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2023

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Articles 271 - 300 of 304

Full-Text Articles in Organizational Behavior and Theory

Knowledge Management Implementation In U.S. Army Headquarters: A Case Study, David Marvin Van Laar Jan 2023

Knowledge Management Implementation In U.S. Army Headquarters: A Case Study, David Marvin Van Laar

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This case study examined the U.S. Army’s implementation of knowledge management (KM) as an integrating process within its command and control system. The research problem explored was the U.S. Army’s attempts to measure knowledge transfer using the KM Maturity Model (KM3) and KM Assessment Tool (KMAT). The purpose was to determine levels of KM maturity and knowledge barriers that affected decision-making. The conceptual approach used Nonaka and Takeuchi’s process theory for the knowledge-based firm, combined with Argote and Hora’s framework of knowledge transfer as it applied to Moore’s concept of public value. The central research questions explored the levels of …

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Career Progression: Narrative Study Of Impediments Affecting Army Female Officer Advancement From Major To Lieutenant Colonel, Jeremia M. Van Jan 2023

Career Progression: Narrative Study Of Impediments Affecting Army Female Officer Advancement From Major To Lieutenant Colonel, Jeremia M. Van

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

AbstractQualitative narrative inquiry was used to understand the accounts and experiences of female officers in the United States Army that were once stationed in South Korea, who did not advance to the rank of lieutenant colonel. In today’s military, female officers still face many challenges during their advancement from Major to Lieutenant Colonel, relative to their male counterparts. The specific problem is the underrepresentation of female majors in the Army who compete for promotion to the lieutenant colonel rank. The researcher explored the experiences of 14 female Army officers that served in South Korea and sought out promotions from the …

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Workplace Satisfaction On Inclusion And Turnover Intentions Of Minority Women In Science, Technology, Engineering, And Mathematics, Tameka Whitten Jan 2023

Workplace Satisfaction On Inclusion And Turnover Intentions Of Minority Women In Science, Technology, Engineering, And Mathematics, Tameka Whitten

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Women of color are diminishing from the STEM workforce in spite of organizational efforts to increase diverse representation. A diverse workforce is a key competitive advantage for many STEM innovations, making this a topic of interest amongst workplace scholars. Researchers have pointed to relative contributors, such as barriers to inclusion and social identity threats for minority women in STEM. However, scholars have not yet uncovered the effect of global satisfaction on inclusion and turnover intentions for minority women within these workplaces. The purpose of this study was to evaluate organizational inclusion differences by sex and minority status, review organizational inclusion …

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Strategies To Implement Efficient Manufacturing Systems To Improve Companies’ Performance, Ihebuche Miracle Okorie Jan 2023

Strategies To Implement Efficient Manufacturing Systems To Improve Companies’ Performance, Ihebuche Miracle Okorie

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Researchers have demonstrated that many manufacturing managers have used successful manufacturing strategies to improve their company’s performance. Manufacturing managers search for successful strategies to implement efficient manufacturing systems because inefficient manufacturing systems can negatively affect their company’s performance. Using transformational leadership as a conceptual framework, the purpose of this qualitative single case study was to explore six U.S. manufacturing managers’ strategies to implement efficient manufacturing systems to improve their company’s performance. The participants were six manufacturing leaders of a company who had successfully employed strategies to implement efficient manufacturing systems. Data were collected from semistructured, open-ended interviews and a review …

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Job Satisfaction, Employee Empowerment, And Intent To Leave In Human Health Service Employees, Ouida Butler Jan 2023

Job Satisfaction, Employee Empowerment, And Intent To Leave In Human Health Service Employees, Ouida Butler

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Researchers predicted that the United States would undergo a severe shortage of direct support professionals. This quantitative study used the Job Satisfaction Survey, Employee Empowerment Questionnaire, and Turnover Intention Scale to explore the relationship between employee empowerment and its effect on the intent to leave within the human health service industry nationwide. Herzberg's motivation theory provided the lens for the study. The study included 150 direct care staff who completed a self-administered online questionnaire. Linear regression analyses indicated that supervisor, contingent rewards, operating conditions, nature of work, and communication had the strongest negative correlation with turnover intention. A moderated regression …

