Operations and Supply Chain Management Commons^™

A Design Methodology To Optimize Supply Chain Network Performance, Dheeraporn Nippaya, J. David Porter

15th IMHRC Proceedings (Savannah, Georgia. USA – 2018)

Organizations are constantly looking for new ways to reduce costs while still providing high customer service levels to face stringent competitive environments and the ever- increasing market globalization. An alternative these organizations can pursue to respond to these challenges and to gain a competitive differentiation is to optimize their supply chain network (SCN). This research aims to develop an effective SCN design strategy to locate facilities (i.e., plants and distribution centers) and to balance the allocation of customers to these facilities to satisfy capacity limitations and customer demands with minimum total cost and maximum level of service. It is anticipated …

Economic And Performance Analysis Of Dual-Bay Vertical Lift Modules, Fabio Sgarbossa, Martina Calzavara, Alessandro Persona

15th IMHRC Proceedings (Savannah, Georgia. USA – 2018)

Warehouse picking is one of the most time and cost consuming activities in a warehouse, often requiring the presence of human operators, who travel within the aisles to retrieve the items needed by the customers. Several studies demonstrate that the travelling activity can represent even the 50% of the total picking time, with a subsequent creation of a separate storage and picking area for small objects. In the last years, new solutions for order picking systems have been developed, especially for small items. One of these solutions requires Vertical Lift Modules (VLMs), storage columns with extractable trays. In this paper, …

Collaborative Bots In Distribution Centers, Russell D. Meller, Dima Nazzal, Lisa M. Thomas

15th IMHRC Proceedings (Savannah, Georgia. USA – 2018)

This research investigates the business case for using autonomous collaborative robots (“bots”) in warehouses. Bots are designed to work collaboratively with human workers in warehouses to fill orders, primarily in e-commerce environments. In order-picking applications, a bot knows the location of every item in the warehouse, and when an item needs to be picked for an order, the bot navigates to that item and waits. Human workers are assigned to patrol specific zones, and when they see a bot waiting, the worker walks to the bot, reads the instructions off the screen, executes the task, and moves on. The bot …

A Performance Calculator For Shuttle-Based Storage And Retrieval System Design, Banu Yetkin Ekren, Anil Akpunar, Tone Lerher

15th IMHRC Proceedings (Savannah, Georgia. USA – 2018)

In this study, we present an analytical model based tool that can estimate critical performance measures from a pre-defined shuttle-based storage and retrieval system (SBS/RS) design. SBS/RS is relatively a new automated storage and retrieval technology and mostly used for mini-load material handling. In this study, we develop an open queuing network model based tool estimating critical performance measures: the mean travel time of lifts/shuttles, utilization of lifts/shuttles, amount of energy consumption and energy regeneration per transaction, waiting times and number of jobs waiting in queues, etc., from a pre-defined SBS/RS design. By the developed tool, one can evaluate an …

Urban Parcel Logistics Hub And Network Design: The Impact Of Modularity And Hyperconnectivity, Benoit Montreuil, Shannon Buckley, Louis Faugere, Reem Khir, Shahab Derhami

15th IMHRC Proceedings (Savannah, Georgia. USA – 2018)

This paper examines how exploiting the hyperconnectivity and modularity concepts underpinning the Physical Internet enables the parcel logistics industry to meet the worldwide challenges to efficiently and sustainably offer faster and more precise deliveries across urban agglomerations, notably across the world’s megacities. It emphasizes disruptive transformations of package logistics hubs and networks, such as multi-tier world pixelization, multi-plane parcel logistics web, smart dynamic parcel routing and hub-based consolidation, and modular parcel containerization.

