ Work-Life Balance: Perceptions And Professional Learning Needs During A Global Health Pandemic, Juliann Sergi Mcbrayer, Summer Pannell, Alissa Sasser, Katherine Fallon, Katarina Evans

School Leadership Review

The purpose of this study was to better understand the work-life balance of educators teaching students during the Covid-19 health pandemic. Teachers face a multitude of challenges during this unprecedented time with a rapid shift from traditional face-to-face class to online learning resulting in a cyclical phenomenon for many teachers as schools have shifted back and forth between virtual and in-person settings in response to constantly changing coronavirus messaging. The findings identified three overarching themes related to teachers’ needs including Boundaries with Time and Commitments, Mentally Processing Daily Stressors, and Healthy Lifestyle. Implications for practice denote that …


Literacy Faculty Perspectives During Covid: What Did We Learn?, Xiufang Chen, Shuling Yang, Tala Karkar Esperat, Chelsey M. Bahlmann Bollinger, Ann Van Wige, Nance S. Wilson, Kathryn Pole Aug 2022

Literacy Faculty Perspectives During Covid: What Did We Learn?, Xiufang Chen, Shuling Yang, Tala Karkar Esperat, Chelsey M. Bahlmann Bollinger, Ann Van Wige, Nance S. Wilson, Kathryn Pole

Literacy Practice and Research

This multi-institutional collaborative survey research investigated graduate literacy faculty’s experiences and perceptions of teaching online during Covid-19 in the U.S.A. Results indicate faculty did not perceive limitations in these online learning environments. However, they encountered various challenges, and handling field experiences became the greatest challenge. Also reported were their mental and physical health concerns. Faculty participants realized they needed to be more student-centered with their online teaching. As faculty move toward post-pandemic course design and teaching, lessons learned during the pandemic can help build stronger and more equitable graduate literacy education programs.


The Acceptance And Use Of Online Learning By Law Students In A South African University: An Application Of The Utaut2 Model, Jameson Goto, Anzanilufuno Munyai Jul 2022

The Acceptance And Use Of Online Learning By Law Students In A South African University: An Application Of The Utaut2 Model, Jameson Goto, Anzanilufuno Munyai

The African Journal of Information Systems

COVID-19 forced many universities to shift from traditional face-to-face or blended learning, to full online learning. The sudden shift was not easy for both students and lecturers, who had to adapt to the new learning mode. This study aimed to evaluate the acceptance and use of online learning of university students in the law faculty at a South African university during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study employs the extended unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT2) model particularised to the online learning context in a country with a developing economy. An online survey was administered to the student …


Investigating The Impact On Student Engagement From Converting Face-To-Face Classes To Online In Response To Covid-19, Anita Whiting Jun 2022

Investigating The Impact On Student Engagement From Converting Face-To-Face Classes To Online In Response To Covid-19, Anita Whiting

Atlantic Marketing Journal

Paper investigates the impact on student engagement from converting traditional face-to-face classes to online in response to Covid-19. In particular, this study investigated the impact of conversion to online on four different types of student engagement: (1) participation engagement, (2) emotional engagement, (3) skill engagement, and (4) performance engagement. Survey data were collected from 160 business students who had their face-to-face classes converted to online due to Covid-19. Results of study show that all four types of student engagement significantly declined when classes were converted to online. Participation engagement declined the most while performance engagement declined the least. Non-traditional students …


Apprentices’ Experiences Of Studying Online During The Covid-19 Emergency In Ireland: A Report Of Research Findings, Aidan Kenny Apr 2022

Apprentices’ Experiences Of Studying Online During The Covid-19 Emergency In Ireland: A Report Of Research Findings, Aidan Kenny

Level 3

In March 2020 the Irish government introduced emergency measures to stop the spread of the highly contagious Covid-19 virus. The change was immediate, and the protection of public health was paramount. All citizens were requested to cooperate and adhere to the restrictions. Key features included, restricted movement within the country, all non-essential workplaces to close and where possible move to remote working, the closure of all schools, training centres and universities, education was to be provided by online means. This research focused on a specialised section of the Irish education system - the Standard Based Apprenticeship - and how apprentices …


Editorial: We're Going Remote!?! A University's Tale Of Two Cities, Robert Wagner Feb 2022

Editorial: We're Going Remote!?! A University's Tale Of Two Cities, Robert Wagner

Journal on Empowering Teaching Excellence

Access the online Pressbooks version of this article here.