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Racial Discrimination And Toxic Cultures At Work: Professional Black Employees And The Great Resignation, Annselmer Thomas Owens Jan 2023

Racial Discrimination And Toxic Cultures At Work: Professional Black Employees And The Great Resignation, Annselmer Thomas Owens

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

AbstractWhite-collar Black employees were more likely to seek different jobs during the Great Resignation because of a lack of career advancement, employer failure to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion, employer’s unethical behavior, feeling disrespected, and perceived toxic work culture. As the Great Resignation’s professional, social, and ethical consequences were only emerging, scholars identified a literature gap to position Black employees’ narratives of racial discrimination and perceived toxic work culture in the literature as mechanisms for joining the Great Resignation. The purpose of this qualitative, narrative inquiry study was to gain a deeper understanding of how professional Black employees’ daily experiences …

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Lived Experiences Of Millennial Employees Engaged In Mentorship In Their Workplaces For Turnover Reduction, Shaundra Webb, Ph.D. Jan 2023

Lived Experiences Of Millennial Employees Engaged In Mentorship In Their Workplaces For Turnover Reduction, Shaundra Webb, Ph.D.

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

While the Millennial generation is steadily taking over jobs that were previously assigned to Baby Boomers, it is unclear how the current job market and modern work environment are adjusting to accommodate this new and unique generation. The purpose of this study was to explore the lived experiences of Millennial employees engaged in mentorship in their workplaces for turnover reduction. The research question was: What are the lived experiences of Millennial employees engaged in mentorship in their workplace’s turnover reduction. Employing a qualitative descriptive phenomenological approach and purposive sampling technique, the researcher recruited 16 participants to complete semi structured interviews …

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Exploring The Benefits Of A Collaboration Between Behavioral Health Coaches And Clinicians, Devan White Jan 2023

Exploring The Benefits Of A Collaboration Between Behavioral Health Coaches And Clinicians, Devan White

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This case study addressed how to best use health coaches in the field of behavioral health to improve the accessibility and outreach of a new program launched by the target organization that emphasizes coaching as an intervention for improving well-being and mental fitness. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to investigate the potential influence of coaching within the behavioral health field and explore how health coaches could partner with clinicians or behavioral health leaders to allow for more collaboration and accessibility to services. The RQs centered on how health coaches might support the treatment of those who have …

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Sex Offenders’ Risk Assessment Process And Effects On Jurisdiction Transitioning, Lonnie Keith Grabowska Jan 2023

Sex Offenders’ Risk Assessment Process And Effects On Jurisdiction Transitioning, Lonnie Keith Grabowska

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

AbstractThe Adam Walsh Act created sex offender notification and registration requirements to encourage state compliance toward federal guidelines and assigned threat levels to registered sex offenders using mandated assessment processes. Researchers have pointed out that the transition by states using tiered assessment processes to the federally mandated guidelines has led to operational changes to state registration procedures. The purpose of this quantitative study was to understand the effects and impacts on jurisdictions transitioning the designation of registered sex offenders’ threat assessment levels from a formal risk-based assessment process to the mandated Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act conviction-based assessment tool …

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Stigma Associated With Invisible Disabilities And Its Effect On Intended Disclosure In The Workplace, Jessica Lynne Hicksted Jan 2023

Stigma Associated With Invisible Disabilities And Its Effect On Intended Disclosure In The Workplace, Jessica Lynne Hicksted

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Disability discrimination is a long-standing issue that, despite protections, continues to result in unemployment, underemployment, and lack of advancement for disabled persons. Visible stigma is researched substantially; however, less is known about the impact of stigma associated with identities that can be concealed. Although researchers have investigated this issue, currently there is no tool to measure this phenomenon. The purpose of this quantitative study was to create and validate a new tool to measure stigma associated with invisible disabilities. The study is grounded by Roberts’ conceptual model of professional image construction integrating social identity, impression management, and organizational behavior; Meisenbach’s …

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The Relationship Between Leadership Styles And Call Center Workers’ Organizational Commitment, Andrea L. Lamar Jan 2023