Dynamic Batching For Order Picking In Warehouses, Jelmer Pier Van Der Gaast, Bolor Jargalsaikhan, Kees Jan Roodbergen

15th IMHRC Proceedings (Savannah, Georgia. USA – 2018)

Dynamic batch picking is characterized by combining product demand from multiple customer orders into one pick tour where new orders are continuously received. Using modern order-picking aids, updated picking instructions can be included in the current pick tours which allows pickers to be re-routed to pick for new orders even when they already started a pick tour. We develop a mathematical model for dynamic batch picking that minimizes the order throughput time of incoming customer orders. In case of new order arrivals, we can quickly re-optimize the model and determine new updated pick tours. This allows for short order throughput …

Marketing Leadership In A Knowledge Economy, Myles Bassell, Sonia Lambert

Atlantic Marketing Journal

Often the most valuable assets of a marketing driven firm are intangible assets such as a brand name, intellectual capital, and the expertise and knowledge of employees. The new breed of marketing leaders understand that it is important for employees to collaborate and be engaged and that leaders must be agents of change, creative, ethical, and global thinkers who can create learning organizations. The research reveals that organizations that are going to thrive in the knowledge economy are those that have marketing leaders who can build learning organizations, encourage diversity, and ensure employees are engaged in meaningful work.

Big Data And The Commoditization Of Analytics: Engaging First-Year Business Students With Analytics, Amir Hassan Zadeh, Shu Schiller, Kevin Duffy, Jonathan Williams

Management Information Systems Faculty Publications

The age of data analytics requires "data scientists” across a wide range of business disciplines with deep knowledge of how to manage and analyze vast amounts of data to support decision-making. As a result, new analytical tools are being taught in the Management Information Systems (MIS) or business analytics (BA) programs to foster students’ development of this critical competency. Three waves of analytics tools are considered froman experiential perspective including how to introduce analytics to first-year business students using an advanced data analytics software package with multiple techniques and data flow interface. SAS Enterprise Miner is used to teach technical …

Smart Box : The Shipping Container Of The Future, Abud Jamal Said

Award-winning Essays

Prize-winning paper for the 2018 Bureau Internationale des Containers (BIC) essay contest.

"With the increase in global trade, container traffic has increased tremendously in the last two decades. Global container movement has surpassed the 700 million mark (UNCTAD, 2018). This signals a definite milestone for the industry, but it poses a significant threat in terms of commercial viability, safety and security of container related operations. The past year has seen an increase in container related incidents onboard container vessels, ranging from fire, collisions and stability issues. From the complexity that arises thereafter, it is therefore imperative to look at how …

Assessing The Validity And Reliability Of Family Factors On Physical Activity: A Case Study In Turkey, Sharalyn Steenson, Hilal Ozcebe, Umut Arslan, Hande Konsuk Unlu, Ozgur M. Araz, Mahmut Yardim, Sarp Uner, Nazmi Bilir, Terry T.-K. Huang

Department of Supply Chain Management and Analytics: Faculty Publications

Background: Childhood obesity rates have been rising rapidly in developing countries. A better understanding of the risk factors and social context is necessary to inform public health interventions and policies. This paper describes the validation of several measurement scales for use in Turkey, which relate to child and parent perceptions of physical activity (PA) and enablers and barriers of physical activity in the home environment.

Method: The aim of this study was to assess the validity and reliability of several measurement scales in Turkey using a population sample across three socio-economic strata in the Turkish capital, Ankara. Surveys were conducted …

The Ambivalent Effect Of Complexity On Firm Performance: A Study In The Global Service Provider Industry, Marcus M. Larsen, Stephan Manning, Torben Pedersen

Management and Marketing Faculty Publication Series

Prior literature is ambivalent about whether organizational complexity has positive or negative effects on firm performance. Using rich data on global service providers, we explore this ambivalence by disentangling performance consequences of different types of organizational complexity. We show that complexity arising from the coordination of different services and operations negatively influences profit margins through increased coordination costs, whereas complexity coming from the sophistication of particular services may positively influence margins through informational advantages. We also investigate the moderating effects of process commoditization and client-specific investments. Our findings point to critical performance dilemmas facing global service providers in a highly …

Feasibility Of Warehouse Drone Adoption And Implementation, Edward Companik, Michael J. Gravier, M Theodore Farris Ii

Journal of Transportation Management

While aerial delivery drones capture headlines, the pace of adoption of drones in warehouses has shown the greatest acceleration. Warehousing constitutes 30% of the cost of logistics in the US. The rise of ecommerce, greater customer service demands of retail stores, and a shortage of skilled labor have intensified competition for efficient warehouse operations. This takes place during an era of shortening technology life cycles. This paper integrates several theoretical perspectives on technology diffusion and adoption to propose a framework to inform supply chain decision-makers on when to invest in new robotics technology.

