Education Commons^™

Assessing The Validity Of A Performance Prediction Model For Use With Gait Retraining, Christian Faltas, Robert Musci, Jenevieve L. Roper

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

A common strategy that athletic trainers and high-performance athletes use to manage and treat running-related injuries is gait retraining. However, the research is equivocal on how gait retraining can affect running economy and subsequent running performance in distance runners. A new prediction model was developed that predicts running performance based on oxygen consumption changes, however, it is unclear if this model is valid and can accurately be used to predict running performance as a result of gait retraining. PURPOSE: The goal of the study was to determine the validity of the performance prediction model, particularly when applied to gait …

Motor Evoked Torque Differences Between Aclr Patient And Control, Tawfeeq Al-Mansur, Victoria Whitcomb, Brian Clem

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Anterior cruciate ligament reconstructed (ACLR) patients with quadriceps deficits demonstrate greater motor evoked potential (MEP), indicating altered corticospinal excitability. Recent study has suggested that evoked torque responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is an alternative method to determine motor cortical excitability. However, no study has evaluated the evoked torque in ACLR patients compared to healthy controls. PURPOSE: To evaluate percentage changes in evoked torque values in response to TMS between an ACLR patient (ACLR) and a healthy control (CONT). METHODS: One ACLR (female, 21yrs, 180cm, 77.1kg) and one CONT (female, 39yrs, 160cm, 61.2kg) were seated on HUMAC dynamometer …

Does Carrying Golf Equipment Unilaterally Or Bilaterally Influence Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters?, Yunsheng Zou, Guanrong Cai, Jordan Cannon, George Salem

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Golf is a popular multimodal recreational physical activity and sport. Golf equipment transportation (GET) is a consistent demand in golf, with over 6 kilometers of walking distance and 10,000 steps accrued, on average, in an 18-hole round. Gait asymmetries, especially in step time and step length, are associated with decreased efficiency and increased metabolic cost. Thus, gait asymmetries in different GET methods may have implications for fatigue and golf performance. PURPOSE: To compare symmetry in gait spatiotemporal parameters of two GET methods with each other and unloaded walking over flat ground. We hypothesized that GET would result in asymmetric step …

The Relationship Between Concussion History And Lower Extremity Biomechanics During A Land And Cut Task, Nghi Gia Vu, Warren Forbes, Jason M. Avedesian, Janet S. Dufek

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

In high impact landing tasks, athletes with a history of sports related concussion (SRC) have been found to demonstrate lower extremity (LE) biomechanics that are associated with elevated injury risk. However, the exact relationships between SRC history and LE biomechanics are inconclusive. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between SRC history and LE biomechanics during a cutting task. METHODS: A cohort of athletes with a history of SRC (n=20) and a control group of healthy athletes (n=20) were recruited for this study. The control group were matched by age, sex, and sport. Athletes …

Just Bust A Move; Relating Subjective Evaluation To Objective Measurements In Hip – Hop Dance, Joshua A. Vicente, Belle P. Ponce De Leon, Makena Savola, Rabbani Nzeza, Summer Diaz, Wendy Pham, Thomas (Rex) Ruswick, Dr. Jacob Hinkel-Lipsker

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Being globally recognized as a performance art and mode of expression, Hip - hop dance is becoming more prevalent in today’s modern dance and popular culture. With multiple renditions across the globe on what encompasses Hip - hop dance on various social media platforms and the different sub styles of hip-hop dance that currently exist, there are a limited number of ways to assess a dancer and their ability without relying on a high amount of subjectivity from those that are watching it. PURPOSE: To investigate the relationship between common dance moves (like the Arm Wave & Inverted Happy Feet) …

Relationship Of Reacstick® Inhibition Accuracy And Inhibitory Control During Balance Recovery, Aric Turner, Sara Harper, Anne Beethe, David A. E. Bolton

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The ability to stop action is rarely considered when avoiding a fall, but mounting evidence indicates performance on traditional cognitive tests of response inhibition is related to fall prevalence. This suggests the ability to suppress action is important in how we control balance, and therefore, identifying practical ways to detect this important fall risk factor has potential clinical value. PURPOSE: Our aim was to assess inhibitory control using a simple hand reaction task (ReacStick®) in relation to performance on a reactive balance test where step suppression was occasionally required. METHODS: Eighteen adults (18-30 years) were first assessed on a …