The Relationship Between Leadership Styles And Call Center Workers’ Organizational Commitment, Andrea L. Lamar

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The call center industry is instrumental in servicing the consumer in many facets of service-oriented presales and aftersales support. Little is known about the relationship between leadership styles, call center workers, and organizational commitment. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between leadership styles transformational, transactional, laissez-faire, and outcomes of leadership with organizational commitment in a call center environment. Using Survey Monkey, a data collection agency, a nonprobability convenience sampling procedure was used to select the 350 call center workers' samples. The analysis used was Pearson's correlation and multiple regression. The study used multifactor leadership and organizational …

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Strategies For Promoting Inclusion And Employee Engagement To Improve Remote Teams’ Performance, Bruce Edward Richardson Jan 2023

Strategies For Promoting Inclusion And Employee Engagement To Improve Remote Teams’ Performance, Bruce Edward Richardson

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

External factors such as the pandemic have forced organizational leaders to embrace flexible work structures. Differences in remote versus collocated workplaces escalate the importance for company leaders to uncover strategies to maintain employee engagement and performance. Grounded in the organizational support theory, the purpose of this qualitative multiple-case study was to explore strategies leaders of remote, diverse teams with high engagement and inclusion use to achieve high team performance. Data were collected using semistructured interviews from a purposeful sampling of five nationally distributed managers. A thematic analysis uncovered three themes: flexible leadership behavior, fair execution of human resource policy and …

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The Potential And Peculiarities Of Perma: A Meta-Analysis Of Two Well-Being Measures With Working Samples, William P. Jimenez, Xiaoxiao Hu, Rebecca Garden, Asiye Zeytonli Jan 2023

The Potential And Peculiarities Of Perma: A Meta-Analysis Of Two Well-Being Measures With Working Samples, William P. Jimenez, Xiaoxiao Hu, Rebecca Garden, Asiye Zeytonli

Psychology Faculty Publications

In the first meta-analysis of the PERMA well-being framework (i.e., positive emotions, engagement, positive relationships, meaning, accomplishment), we cumulated 692 effect sizes (k = 33 independent samples, N = 10,050 workers). Average reliability did not meet the conventional ɑ = .70 threshold for engagement measured with the PERMA-Profiler or the Workplace PERMA Profiler or for negative emotions measured with the former. Overall, PERMA dimensions were strongly intercorrelated, and model comparisons suggested multidimensionality. We also summarized PERMA’s relationships with some conceptual antecedents (conscientiousness, loneliness); correlates (happiness, negative emotions); and outcomes (physical health, depressive symptoms, overall …

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Employer Branding In The Healthcare Sector: The Role Of Instrumental And Symbolic Image Attributes Among Potential Applicants And Doctors, Jiaxin Luo, Aristides I. Ferreira, Filip Lievens, Beatriz R. Trigo Jan 2023

Employer Branding In The Healthcare Sector: The Role Of Instrumental And Symbolic Image Attributes Among Potential Applicants And Doctors, Jiaxin Luo, Aristides I. Ferreira, Filip Lievens, Beatriz R. Trigo

Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business

This study draws from the instrumental-symbolic framework to analyze the employer image of public hospitals among final-year students and employed doctors. We examine the relative importance of perceived instrumental and symbolic employer image attributes in public hospitals in China among two groups of individuals (211 final-year students and 200 currently employed doctors). Both instrumental and symbolic attributes are significantly related to hospitals' attractiveness as an employer. Symbolic trait inferences explain incremental variance in employer attraction beyond instrumental attributes. Although both attributes explain similar portions of the variance in the two groups, the attributes that emerge as significantly related to hospitals' …

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Work Effort: A Conceptual And Meta-Analytic Review, Chad H. Van Iddekinge, John D. Arnold, Herman Aquinis, Jonas W. B. Lang, Filip Lievens Jan 2023

Work Effort: A Conceptual And Meta-Analytic Review, Chad H. Van Iddekinge, John D. Arnold, Herman Aquinis, Jonas W. B. Lang, Filip Lievens

Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business

Work effort has been a key concept in management theories and research for more than a century. Maintaining and increasing employee effort also is a persistent concern to managers. The goal of the present conceptual and meta-analytic review was to increase clarity and consensus regarding what effort is and how to measure it. First, we reviewed conceptualizations of effort and provided an integrated definition that views effort as a direct outcome of motivation that captures (a) what employees work on, (b) how hard they work, and (c) how long they persist in that work. Second, we identified four main ways …

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Biting The Hand That Feeds: A Status-Based Model Of When And Why Receiving Help Motivates Social Undermining, Kenneth Tai, Katrina Jia Lin, Catherice K. Lam, Wu Liu Jan 2023

Biting The Hand That Feeds: A Status-Based Model Of When And Why Receiving Help Motivates Social Undermining, Kenneth Tai, Katrina Jia Lin, Catherice K. Lam, Wu Liu

Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business

Social exchange theory suggests that after receiving help, people reciprocate by helping the original helpgiver. However, we propose that help recipients may respond negatively and harm the help giver when they perceive helping as a status threat and experience envy. Integrating the helping as status relations framework and the social functional perspective of envy, we examine when and why receiving help may prompt help recipients to undermine help givers. Across four studies, we find progressive support for our results, which show that when individuals receive task-related help from help givers who are perceived to be more, rather than less, competent …

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Personnel Selection: A Review Of Ways To Maximize Validity, Diversity, And The Applicant Experience, Chad H. Van Iddekinge, Filip Lievens, Paul R. Sackett Jan 2023

Personnel Selection: A Review Of Ways To Maximize Validity, Diversity, And The Applicant Experience, Chad H. Van Iddekinge, Filip Lievens, Paul R. Sackett

Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business

Personnel Psychology has a long tradition of publishing important research on personnel selection. In this article, we review some of the key questions and findings from studies published in the journal and in the selection literature more broadly. In doing so, we focus on the various decisions organizations face regarding selection procedure development (e.g., use multiple selection procedures, contextualize procedure content), administration (e.g., provide pre-test explanations, reveal target knowledge, skills, abilities, and other characteristics [KSAOs]), and scoring (e.g., weight predictors and criteria, use artificial intelligence). Further, we focus on how these decisions affect the validity of inferences drawn from the …

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Nudge Efficiency, Avishalom Tor Jan 2023

Nudge Efficiency, Avishalom Tor

Book Chapters

Only a small portion of the substantial literature on behavioral interventions ("nudges") that developed over the last fifteen to twenty years has considered nudges from an economic perspective. Moreover, despite the importance of the topic for a law and economics assessment of this increasingly common form of regulation, even fewer contributions have examined whether and when behavioral instruments are likely to make an efficient means for increasing social welfare. This chapter therefore offers some basic observations about nudge efficiency: Part I opens with a reminder that behavioral instruments should be implemented only when they are the most efficient means available …

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Experiencing Workplace Inclusion: Critical Incidents That Create A Sense Of Inclusion For Professional Staff In Higher Education, Katherine Penn Lampley Jan 2023

Experiencing Workplace Inclusion: Critical Incidents That Create A Sense Of Inclusion For Professional Staff In Higher Education, Katherine Penn Lampley

Antioch University Dissertations & Theses

Professional staff make up the majority of employees at colleges and universities in the United States but are rarely the focus of research in higher education. As a result, little is known about how these employees experience the workplace, creating a challenge for educational institutions working to attract, develop, and retain this essential resource. Employees who feel included in the workplace have higher performance levels and are more likely to remain with their organizations, but workplace inclusion is a complex and undertheorized psychological phenomenon. This exploratory study provides insight into the psychological experience of inclusion by examining the experiences, interactions, …

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Theoretical Modeling For Curious Leadership And Instrument Development And Validation For Measuring Curious Leader Capacity, Lisa M. Gick Jan 2023

Theoretical Modeling For Curious Leadership And Instrument Development And Validation For Measuring Curious Leader Capacity, Lisa M. Gick