Nothing Good Happens After Dark: The Influence Of Temporal Factors On Motor Carrier Crash Severity, Misty Moody, S Scott Nadler, Doug Voss

Journal of Transportation Management

Motor carrier safety is a topic of great importance for both industry and makers of public policy. Regulatory agencies, such as the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA), regularly publish data detailing the circumstances surrounding roadway accidents. FMCSA’s Large Truck and Bus Crash Facts (LTBCF) data demonstrate an increase in accidents during daylight hours and on weekdays. Roadway risks are ever-present but differ by time of day and day of the week. These differences may potentially engender crashes of different severities at different times. This study analyzes FMCSA LTBCF data to determine when crashes of different severities are more likely …

Safety Fitness Determinations: What Is Fmcsa Measuring?, Mark J. Andrews

Journal of Transportation Management

No abstract provided.

Differences In The Throughput Performance Of The Warehouse Depending On The Quality Of The Calculation Parameters, David Sourek

15th IMHRC Proceedings (Savannah, Georgia. USA – 2018)

This article explores the quality level of the parameters that are used to determine the throughput performance of the warehouse. In our model case, this is a rack warehouse where the storage and picking of goods is ensured by forklifts. All kind of goods are stored on pallets. The aim of our research is to assess to what extent the quality level (accuracy) of the description of warehouse processes influences the accuracy of the determination of the throughput performance of the warehouse. In the first part of the article, we defined the parameters and the ways in which different levels …

Notions Of Rough Neutrosophic Digraphs, Florentin Smarandache, Nabeela Ishfaq, Sidra Sayed, Muhammad Akram

Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications

Graph theory has numerous applications in various disciplines, including computer networks, neural networks, expert systems, cluster analysis, and image capturing. Rough neutrosophic set (NS) theory is a hybrid tool for handling uncertain information that exists in real life. In this research paper, we apply the concept of rough NS theory to graphs and present a new kind of graph structure, rough neutrosophic digraphs. We present certain operations, including lexicographic products, strong products, rejection and tensor products on rough neutrosophic digraphs. We investigate some of their properties. We also present an application of a rough neutrosophic digraph in decision-making.

Special Issue : Neutrosophic Multi-Criteria Decision Making, Florentin Smarandache, Jun Ye, Yan Hui Guo

Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications

The notion of a neutrosophic quadruple BCK/BCI-number is considered in the first article (“Neutrosophic Quadruple BCK/BCI-Algebras”, by Young Bae Jun, Seok-Zun Song, Florentin Smarandache, and Hashem Bordbar), and a neutrosophic quadruple BCK/BCI-algebra, which consists of neutrosophic quadruple BCK/BCI-numbers, is constructed. Several properties are investigated, and a (positive implicative) ideal in a neutrosophic quadruple BCK-algebra and a closed ideal in a neutrosophic quadruple BCI-algebra are studied. Given subsets A and B of a BCK/BCI-algebra, the set NQ(A,B), which consists of neutrosophic quadruple BCK/BCInumbers with a condition, is established. Conditions for the set NQ(A,B) to be a (positive implicative) ideal of a …

Operational Research: Multi-Period Stowage Policies Within A Multi-Zone Storage Framework., Joseph Loeffler

All Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Other Capstone Projects

This paper will be extending the single period stowage decision model presented by [Yuan, 2017] into a multi-period stowage decision model. The stowage decision determines how incoming items are distributed and stored across multiple storage zones. The amount of items that can be picked in any given storage zone is finite within a single time period. With this constraint, this research attempts to optimize how items are stored across many zones to meet uncertain demand requirements. A simulation study will be performed to compare the stowage policies given by [Yuan, 2017] to see how well they generalize to multi-period model. …

Evaluation Of Procurement Scenarios In One-Dimensional Cutting Stock Problem With A Random Demand Mix, Hüseyin Sarper, Nebojsa I. Jaksic

Electrical & Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

The one-dimensional cutting stock problem describes the problem of cutting standard length stock material into various specified sizes while minimizing the material wasted (the remnant or drop as manufacturing terms). This computationally complex optimization problem has many manufacturing applications. One-dimensional cutting stock problems arise in many domains such as metal, paper, textile, and wood. To solve it, the problem is formulated as an integer linear model first, and then solved using a common optimizer software. This paper revisits the stochastic version of the problem and proposes a priority-based goal programming approach. Monte Carlo simulation is used to simulate several likely …