The Effect Of Gripping Handles During Isokinetic Strength Tests At Various Speeds On Torque Production In Knee Flexion And Extension, Mikayla Rudis, Lukas Krumpl, Nickolai Martonick, Youngmin Chun

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Although the effect of gripping handles on concentric torque of knee extension/flexion has been examined, it is still needed to investigate how gripping handles affect torque production in different types of muscle contractions at various speeds. PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of gripping handles of an isokinetic dynamometer on knee extension/flexion torque during isokinetic tests at various speeds. METHODS: Fourteen healthy and active individuals were recruited for this study (10 females: Ht= 1.66 ± 0.06 m, BM= 69.52 ± 16.86 kg, Age=21.60 ± 1.17 yrs; 4 males: Ht = 1.81 ± 0.13 m, BM = 89.90 ± 23.92 kg, Age …

A.R.G! Augmented Reality And Gait: Analyzing The Influence Of Cues On Gait Patterns In Augmented Reality, Gwendolyn R. Retzinger, Borna Golbarg, Rabbani R. Nzeza, Wendy T. Pham, Milad Mehrjou, Summer M. Diaz, Jacob W. Hinkel-Lipsker

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Use of Augmented Reality (AR) technology for rehabilitation has drastically increased in recent years. While theoretically AR can be used to cue gait adaptations such as changes to step length and cadence through visual and auditory cues, it is still unknown how people respond to the technology. PURPOSE: To assess the feasibility of external visual and auditory cues delivered through AR on spatiotemporal gait outcomes in a healthy, young population. METHODS: 20 healthy participants between age 18 and 35 were screened and recruited to perform randomized gait trials consisting of four different cueing conditions. The participants wore a Magic Leap …

Effect Of Trail Running Pack Weight On Lower Extremity Biomechanics, Lily Poulton, Cheyenne Dabel, Tyson Ngatikaura, Ally Sipple, Chloe Weight, Hayden Smith, Shane Draper, Andrew Creer, Tyler Standifird

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

In the sport of ultrarunning there are a variety of ways runners carry the equipment and nutrition that is required. Many of the faster athletes will be seen with handheld bottles or minimal packs, however the size and weight of packs may vary based on the length of the race, nutritional needs, and pacing. PURPOSE: To date, no research has been conducted to understand what biomechanical adaptions occur with packs of varying weight. METHODS: Kinematic and kinetic data were collected using a 16 camera Vicon Nexus System (Vicon Inc. Denver, CO) and the Bertec instrumented treadmill (Bertec, Inc., …

Action Observation: Olympic Clean & Jerk Skill Acquisition Of Novice Individuals In Virtual Reality, Belle P. Ponce De Leon, Makena Savola, Wendy T. Pham, Rex Ruswick, Rudy Lua, Joshua Vicente

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Action observation (AO) involves acquiring skills through watching an expert model demonstrating said skill. Recent developments in virtual reality (VR) technology now allows for a 3D AO viewing perspective. In theory, this allows a learner to view and practice a skill without the requirement of a live demonstrator. While a 360-degree view is not possible through a 2D AO format, it is unknown if it serves as an added benefit or hinderance. PURPOSE: This study explored the viability of using VR for enhancing AO in novice individuals by performing an Olympic weightlifting exercise compared to those engaging in AO …

An Analysis Of Horizontal Forces Between Sports, Riley Neuenburg, Brock Crews, Jared W. Coburn, Kevin Choe

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Different sports have various demands that athletes must meet to perform at the requisite level. For example, hockey athletes produce primarily horizontal forces due to skating. However, in basketball, there are a combination of horizontal forces from running and vertical forces from frequent jumping. Therefore, utilizing forces exclusively in one direction as a metric to compare athletes of different sports could provide a limited analysis. PURPOSE: The purpose of this investigation was to compare the relationship between horizontal and vertical forces between athletes who participate in the 4 major sports in the US by using a ratio of horizontal …

Lower Extremity Loading And Subsequent Muscle Soreness Following High-Intensity Interval Training Protocols: A Pilot Study, Jared Moore, Noah Ogata, George Salem

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is a popular form of exercise that is being performed by the general population as well as athletes. There is little work into how the lower extremity loading within HIIT protocols differs among various exercise modalities and the effects these differences may have on resulting muscle soreness. PURPOSE: The purpose of this pilot study was to characterize lower extremity vertical reaction forces (vRF) during treadmill running and cycling HIIT protocols in young, healthy adults and to explore the relations of the vRF with delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). METHODS: Participants completed a heart rate …

