Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
Business Administration, Management, and Operations Commons™
Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Social and Behavioral Sciences (253)
- Education (180)
- Accounting (144)
- Operations and Supply Chain Management (125)
- Economics (123)
-
- Public Affairs, Public Policy and Public Administration (116)
- Educational Leadership (100)
- Higher Education (100)
- Finance (86)
- Public Administration (85)
- Human Resources Management (80)
- Organizational Behavior and Theory (71)
- Entrepreneurial and Small Business Operations (65)
- Finance and Financial Management (52)
- Technology and Innovation (52)
- Business Analytics (51)
- Business and Corporate Communications (51)
- Marketing (49)
- Management Information Systems (44)
- Engineering (38)
- Medicine and Health Sciences (36)
- Business Law, Public Responsibility, and Ethics (34)
- Educational Administration and Supervision (34)
- Corporate Finance (31)
- Law (30)
- Management Sciences and Quantitative Methods (30)
- International Business (29)
- Library and Information Science (29)
- Institution
-
- Morehead State University (94)
- Al-Muthanna University (80)
- Association of Arab Universities (32)
- Walden University (32)
- University of Arkansas, Fayetteville (31)
-
- University of South Florida (29)
- San Jose State University (27)
- Universitas Indonesia (25)
- Edith Cowan University (21)
- Singapore Management University (20)
- Old Dominion University (17)
- American Dental Association (15)
- University of South Carolina (14)
- Boise State University (12)
- Technological University Dublin (12)
- University of Texas Rio Grande Valley (11)
- City University of New York (CUNY) (10)
- Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University (10)
- Sacred Heart University (10)
- Illinois State University (9)
- Texas Southern University (9)
- Trinity University (9)
- Western Kentucky University (9)
- Purdue University (8)
- University of Nebraska - Lincoln (8)
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas (8)
- Brigham Young University (7)
- California State University, San Bernardino (7)
- Marshall University (7)
- University of Denver (7)
- Keyword
-
- COVID-19 (29)
- Business (18)
- Leadership (16)
- Management (14)
- Pandemic (11)
-
- Sustainability (10)
- Corporate governance (9)
- Entrepreneurship (9)
- Performance (9)
- Technology (8)
- Covid-19 (7)
- Innovation (7)
- Strategy (7)
- China (6)
- Gender (6)
- Indiana State University Board of Trustee Meeting Minutes (6)
- Marketing (6)
- Analysis (5)
- Board of directors (5)
- Daniels College of Business (5)
- Ethics (5)
- Experiential learning (5)
- Motivation (5)
- Perceptions (5)
- Rbi-relevant (5)
- SMEs (5)
- Supply chain (5)
- Training (5)
- Well-being (5)
- Career development (4)
- Publication
-
- Faculty Senate Records (80)
- Muthanna Journal of Administrative and Economics Sciences (80)
- Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal) (25)
- Dissertations (24)
- Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies (23)
-
- Research outputs 2014 to 2021 (21)
- Theses and Dissertations (21)
- Journal of Al-Azhar University – Gaza (Humanities) (19)
- USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations (17)
- Dissertations and Theses Collection (Open Access) (16)
- Jurnal Administrasi Bisnis Terapan (15)
- Management Faculty Publications (15)
- The Journal of the Michigan Dental Association (13)
- Faculty Publications (12)
- Electronic Theses and Dissertations (10)
- Graduate Theses and Dissertations (10)
- Doctoral Dissertations (DBA) (9)
- International Journal for Business Education (9)
- Jerash for Research and Studies Journal مجلة جرش للبحوث والدراسات (9)
- Management Faculty Publications and Presentations (9)
- Morehead State Board of Regents Agenda Books and Meeting Minutes (9)
- School of Business Faculty Research (9)
- Southwestern Business Administration Journal (9)
- International Journal of Applied Management and Technology (8)
- Jurnal Vokasi Indonesia (8)
- Open Educational Resources (8)
- International Conference on Lean Six Sigma (7)
- Student Works (2020-2029) (7)
- University of South Florida (USF) M3 Publishing (7)
- Board of Trustees (6)
- Publication Type
- File Type
Articles 211 - 240 of 841
Full-Text Articles in Business Administration, Management, and Operations
2021-09-16 Faculty Senate Meeting Minutes, Morehead State University. Faculty Senate.