The COVID-19 global pandemic created a dichotomous construct for higher education between delivery formats and maintaining quality pedagogy. The variables and obstacles seemed, at times, insurmountable but, Utah State University's team rose to the occasion. In this op-ed, Robert Wagner discusses the resilience and commitment shown by USU's instructors, staff, and students as they navigated, and continue to navigate, this unprecedented event.


A Review Of Undergraduate Education Student Responses To The Online Component Of Blended Learning: A Cautionary Tale, Ross S. Bernay, Chris Jenkin, Tafili Utumapu-Mcbride, Adrian Schoone, Andrew Gibbons Jan 2022

A Review Of Undergraduate Education Student Responses To The Online Component Of Blended Learning: A Cautionary Tale, Ross S. Bernay, Chris Jenkin, Tafili Utumapu-Mcbride, Adrian Schoone, Andrew Gibbons

Australian Journal of Teacher Education

Calls for enhancing the digital interface for teaching and learning within tertiary institutions have played out in one School of Education, with variable results. Online learning tasks were added in 2018 to regular classes to provide more flexibility for student engagement. A team of lecturers developed a questionnaire for students to be completed after the first semester pilot. Data and findings indicated that one-third of students identified online learning as an enhancement to their learning. A second survey was conducted one year later to assess changes made and analyse the longer-term impacts. During the COVID-19 lockdown, fully online pedagogy was …


Practice Enterprises In Times Of Distance Learning: The Impact And Consequences Of The Covid-19 Pandemic To The Collaboration Of Practice Enterprises, Theresa Feuchter, Gernot Dreisiebner, Elisabeth Riebenbauer, Ph.D., Michaela Stock Dec 2021

Practice Enterprises In Times Of Distance Learning: The Impact And Consequences Of The Covid-19 Pandemic To The Collaboration Of Practice Enterprises, Theresa Feuchter, Gernot Dreisiebner, Elisabeth Riebenbauer, Ph.D., Michaela Stock

International Journal for Business Education

The aim of this paper is to outline the consequences which arise from the digital transformation of the multidimensional teaching and learning setting of practice enterprises and to discuss how digital collaboration of students can be supported during the COVID-19 pandemic. As an evolutionary moment also in the field of education, one can consider the experiences of COVID-19 as a catalyst for digital transformation and distance learning in education. How digital collaboration can be fostered in times of distance learning is shown by using the example of business simulations such as practice enterprises (PE). While previously this multidimensional teaching and …


Education In The Time Of Covid: Bridging Inequalities In Access To Opportunities, Paulynne J. Castillo Nov 2021

Education In The Time Of Covid: Bridging Inequalities In Access To Opportunities, Paulynne J. Castillo

Angelo King Institute for Economic and Business Studies (AKI)

In an attempt to control the spread of the COVID-19 virus, virtually all schools around the world were closed by the end of the first quarter of 2020. Following a brief hiatus, the majority of the countries opted to utilize variations of distance learning—as opposed to resuming face-to-face classes—to minimize disruptions in the education of the more than 1.5 billion students in 191 countries. In the Philippines, the remote education multi-modal approach took the following forms: the use of modules (Modular Distance Learning), radio/television-based instruction (R/TVI), and online facilities.


Professional Variables And Staff Readiness To Utilise Internet-Based Channels For Research Communication In An Era Of Covid-19, Valentine Joseph Owan, Levi Udochukwu Akah Phd., Mary Mark Ogbeche, Moses Eteng Obla Jun 2021

Professional Variables And Staff Readiness To Utilise Internet-Based Channels For Research Communication In An Era Of Covid-19, Valentine Joseph Owan, Levi Udochukwu Akah Phd., Mary Mark Ogbeche, Moses Eteng Obla

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

This study assessed the professional variables of academic staff in African varsities and their readiness to Utilise Internet-Based Channels for Research Communication in an era of Covid-19. Drawing from Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory, the study was guided by four null hypotheses. The quantitative research method based on the virtual cross-sectional survey design was adopted. A total of 8,591 academics in African universities were the targeted demographic of this study. However, data were collected from a virtual snowball sample of 1,977 respondents (males, N = 1347; females, N = 630) from 24 African countries. A validated electronic survey, with three …