Mechanical Differences Between Sexes During A Jump Landing, Miranda Moeslein, Lexy Clark, Jared W. Coburn, Kevin Choe

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Jump landings are a frequent occurrence in both male and female sports. However, aberrant landing mechanics, such as landing with smaller knee flexion angles (KFA), can increase the likelihood of knee joint injury. Previous research suggests males and females demonstrate different landing mechanics, which could explain the higher incidence of knee injuries in females, such as anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare lower extremity landing biomechanics associated with ACL injury between males and females. We hypothesized that females would land with smaller KFA and greater knee abduction angles (KAA) compared to males. …

Are There Balance Differences Between Aquatic And Land Athletes?, Bethany Metcalfe, Taylor Garcia, Travis Peterson

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Proficiency in static and dynamic balance tests is an indicator of both athletic proficiency as well as an indicator of movement deficiencies. Those movement deficiencies could be due to a neurological issue related to mild traumatic brain injury (i.e. concussion). Previous studies have studied single leg static balance using the BESS (Balance error scoring system) which is also used by the NCAA to pre-test for concussions (Riemann, 2012). Aquatic athletes could be at a predisposed disadvantage in NCAA concussion testing because there is a possibility of having differences in balance ability (as compared to land athletes) that may be mistaken …

Individuals Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Respond Differently To Limb Loading Instruction: A Clustering Analysis, Willa Ma, Susan Sigward

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Individuals following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLr) demonstrate altered loading strategies such as shifting mechanical demand away from the surgical knee. Previous work found that individuals can restore limb loading symmetry with instruction to equalize weight distribution between limbs during a squat task. However, when looking at individual responses to these instructions, it appear that not all individual responded similarly. PURPOSE: To use k-means clustering to describe the variation in response to instruction to equalize weight between limbs in individuals 3-4 months post-ACLr. METHODS: We performed a secondary analysis of a dataset including two groups: individuals 110.4 days …

Altered Cortical Activation Patterns In The Motor Cortex Post Acl Reconstruction Compared To Healthy Control, Ryan Kim, Lana Kayali, Abi Rae Stine, Yong Woo An Facsm

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), patients often experience persistent knee dysfunction, such as knee strength deficit, possibly correlated with altered cortical activation in the brain. However, it remains unclear if ACLR patients exhibit different cortical activation patterns in the primary motor cortex (M1) during strength tasks, when compared to healthy control. PURPOSE: To examine electrocortical activation patterns in the M1 during submaximal isometric contraction of the quadriceps between an ACLR patient and a healthy control. METHODS: Both ACLR (female, 21yrs,180.34cm, 77.11kg) and control (female, 39yrs, 160.02cm, 61.23kg) performed isometric extension of the reconstructed or matched knees at …

Impact Of Latin Ballroom Dancing On Gait Biomechanics, Grace Hanks, Tyler Standifird

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Purpose: Past research has focused on biomechanical changes, kinematic differences, and injury rates among dancers compared to healthy non-dancers. This research has shown that there are differences biomechanically between dancers and healthy non-dancers which indicates that various forms of dance training has both potential short- and long-term effects on an individual (Yihong et al, 2018, Prochazkova et al, 2014, Tepla et al, 2014, Turner et al 2018). The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of Latin ballroom dance training on gait. Methods: 24 participants, (12 Latin dancers, 12 recreationally active non-dancers; 12 males,12 females) between the …

The Relationship Between Concussion History And Sex On Lower Extremity Biomechanics During A Cutting Task, Warren O. Forbes, Jason M. Avedesian, Janet S. Dufek

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Athletes with a history of sports related concussion (SRC) have been shown to exhibit lower extremity (LE) mechanics during high impact landing tasks that are conducive to increased injury risk. The underlying cause, and extent of this phenomena is currently unknown. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between SRC history and sex on LE biomechanics during a land-and-cut task. METHODS: College athletes with a history of SRC and a control group of healthy athletes matched by sport, position, sex, and age were recruited for this study. Both groups were comprised of 9 males …

The Effects Of A Heel Lift On Squat Biomechanics, Lexy Clark, Miranda Moeslein, Donovyn Murray, Jared W. Coburn, Kevin Choe