2021-09-16 Faculty Senate Meeting Minutes, Morehead State University. Faculty Senate.
Faculty Senate Records
Faculty Senate meeting minutes from September 16, 2021.
2021-09-16 Faculty Senate Newsletter, Morehead State University. Faculty Senate.
2021-09-16 Faculty Senate Newsletter, Morehead State University. Faculty Senate.
Faculty Senate Records
Faculty Senate newsletter from September 16, 2021.
In Response To Blaockade Crises: The Case Of Qatar's Ministry Of Commerce And Industry In Managing The Food Sector During The Blockade Crisis, Ali Mistarihi
Al Jinan الجنان
This study attempted to answer the question of how well the Qatari Ministry of Commerce and Industry (MOCI) managed the blockade crisis in the food sector, reaching the “recovery” stage, and how it could turn the threat resulting from the crisis into an opportunity for food self-sufficiency and sustainable development. The study is informed by the constructivist theoretical paradigm, with exploratory, descriptive and analytical approaches. Data was collected from the extant literature and published or archived data on electronic media, and was analyzed using content analysis. The study has found that the ministry was able to overcome the food crisis …
How To Create A Pivot Table And A Histogram, Harini Mittal
How To Create A Pivot Table And A Histogram, Harini Mittal
Open Educational Resources
This file gives instructions on how to create a pivot chart and histogram using excel sheet. The instructions have been adapted from the following textbook, but supplemented with screen shots for better understanding.
Anderson, Sweeney, Williams, Camm, Cochran, Fry and Ohlmann. Essentials of Statistics for Business & Economics, 9th Edition
How To Construct A Pie Chart, Harini Mittal
How To Construct A Pie Chart, Harini Mittal
Open Educational Resources
This file provides step-by-step instructions on constructing a pie-chart using excel.
Managing Reputation, Sustainability, And Self Interest: The Case Of Ceo Remuneration In The United States And The Importance Of Being Earnest, Ernest H. Hall Jr., Jooh Lee
Managing Reputation, Sustainability, And Self Interest: The Case Of Ceo Remuneration In The United States And The Importance Of Being Earnest, Ernest H. Hall Jr., Jooh Lee
Rohrer College of Business Departmental Research
Executive compensation has long been a lightning rod of interest in the popular press and frequently makes the headlines . It seems that everyone has an opinion on the subject, with most demanding an end to inflated compensation packages . Depending on whether you are a member of the C suite or not will likely skew your opinion on the matter. Given that the CEO is the most visible manifestation of the company to the outside world it is common to fixate on the way in which they are being compensated. However, after all of the research that has been …
How To Construct A Bar Chart, Harini Mittal
How To Construct A Bar Chart, Harini Mittal
Open Educational Resources
This file gives step-by-step instructions to construct a bar chart in excel.
How To Construct A Frequency Distribution For Non-Numeric Data, Harini Mittal
How To Construct A Frequency Distribution For Non-Numeric Data, Harini Mittal
Open Educational Resources
This is a step-by-step instruction file with screenshots to help anyone construct a frequency distribution table with non-numeric data.
Simulation-Based Scenario Mapping Model To Investigate Post-Brexit Implications On The Irish Beef Export Sector: A Case Study, Amr Mahfouz, Rishi Choudhary
Simulation-Based Scenario Mapping Model To Investigate Post-Brexit Implications On The Irish Beef Export Sector: A Case Study, Amr Mahfouz, Rishi Choudhary
Conference papers
Purpose Brexit introduced a range of new tariffs and non-tariff barriers that will significantly disrupt Irish beef exports, particularly to the UK market. Firms should be able to accurately anticipate the adverse effects of Brexit trade barriers on the flow of their products and change their practices accordingly. This research introduces a scenario planning solution based on a process simulation technology to investigate the implication of Brexit risks on Irish beef export performance. Scenarios implications on the transportation time and shelf-life of Irish meat exports to the UK market are investigated.