Antioch University Dissertations & Theses

When curious, we admit we do not know. With the contemporary workplace emerging through increased complexity, leaders are compelled to shift mindsets and practices from more traditional methods to those more in service to the uncertainty of the day. The purpose of this mixed-methods study was to generate an integrated theoretical framework for curious leadership, a validated scale for its measurement, and practical methods for engaging differently in the context and practice of leading. Drawing from the literature review of relational leadership, adaptive leadership, complexity leadership, growth mindsets, and curious behavior, and from my practice, 12 sub-constructs were identified as …

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Landscaping Wellness At Work: A Participatory Model For Worker-Centered Health, Anya Helena Piotrowski Jan 2023

Landscaping Wellness At Work: A Participatory Model For Worker-Centered Health, Anya Helena Piotrowski

Antioch University Dissertations & Theses

This study contributes to a body of scholarship that demonstrates the benefits and need of employee-driven and defined wellness at work processes. This participatory action research study brought together a team of employees within a remote-work, start-up organization to define and design a process for implementing wellness at work for their organization. Through a participatory process that allowed outcomes to emerge from the group, employees identified opportunities to foster embodied wellness in their organization in three core areas: organizational, personal, and cross-boundary initiatives. Through a reflective collaboration, employees generated ideas and developed a plan to address employee-identified priorities that will …

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Local Stakeholders' Involvement In Community Development Projects In Kenya, Charles Wanjue Jan 2023

Local Stakeholders' Involvement In Community Development Projects In Kenya, Charles Wanjue

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Local residents can provide valuable input on the design, implementation, review, and assessment of development projects, but many community development organizations do not involve these individuals in decision-making. There was inadequate knowledge about why community members are not engaged in community development projects in Kenya. With this study, I sought to improve the understanding of why community members are not fully involved in implementing and managing community development projects in Kenya. Stakeholder theory served as the theoretical foundation for this study. Data were collected through interviews with 13 management and program staff members working with an NGO in Kenya. The …

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Assessing Organizational Policy: Preferred Practices For Regulating Vaping In The Work Environment, Ayesha Temeka Kirk Jan 2023

Assessing Organizational Policy: Preferred Practices For Regulating Vaping In The Work Environment, Ayesha Temeka Kirk

Theses and Dissertations

Employee vaping negatively affects organizations in terms of costs, productivity, employee health, and workplace safety. The purpose of this qualitative dissertation study was to assess organizational policies to determine preferred practices to regulate vaping in the work environment. Open-ended questionnaires with 18 human resources administrators, combined with a literature review, yielded data on best practices for organizational policies regulating vaping in the work environment.The data collected in this qualitative dissertation study were extracted from a structured survey questionnaire comprising 16 questions about vaping and tobacco usage in the workplace. The findings demonstrated that vaping and the use of tobacco products …

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Cheating Constraint Decisions And Discrimination Against Workers With Lower Financial Standing, Grace J. H. Lim, Marko Pitesa, Abhijeet K. Vadera Jan 2023

Cheating Constraint Decisions And Discrimination Against Workers With Lower Financial Standing, Grace J. H. Lim, Marko Pitesa, Abhijeet K. Vadera

Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business

Workers with lower financial standing face many personal challenges due to the relatively lower level of material resources they have at their disposal. We propose that lower financial standing not just impacts workers themselves, but also engenders discrimination from supervisors. Drawing on social cognition principles, we forward a situational inference perspective whereby supervisors make a naïve inference that workers with lower financial standing pose a higher risk of cheating which leads them to subject such workers to more negative treatment and deprive them of opportunities. We focus on two ubiquitous ways in which organizations constrain cheating behavior: worker surveillance and …

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Going Beyond Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, And Democratic (Weird) Samples And Problems In Organizational Research, Marko Pitesa, Michele J. Gelfand Jan 2023

Going Beyond Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, And Democratic (Weird) Samples And Problems In Organizational Research, Marko Pitesa, Michele J. Gelfand

Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business

The goal of organizational research is to make inferences about a target population based on samples studied. Most target populations referred to in theories of organizational behavior, whether explicitly or implicitly, tend to be the entire populations of workers or managers, or even the entire human population. A typical sample, however, is convenient, being located where most researchers are, and thus also predominantly from Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic countries (WEIRD; Henrich, Heine, & Norenzayan, 2010).