Chapter 1- Resilient Pedagogy And Self-Determination: Unlocking Student Engagement In Uncertain Times, Lindsay C. Masland Jun 2021

Chapter 1- Resilient Pedagogy And Self-Determination: Unlocking Student Engagement In Uncertain Times, Lindsay C. Masland

Resilient Pedagogy

When the COVID-19 pandemic hit in spring of 2020, like many educators, I experienced a definite disruption in the structure and plans I had designed for my courses. I was teaching a mix of graduate and undergraduate classes—some with as few as seven students, others with as many as 98, some upper-level skills-based courses, others in the broad general education arena, but all of them designed exclusively for face-to-face delivery. In fact, due to some long-standing institutional prejudices against online instruction, the opportunity to teach in a mode other than face-to-face had never materialized over the 10 years I had …


Resilient Pedagogy: Practical Teaching Strategies To Overcome Distance, Disruption, And Distraction, Travis N. Thurston, Kacy Lundstrom, Christopher González, Jesse Stommel, Lindsay C. Masland, Beth Buyserie, Rachel Welton Bryson, Rachel Quistberg, David S. Noffs, Kristina Wilson, Rebecca M. Quintana, Jacob Fortman, James Devaney, Briana D. Bowen, Christina Fabrey, Heather Keith, Steven R. Hawks, Kosta Popovic, Eric M. Reyes, Jennifer B. O'Connor, Kay C. Dee, Ella L. Ingram, Christopher Phillips, Jared S. Colton, Jenae Cohn, Elizabeth Winter, Michele C. Clark, Christopher Burns, Rebecca Campbell, Kevin Kelly, Miriam Moore, Jessica Rivera-Mueller, Kresten Erickson, Maggie Debelius, Susannah Mcgowan, Aiyanna Maciel, Clare Reid, Alexa Eason Jun 2021

Resilient Pedagogy: Practical Teaching Strategies To Overcome Distance, Disruption, And Distraction, Travis N. Thurston, Kacy Lundstrom, Christopher González, Jesse Stommel, Lindsay C. Masland, Beth Buyserie, Rachel Welton Bryson, Rachel Quistberg, David S. Noffs, Kristina Wilson, Rebecca M. Quintana, Jacob Fortman, James Devaney, Briana D. Bowen, Christina Fabrey, Heather Keith, Steven R. Hawks, Kosta Popovic, Eric M. Reyes, Jennifer B. O'Connor, Kay C. Dee, Ella L. Ingram, Christopher Phillips, Jared S. Colton, Jenae Cohn, Elizabeth Winter, Michele C. Clark, Christopher Burns, Rebecca Campbell, Kevin Kelly, Miriam Moore, Jessica Rivera-Mueller, Kresten Erickson, Maggie Debelius, Susannah Mcgowan, Aiyanna Maciel, Clare Reid, Alexa Eason

Resilient Pedagogy

Resilient Pedagogy offers a comprehensive collection on the topics and issues surrounding resilient pedagogy framed in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and the social justice movements that have swept the globe. As a collection, Resilient Pedagogy is a multi-disciplinary and multi-perspective response to actions taken in different classrooms, across different institution types, and from individuals in different institutional roles with the purpose of allowing readers to explore the topics to improve their own teaching practice and support their own students through distance, disruption, and distraction.


University Students’ Readiness For E-Learning During The Covid-19 Pandemic: An Assessment Of The University Of Health And Allied Sciences, Ho In Ghana, George Tesilimi Banji Phd, Mabel Frempong, Stephen Okyere, Abdul Sakibu Raji Apr 2021

University Students’ Readiness For E-Learning During The Covid-19 Pandemic: An Assessment Of The University Of Health And Allied Sciences, Ho In Ghana, George Tesilimi Banji Phd, Mabel Frempong, Stephen Okyere, Abdul Sakibu Raji