Research Approach An agent-based and discrete event simulation model …
In The Eye Of The Beholder: Challenge And Hindrance Appraisals Of Work Characteristics And Their Implications For Employee’S Well-Being, Peikai Li, Maria C. W. Peeters, Toon W. Taris, Yejun Zhang
In The Eye Of The Beholder: Challenge And Hindrance Appraisals Of Work Characteristics And Their Implications For Employee’S Well-Being, Peikai Li, Maria C. W. Peeters, Toon W. Taris, Yejun Zhang
Management Faculty Publications
Previous research on the association between job characteristics and employee well-being has returned mixed results. In particular, the possible impact of individual appraisal of these job characteristics has not been well-acknowledged. To address this limitation, we drew on appraisal theory and examined: (a) how workers appraise particular job characteristics, and (b) how these appraisals affect the relationships between these job characteristics and well-being (i.e., work engagement and burnout). We tested our hypotheses across two studies. In a cross-occupation sample (Study 1, n = 514), we found that job demands and resources can be appraised as both challenges and hindrances. In …
Determining The Factors Influencing Cloud Computing Implementation In Library Management System (Lms): A High Order Pls-Ann Approach, Manish Dadhich, Shalendra Singh Rao, Surendra Sethy, Renu Sharma
Determining The Factors Influencing Cloud Computing Implementation In Library Management System (Lms): A High Order Pls-Ann Approach, Manish Dadhich, Shalendra Singh Rao, Surendra Sethy, Renu Sharma
Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)
The principal component of this paper is to ascertain the prominent variables of technological, organizational, environmental, and financial constructs that influence library cloud computing (LCC) among the library users and professionals in the selected universities of India. This paper discusses the advantages, opportunities, challenges, and Models of Smart Library in the ICT age library management system. The study also commissioned tools viz. EFA, CFA, and structural equation assess the degree to which selected factors were associated with LCC adoption. Empirical research proposed four hypotheses by selecting the technological, organizational, environmental, and financial constructs and 16 manifests in the specified model. …
Counting Monopoly Money Twice: Resale Discounting In Consumer-To-Consumer Exchange, Catherine A. Armstrong Soule, Sara Hanson
Counting Monopoly Money Twice: Resale Discounting In Consumer-To-Consumer Exchange, Catherine A. Armstrong Soule, Sara Hanson
Marketing Faculty Publications
Consumer-to-consumer (C2C) secondhand exchange activity has exploded due to increased user connectivity stemming from widespread digital platform development and adoption. This research focuses on the effects of participation in secondhand exchange collectives on price perceptions. In three studies, the authors find that participation in secondhand exchange leads to price perception changes at various stages of the buying and reselling process, including traditional retail purchase decisions via resale discounting, a novel decision making bias. This research demonstrates that secondhand markets can cause individuals who are considering a purchase to (1) view firsthand prices as more reasonable and (2) increase purchase likelihood …
2021-09-02 Faculty Senate Meeting Minutes, Morehead State University. Faculty Senate.
2021-09-02 Faculty Senate Meeting Minutes, Morehead State University. Faculty Senate.
Faculty Senate Records
Faculty Senate meeting minutes from September 2, 2021.
2021-09-02 Faculty Senate Newsletter, Morehead State University. Faculty Senate.
2021-09-02 Faculty Senate Newsletter, Morehead State University. Faculty Senate.
Faculty Senate Records
Faculty Senate newsletter from September 2, 2021.