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The barbell squat is an effective exercise for improving lower extremity function. During the descent of a squat, the hip and knee joints flex while the ankle joint dorsiflexes. The hip and knee joints then extend and the ankle joint plantarflexes when standing up. During the squat, some athletes use shoes with an elevated heel or other means of heel elevation to achieve lower squat depth. Research has suggested that use of heel elevation may improve range of motion (ROM) of the lower extremity joints and improve stability of the movement during deep squats, especially with an external load. PURPOSE …

Unilateral Load Carriage In Golf Increases Frontal Plane Moment Demand At The Knee, Guanrong Cai, Jordan Cannon, Yunsheng Zou, George Salem

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Golf equipment transportation (GET) is a regular task in the sport of golf, a popular activity with more than 66 million participants globally. Unilateral GET is commonly practiced by junior and collegiate golfers, and professional caddies, who incur large walking distances daily, especially during competition. Therefore, the influence of GET on knee mechanics during gait has important implications for performance and injury risks. Furthermore, frontal-plane lower extremity (LE) demands including knee abductor moment during activities may alter knee mechanics and contribute to pain and progression of osteoarthritis (OA). Purpose: To compare the frontal-plane knee moments of two different GET methods …

The Two-Dimensional Relationship Between Ground Reaction Force Vector And Knee Axis Of Rotation Reflect Knee Loading Deficits During Squatting Post-Aclr, Jiaqi Wang, Susan Sigward

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

PURPOSE

Individuals post-anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLr) perform reduced knee extensor moments (KEM) during squats by shifting weight to the non-surgical (NSx) limb ¹ or by shifting demands from the knee to hip ^1,2. These compensations occur without observable differences in joint angles by small adjustments in the center of pressure (COP). This makes them difficult to detect and may contribute to their persistence. Differences between limbs in COP position suggest that individuals adjust the relationship of the ground reaction force vector (GRFv) relative to the joint center to redistribute the loading demands in the surgical limb ³. …

The Impact Of Squat Velocity On Force, Power, And Muscle Activity, Kyle D. Puccini, James Baldonado, Bonnie Yee, Christie R. O'Hara

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The squat is a thoroughly examined movement pattern and commonly used in sport performance training protocols, rehabilitation programs, and recreational exercise. Previous research measuring absolute strength has shown hamstring muscle activity in a six-repetition max barbell back squats. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of varying squat velocities (25, 50, 75 deg/s) on force, power, and the activation of the quadricep and hamstring muscles. Using a single-blind randomized research design, we hypothesized that hamstring muscle activity will increase at faster squat velocities. Our secondary hypothesis is that peak power will occur at 50 deg/s and …

Laboratory Measurements Of Division 1 College Baseball Players To Predict Field Base Performance, Sebastian Ortiz, Lyric Richardson, Emma Bozarth, Amy Riera, Kase Pennartz, Micheal Luera

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Cross-sectional area (CSA) of skeletal muscle has been commonly used as a predictor of force production. Peak force (PF) production during maximal contractions of the lower body can be a primary indicator of an athlete’s potential to perform on the field. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to use CSA for the VL and RF and PF to predict 60-yard dash times. METHODS: Fifteen male athletes (20.64 yrs. ±1.54, 182.89 cm. ±5.74, 196.58 kg ±21.2.) participated in this investigation. Sixty-yard dash times were recorded from each athlete prior to laboratory testing. Skeletal muscle CSA were taken from the VL …

Monitoring Firing Behaviors Of Motor Unit Action Potentials During Low-Intensity Fatiguing Contractions, Dakota Harris, Lyric Richardson, Amy Riera, Emma Bozarth, Micheal Luera

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Motor Units (MU) are systematically activated from increasing size in accordance to the size principle. As muscle fatigue sets in, MU firing rate increases in response to sustaining whole-body force production during a low-loaded sustained contraction with respect to MU size and MU interspike intervals (ISI). PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to compare the motor unit firing behaviors during low-force isometric fatiguing contractions. Methods: Following 3 MVCs, eight lower-body resistance trained males (23.38 ± 2.88 yrs.; 178.38 ± 7.85 cm; 86.10 ± 11.88 kg) performed 60 second submaximal (30% MVC) isometric ramp contraction of the knee extension …

Lower Extremity Muscle Activity When Walking On A Non-Motorized Treadmill, Carl P. Shaulis, Sam I. Anderson, Riley A. Barlage, Scott P. Mclean