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Health Occupations Salary Outcomes: Intersections Of Student Race, Gender, And First‑Generation Status, Peggy Gesing, Mohan D. Pant, Amanda K. Burbage Jan 2023

Health Occupations Salary Outcomes: Intersections Of Student Race, Gender, And First‑Generation Status, Peggy Gesing, Mohan D. Pant, Amanda K. Burbage

EVMS School of Health Professions Faculty Publications

Greater diversity in the healthcare workforce has been identified as a critical need in serving an increasingly diverse population. Higher education institutions have been tasked with increasing the number of underrepresented students in the health occupations pipeline to better align with the demographics of the general population and meet the need for a diverse health occupations workforce. This study used the National Science Foundation’s National Survey of College Graduates dataset to capture data across time, examining the intersectionality of race, gender, and first-generation status on the salary outcomes of students who earn degrees related to health occupations. Results indicate that …

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Organizing (Eternal) Identity And Identification: An Upward Glance Into Religious Institutions, Casey M. Stratton Jan 2023

Organizing (Eternal) Identity And Identification: An Upward Glance Into Religious Institutions, Casey M. Stratton

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This dissertation disrupts at least two religious spaces: First, scholars religiously adhering to (social) scientific norms, and second, people identifying with religious organizations (i.e., churches). First, we begin constructing a theoretical lens using poststructural ideas offered by Foucault, Derrida, and Bakhtin to read and disrupt (religious) discourse. Second, we complicate organizational identification as a concept, deeming it fixed and fluid—a paradox within religious discourses that endorse Truth and Perfection. Here, we draw from the communication constitutes organization (CCO) approach. Third, we further curate the lens by applying poststructuralism, identification, and CCO in a specific context: The Church of Jesus Christ …

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Perceptions Of Organizational Politics And Interpersonal Relationships In Black Women's Organizations And Sororities, Mitzi S. Willis Jan 2023

Perceptions Of Organizational Politics And Interpersonal Relationships In Black Women's Organizations And Sororities, Mitzi S. Willis

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Although much research has addressed the relationships between leaders and followers, none has focused on these relationships between Black women—specifically, in the context of Black women’s social service organizations and sororities—and the impact the leader’s chosen style of leadership has on the followers’ use of voice. Self silencing is a prominent response to the power dynamic in many leader–follower relationships. The purpose of this study was to describe the interactions between leaders and followers in Black women’s social service organizations and sororities and identify the influence leadership style has on follower engagement. This study extends the application of silencing the …

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Experience Levels Forcing A Change In Aviation Planning, Jason A. Powell, Elizabeth Crockett Jan 2023

Experience Levels Forcing A Change In Aviation Planning, Jason A. Powell, Elizabeth Crockett

Journal of Aviation/Aerospace Education & Research

This theoretical article evaluates the changing dynamics caused by high turnover in aviation and how the lower level of experience impacts aeronautical companies' organizational planning and partnerships. The aviation organization must adapt managerial practices and alter training capability and procedures to ensure appropriate skill levels. Without proper planning, the company will have an imbalance of skills and accept more risk to operations. The aviation organization may be unable to adapt current scheduling practices to properly prepare the aircrew for challenging situations or sufficiently train maintenance personnel. The result is a need to leverage strategic partnerships, alter management practices toward personnel …

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The Effectiveness Of The Ethics Officer’S Influence: An Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis Exploration, Cheryl K. Douthitt Jan 2023

The Effectiveness Of The Ethics Officer’S Influence: An Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis Exploration, Cheryl K. Douthitt

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The position of ethics officer was created to watch over corporate behavior. However, scandals have continued to demonstrate unethical leadership involving government officials, sports heroes, religious organizations, and corporate leaders. The research problem was that despite the adoption of corporate ethics programs and government oversight, there is a lack of understanding of ethics officers’ experiences, perceptions of effectiveness, and whether they effectively influence executive-level ethical conduct. The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to explore the lived experiences of ethics officers regarding their interactions with executives. Shaped by Brown and Treviño’s ethical leadership theory, the research question concerned the …

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