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

The main goal of this paper was to investigate the university students’ readiness for E-learning during the Covid-19 Pandemic. The rationale was to explore students’ readiness for the various E-learning platforms, examine the challenges faced by students in the use of the E-learning platforms (module) during Covid-19 Pandemic and also investigate the benefits of the use of the E-learning platforms. This study adopted a survey research design. From the 2019/2020 academic year of the University of Health and Allied Sciences, 345 students were selected by convenient sampling method. Their readiness for E-learning during the Covid-19 pandemic was assessed by a …


The Covid-19 Pivot To Online Education And Bsn Graduates’ Readiness To Practice, Abigail Schulte Apr 2021

The Covid-19 Pivot To Online Education And Bsn Graduates’ Readiness To Practice, Abigail Schulte

Dissertations

There is a major nursing shortage worldwide, and amid the COVID-19 pandemic, it is essential to invest in the acceleration of nursing education to meet global needs. Nursing schools had to pivot to online education overnight, and many are unsure how this has impacted students. The purpose of this study is to see if the pivot to online education, prompted by COVID-19, impacted the readiness to practice and grade point averages (GPA) of graduating Bachelor of Nursing students. In this quantitative study, a casual-comparative survey design is used to test for readiness to practice and program modality. A cross-sectional design …


Meeting Minutes, Wku Council Of Academic Deans Mar 2021

Meeting Minutes, Wku Council Of Academic Deans

Council of Academic Deans

Meeting regarding eSports, first destination survey, Respondus Monitor, DELO funds, graduate assistant instructors, salaries and working remotely.


Observación Participante De Clases Virtuales Bilingües En K-2 Durante Covid-19, Jennifer Quint Mar 2021

Observación Participante De Clases Virtuales Bilingües En K-2 Durante Covid-19, Jennifer Quint

World Languages and Cultures

The Covid-19 pandemic is shifting education from the classroom to a virtual setting, forcing educational institutions to collaboratively innovate a new structure for virtual learning. The world’s current state of reliance on technology came so suddenly that teachers, students, and families have no choice but to learn as they go. This research analyzes how an elementary dual- immersion bilingual program adapts to new-found challenges such as technical difficulties, variances in at home support, and student independence. Furthermore, students enrolled in a dual-immersion bilingual program face additional challenges to provide students a language immersive environment. From August 2020 to March 2021, …


Meeting Minutes, Wku Council Of Academic Deans Feb 2021

Meeting Minutes, Wku Council Of Academic Deans

Council of Academic Deans

Meeting regarding graduate fair, commencement, enrollment, accreditation, zoom connect classroom and fifth week assessment.


E-Learning Enhancement, Status And Attitude Of Learners Towards Teaching Learning During Covid-19 Pandemic, Shweta Gupta, Shri Ram Pandey, Sujata Gupta Jan 2021

E-Learning Enhancement, Status And Attitude Of Learners Towards Teaching Learning During Covid-19 Pandemic, Shweta Gupta, Shri Ram Pandey, Sujata Gupta

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

The study explored the several dimensions of eLearning used by Indian Higher Institutions and presented insight into current eLearning pedagogy, infrastructures, services, and perceptions during the Covid-19 Pandemic. The study's findings reveal that Indian Academic institutions are unwilling to shift to the online mode for teaching, learning thoroughly. Pandemic forced them to adopt the e-learning pedagogy and tools. A majority of users still prefer the traditional classroom environment as compared to eLearning. Email, social media, and other communications tools became vital today. Email, traditionally used as a communication tool, is now a key player in delivering educational content. Social media …


Our Stories, Our Voices: The Lived Experiences Of Black Families With Young Children During Covid-19, Devalin Jackson Dec 2020

Our Stories, Our Voices: The Lived Experiences Of Black Families With Young Children During Covid-19, Devalin Jackson

Master's Theses

The purpose of this study was to explore the lived experiences of Black families raising young children during shelter in place orders and distance learning due to Covid-19. The study was conducted virtually through Zoom and Google form due to county shelter in place orders. Participants were recruited from the school in which the researcher worked. Through the use of virtual interviews, the five participants highlighted themes of reconnections, isolations, empowerment, family values and conversations. The families shared experiences of resilience and hope and brought thoughts of how these experiences could be highlighted in instructional and curriculum designs; especially during …


From A Distance: Teaching, Learning, And Parenting During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Melanie Love Oct 2020

From A Distance: Teaching, Learning, And Parenting During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Melanie Love

Michigan Reading Journal

No abstract provided.