Contribution Of Physical Internet Containers To Mitigate The Risk Of Cargo Theft, Yanyan Yang, Eric Ballot, Miguel Gaston Cedillo-Campos

15th IMHRC Proceedings (Savannah, Georgia. USA – 2018)

Different from current dedicated goods distribution solutions, the goods in the Physical Internet are encapsulated in modular dimensioned standard easy-to-interlock smart containers in an open interconnected logistic system. This paper aims to study the performance of the application of this cross-chain innovative packaging solution, especially its potential against cargo theft risks. To attain this, both qualitative and quantitative studies are carried out. With a scenario-based cost-justification model, different case studies are examined. Results suggest that through the modularity and standardization, the application of Physical Internet Containers will significantly improve the logistics performance and reduce cargo theft risks.

A Framework For Modeling Material Handling With Decentralized Control, Kai Furmans, Kevin R. Gue

15th IMHRC Proceedings (Savannah, Georgia. USA – 2018)

Despite decades of research in material handling, the academic community still has no accepted way of describing material handling requirements in a way that machines and algorithms can process them. Such a “way of describing” requires a language with which to describe requirements, objects, relationships between objects, and so on. We propose a modeling framework that differs from existing research in two ways: First, we address material handling modeling from the bottom up rather than from the top down, meaning we define a set of elementary functions and then combine them into processes and more complex relationships that allow us …

Pull-Driven Order Fulfillment In Distribution Centers, Dima Nazzal, Shankar Shanmugasundaram, Sung Kim, Russell D. Meller

15th IMHRC Proceedings (Savannah, Georgia. USA – 2018)

One of the challenges facing e-commerce fulfillment is the rigidity of the wave management system that often dictates a fixed batch size that must be processed before the next wave of orders is released. As a result, operation managers usually push multiple waves, which lead to accumulation at bottleneck resources, and poor synchronization at sortation engines. We demonstrate the power of operating an order fulfillment engine using the “pull” paradigm. We hypothesize that a pull-driven order fulfillment can meet the same throughput requirements achieved by the push-driven wave-based order fulfillment, but with higher speed, higher service levels, more level resource …

A Motion Capture System Framework For The Study Of Human Manufacturing Repetitive Motions, Francis Mendez, David Wierschem, Jesus Jimenez

15th IMHRC Proceedings (Savannah, Georgia. USA – 2018)

Our research proposes a framework to obtain and analyze real time data concerning the dynamic and natural motion of individuals in manufacturing-like processes that involve human labor. The framework that we propose consists of five main components: a tracking system, a system of sensors, a processor that collects time series data, data processing and discovery module, and an alert or reporting component. Using motion capture cameras, data is collected on a variety of human subjects performing simulated labor-intensive manufacturing operations. This data is analyzed for identification of actual and optimal activity motions. This project has significant potential impact for contribution …

Digital Design Of Intralogistics Systems: Flexible And Agile Solution To Short-Cyclic Fluctuations, Anike Murrenhoff, Christoph Pott, Moritz Wernecke, Philipp-Akira Burger

15th IMHRC Proceedings (Savannah, Georgia. USA – 2018)

In times of fast-paced, fluctuating and individual markets, intralogistics systems, such as warehouses, have to adapt to the resulting volatile performance demands dynamically. Hybrid systems, in which humans and machines work together efficiently and communicate in socio-technical networks, can be the answer to manage these high-frequency markets. Hybrid systems of the future need to adapt frequently and permanent change becomes the “new normal”. A one-time planning of warehousing systems upon first installation becomes obsolete. This results in the question of how to design and implement processes for future logistics systems in an agile way in order to exploit the flexibility …

Home Inventory Management And Last-Mile Logistics, Bhagyalakshmi V. Shrikrishna, Bharat Kulkarni, Michael G. Kay

15th IMHRC Proceedings (Savannah, Georgia. USA – 2018)

A study of the functioning of last-mile logistics in home inventory management is described. Different patterns of the household consumptions are studied and assumed in the interim. These consumption patterns then form the automatic grocery ordering system leading to what we would refer as a “home inventory management system.” In the futuristic world. This paper focuses on the impact of driverless delivery vehicles and drone delivery to satisfy the demand of the customers in a future scenario where orders are placed automatically by a home inventory management system.