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Effective interventions for increasing walking speed are important for improving health and quality of life in aging populations. Non-motorized treadmills (NMT) may enhance the ability to develop or improve motor control in gait by requiring the participant to produce and maintain speed as compared to use of a motorized treadmill (MT) which requires one to simply match speed. PURPOSE: The purpose of this project was to compare muscle activation patterns of lower extremity muscles between MT, NMT and overground (OG) walking. METHODS: Twenty healthy adults (24.4±7.2 yrs, 1.75±0.09 m, 75.4±13.1 kg) completed one trial of walking at each …

Cortical Activity Measured With Low-Intensity Fatiguing Contractions Of The Quadriceps Muscle Group, Emma D. Bozarth, Lyric D. Richardson, Amy E. Riera, Micheal J. Luera, Amber H. Bozer

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Modulation of force production required during exercise is regulated from various mechanisms in the central and peripheral nervous system. Fatigue is influenced by various mechanics that may hinder the ability to continuously sustain force production. The neural activation patterns of these systems can be recorded as electrical impulses using several non-invasive techniques. The ability to examine these during fatiguing exercise has provided further insight into activation patterns in the central nervous system (i.e., motor and pre-motor cortex) during sustained muscle contractions. Electroencephalography (EEG) has been recently utilized to examine changes associated with central fatigue, but limited advancements in technology for …

Effects Of Low-Intensity Fatigue On Motor Unit Firing Properties During Maximal Voluntary Isometric Contractions, Lyric Richardson, Amy Riera, Emma Bozarth, Micheal Luera

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Rehabilitation from injuries impairing the neuromuscular system is often difficult to quantify due to task specificity of the affected or immobilized limb or limbs. Often, exercise regimens with clinical practitioners are designed to progress motor performance to a capacity that reflects muscle force production to pre-injury capacity. Modulation of force production from these tasks are regulated from various mechanism in the central and peripheral nervous system. The neural activation of these systems can be recorded as electrical impulses using several non-invasive techniques. Recently, the ability to examine these during fatiguing exercise has provided further insight into activation patterns and firing …

Lifting In An Alternate Reality: The Application Of Action Observation Within Virtual Reality And Weightlifting., Michael Weise, Nikko Cando, Alex Krause, Kim Hernandez, Rabbani Nzeza, Allyssa Alcasabas, Jake Hinkel-Lipsker

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Action observation (AO), where a learner watches a model perform a skill, has long been shown to facilitate motor learning of a variety of skills. There is great interest in learning ways to optimize the AO experience in order to maximize motor learning. In recent years, virtual reality (VR) technology has advanced considerably, where high-fidelity environments can facilitate a fully immersive experience. As such, the three-dimensional (3D) VR experience could allow for improved learning through AO over more traditional forms (e.g., watching a computer screen). PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to determine how well people learn a …

Obstacle Negotiation Gaze Strategies Of The Physically Fatigued, Belle P. Ponce De Leon, Makena Savola, Sedona Boren, Andrew Fishman, Sarika Varma, Jacob W. Hinkel-Lipsker

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

INTRODUCTION: Proper obstacle negotiation while in a fatigued state is a safety concern for first responders, firefighters and other primary relief personnel in their high-risk line of work. During locomotion the central gaze is focused beyond the obstacle to plan future steps while the peripheral vision spatially tracks the obstacle. Previous work indicates that following intense exercise people experience a narrowed peripheral visual field, making them more reliant on central gaze. Thus, it is possible that when physically-fatigued people become more reliant on central gaze to perceive obstacles, leaving them unable to plan future steps as effectively.

PURPOSE: This study …

The Impact Of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Risk On Baseline Balance Assessment For Concussion In Collegiate Athletes, Ryan N. Moran, Nicholas G. Murray

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

PURPOSE: Recent literature has linked concussion and neuromuscular deficits in the lower extremity after injury. Neuromuscular control is frequently assessed using balance measures for concussion, but also dynamically to identify anterior cruciate ligament injury (ACL) risk via jump-landing movement screening. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of ACL injury risk on baseline balance assessment for concussion. METHODS: Thirty-nine healthy, collegiate female soccer (n=22) and volleyball (n=17) athletes completed the modified-Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction of Balance (m-CTSIB) and the Landing Error Scoring System (LESS) test as part of routine concussion baseline testing and injury …