Neutrosophic Linear Programming Problems, Florentin Smarandache, Abdel-Nasser Hussian, Mai Mohamed, Mohamed Abdel-Baset

Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications

Smarandache presented neutrosophic theory as a tool for handling undetermined information. Wang et al. introduced a single valued neutrosophic set that is a special neutrosophic sets and can be used expediently to deal with real-world problems, especially in decision support. In this paper, we propose linear programming problems based on neutrosophic environment. Neutrosophic sets are characterized by three independent parameters, namely truth-membership degree (T), indeterminacy-membership degree (I) and falsity-membership degree (F), which are more capable to handle imprecise parameters. We also transform the neutrosophic linear programming problem into a crisp programming model by using neutrosophic set parameters. To measure the …

การพัฒนาเส้นทางการคมนาคมทางน้ำสำหรับเรือลำเลียงมีเครื่องยนต์เพื่อเชื่อมอ่าวไทยกับทะเลอันดามัน, พีรดา ปิยะสกุลแก้ว

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

การวิจัยนี้เป็นผลการศึกษาในด้านระยะทาง ระยะเวลา ต้นทุนของการดำเนินงานของเรือ ความคิดเห็นและทัศนคติของผู้ให้บริการขนส่งทางทะเลด้วยเรือลำเลียงมีเครื่องยนต์ขนาดไม่เกิน 5,000 DWT และหน่วยงานของรัฐและองค์กรอิสระที่เกี่ยวข้องเพื่อเชื่อมอ่าวไทยกับทะเลอันดามัน โดยเส้นทางที่ทำการศึกษานี้ยกเส้นทางแนวคลองไทย 7A (ตอนบนของทะเลสาปสงขลา จ.พังงา – ตอนใต้ของ อ.กันตัง จ.ตรัง) เพื่อทำการศึกษาซึ่งเป็นเส้นทางที่ใช้ทะเลสาบสงขลาตอนบนเป็นแนวคลองธรรมชาติทาง และการศึกษานี้จะไม่กล่าวถึงการคำนวณต้นทุนในเชิงวิศวกรรม โดยผู้วิจัยตั้งสมติฐานว่ามีเส้นทางคมนาคมทางน้ำอยู่แล้วในทำการวิจัยในเชิงพาณิชย์ ซึ่งศึกษาจากเรือลำเลียงติดเครื่องยนต์ที่มีการให้บริการในปัจจุบันขนาดไม่เกิน 5,000 DWT ผู้วิจัยศึกษาโดยการสร้างแบบสอบถามและสัมภาษณ์เชิงลึกจากผู้เชี่ยวชาญ นักวิชาการและผู้ให้บริการขนส่งสินค้าทางทะเลถึงความคิดเห็นและข้อเสนอแนะ และสรุปถึงข้อเท็จจริงจากการสัมภาษณ์ ผลการศึกษาพบว่า (1) เส้นที่ทำการศึกษาเส้นทางนี้สามารถลดระยะทาง ระยะเวลาและต้นทุนการปฏิบัติงานของเรือได้เป็นอย่างมากและสามารถนำไปเป็นแนวทางในการกำหนดค่าภาระผ่านคลองที่เหมาะสม (2) ความคิดเห็นข้อเสนอแนะของผู้ให้บริการขนส่งทางทะเลด้วยเรือลำเลียงมีเครื่อยนต์ส่วนใหญ่ให้ความสำคัญในเรื่องการลดต้นทุนและการเพิ่มความถี่ในการเดินเรือ อีกทั้งมีความต้องการให้รัฐบาลสนับสนุนการขนส่งสินค้าทางทะเลทั้งเชิงนโยบาย สิทธิประโยชน์ทางด้านภาษี (3) ความคิดเห็นและข้อเสนอแนะจากภาครัฐและองค์กรอิสระที่เกี่ยวข้องบางส่วนไม่เห็นด้วยเนื่องจากมีข้อกังวลในด้านแนวโน้มของขนาดจเรือที่เพิ่มขึ้น อุปสงค์และอุปทานของเส้นทางการเดินเรือ อีกทั้งในด้านกฎหมายความมั่นคง และสิ่งแวดล้อมจากการมีการพัฒนาเส้นทางคมนาคมเส้นทางนี้

Tales From The Slot Floor: Casino Slot Managers In Their Own Words, David Schwartz

UNLV Gaming Press Books

Slot machines have been, since the 1970s, an integral element of the modern casino resort. From the early 1980s, they have garnered the bulk of gaming revenues in Nevada and in most American jurisdictions that have legalized casinos since then, they also produce the majority of gaming win. For that reason, they are an incredibly important part of any modern casino resort, and their management deserves documentation and investigation.

In 2016 and 2017, the University of Nevada, Las Vegas Center for Gaming Research, in cooperation with the Oral History Research Center, conducted an oral history project focusing on slot managers. …

Modernizing The Supply Chain Of Airbus By Integrating Rfid And Blockchain Processes, Michael D. Santonino Iii, Constantine M. Koursaris, Michael J. Williams

International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics, and Aerospace

Radio Frequency Identification, or RFID, has been gaining momentum within the aviation industry for improving efficiencies in the supply chain. RFID technology is not new, with many manufacturers outside of aviation being more responsive as early adopters to the technology. Currently, many of the full-scale implementation organizations from late adopters, have strategically integrated RFID technology into the manufacturing supply chain to tag parts and for airports/airlines to track baggage and passengers throughout their airport journey. Literature remains rather sparse in the implementation and success factors within the aviation supply chain as a number of businesses have kept much of the …

รูปแบบการขนส่งทางถนนที่เหมาะสมสำหรับการกระจายพัสดุสายพลาธิการของกองทัพอากาศ, ณัฐพร คำพวง

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

การศึกษาวิจัยนี้ มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อศึกษารูปแบบการขนส่งทางถนนสำหรับการกระจายพัสดุสายพลาธิการของกองทัพอากาศ และเพื่อเปรียบเทียบรูปแบบการขนส่งทางถนนระหว่าง การขนส่งแบบ Milk Run โดยผ่านทุก ๆ หน่วยในภูมิภาค, การขนส่งแบบ Milk Run โดยแบ่งเป็นหลายเส้นทางในแต่ละภูมิภาค, การขนส่งผ่านศูนย์กระจายพัสดุ และการขนส่งผ่านศูนย์กระจายพัสดุ ร่วมกับ Milk Run เพื่อหาแนวทางเลือกที่มีความเหมาะสมกับการกระจายพัสดุไปยังหน่วยในแต่ละภูมิภาค โดยใช้สถิติการขนส่งพัสดุปีงบประมาณ 2559-2560 นำโปรแกรมระบบสารสนเทศภูมิศาสตร์ (GIS) มาช่วยในวิเคราะห์การหาตำแหน่งที่เหมาะสม สำหรับใช้เป็นจุดกระจายพัสดุของแต่ละภูมิภาค รวมถึงนำการหาระยะทางขนส่งที่สั้นที่สุด (Optimal Solution) มาช่วยในการจัดเส้นทางการขนส่งพัสดุในรูปแบบ Milk Run ของแต่ละภูมิภาคอีกด้วย จากการศึกษาพบว่า รูปแบบการขนส่งผ่านศูนย์กระจายพัสดุ ร่วมกับ Milk Run ทำให้การขนส่งพัสดุในภาคเหนือมีต้นทุนต่ำที่สุด ซึ่งจะสามารถลดต้นทุนการขนส่งลงได้ 18.04 %, ภาคตะวันออกเฉียงเหนือ รูปแบบการขนส่งแบบ Milk Run โดยแบ่งเป็นหลายเส้นทางในภูมิภาค ทำให้การขนส่งพัสดุมีต้นทุนต่ำที่สุด ซึ่งสามารถลดต้นทุนการขนส่งลงได้ 2.04 %, ภาคใต้ รูปแบบการขนส่งผ่านศูนย์กระจายพัสดุ ทำให้การขนส่งพัสดุมีต้นทุนต่ำที่สุด สามารถลดต้นทุนการขนส่งลงได้ 27.79 % และภาคกลาง ภาคตะวันออก และภาคตะวันตก การขนส่งพัสดุในรูปแบบเดิม (Direct Shipment) มีต้นทุนการขนส่งถูกที่สุด