Case Study: Member Perception Of A Federal Organization’S Employee Recognition Program, David A. Dietz
Case Study: Member Perception Of A Federal Organization’S Employee Recognition Program, David A. Dietz
All Theses And Dissertations
The purpose of this qualitative instrumental study was to clarify the purpose of Agency ABC’s Recognition Council, while identifying opportunities for staff recognition and appreciation to be optimized within Agency ABC to assist in creating and sustaining employee engagement. This purpose is in direct correlation to the study’s problem, to fill in research gaps due to a lack of existing documentation, best practices and research regarding federal recognition programs. Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory was the conceptual framework that the researcher applied to this study. The researcher performed semi-structured, one-on-one interviews with five former members of Agency ABC’s Recognition Council members. Interview …
Data Analytics (Ab)Use In Healthcare Fraud Audits, Jared Koreff, M. Weisner, S. G. Sutton
Data Analytics (Ab)Use In Healthcare Fraud Audits, Jared Koreff, M. Weisner, S. G. Sutton
School of Business Faculty Research
This study explores how government-adopted audit data analytic tools promote the abuse of power by auditors enabling politically sensitive processes that encourage industry-wide normalization of behavior. In an audit setting, we investigate how a governmental organization enables algorithmic decision-making to alter power relationships to effect organizational and industry-wide change. While prior research has identified discriminatory threats emanating from the deployment of algorithmic decision-making, the effects of algorithmic decision-making on inherently imbalanced power relationships have received scant attention. Our results provide empirical evidence of how systemic and episodic power relationships strengthen each other, thereby enabling the governmental organization to effect social …
The Effect Of Destructive Leadership On Self-Efficacy And Counterproductive Work Behaviors: A Research On Service Sector Employees In Mersin, Turkey, Murat Aydinay, Aysehan Cakici, A. Celil Cakici
The Effect Of Destructive Leadership On Self-Efficacy And Counterproductive Work Behaviors: A Research On Service Sector Employees In Mersin, Turkey, Murat Aydinay, Aysehan Cakici, A. Celil Cakici
Journal of Global Business Insights
The aim of this study was to find out the effect of destructive leadership on employees’ self-efficacy and counterproductive work behaviors. The data was collected from a convenience sample of 486 service sector employees in Mersin, Turkey. Descriptive statistics, explanatory factor analysis, and regression analysis were conducted to analyze the data. The results showed that lack of competence in leadership, excessive authoritarianism, and favoritism dimensions increased the organization-oriented counterproductive work behaviors while resistance to technology and change dimension decreased these behaviors. In contrast, insensitivity to subordinates had no effect on counterproductive work behaviors. Furthermore, destructive leadership had no effect on …
Corporate Social Responsibility And Financial Performance: Does Board Diversity Matter?, Ozgur Ozdemir, Murat Kizildag, Tarik Dogru, Ilhan Demirer
Corporate Social Responsibility And Financial Performance: Does Board Diversity Matter?, Ozgur Ozdemir, Murat Kizildag, Tarik Dogru, Ilhan Demirer
Journal of Global Business Insights
In this study, the moderating effect of board diversity on the complex relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance and financial performance is examined. The resource-based view of the firm and stakeholder theory are used as the theoretical foundation of the study. The hypotheses of the study are tested via fixed-effects regression using data for a sample of 1,234 firms and 5,102 firm-year observations for the period 2009–2013. The study finds evidence that CSR performance and financial performance are positively related, and the magnitude of this relationship is contingent on the level of board diversity. As corporate boardrooms become more …
The Role Of Perceived Social Support In The Theory Of Planned Behavior In Predicting Entrepreneurial Intention: Evidence From A Nigerian University, Yazeed Muhammed, Mohammed A. Dantsoho, Adamu A. Abubakar
The Role Of Perceived Social Support In The Theory Of Planned Behavior In Predicting Entrepreneurial Intention: Evidence From A Nigerian University, Yazeed Muhammed, Mohammed A. Dantsoho, Adamu A. Abubakar
Journal of Global Business Insights
Despite the usefulness of the theory of planned behavior in predicting intention and behavior in different domains, the sufficiency of its use in predicting and determining intention has been debated by many scholars. This paper extended the theory of planned behavior by including social support as a possible determinant of intention in the entrepreneurship domain while looking at one of the largest universities in Nigeria. Data were collected from 432 final year students of Ahmadu Bello University in Zaria using a simple random sampling technique. Structural equation modeling was adopted using partial least square technique for data analysis. Perceived social …
J Mich Dent Assoc September 2021
J Mich Dent Assoc September 2021
The Journal of the Michigan Dental Association
Every month, The Journal of the Michigan Dental Association brings news, information, and features about Michigan dentistry to our state's oral health community and the MDA's 6,200+ members. No publication reaches more Michigan dentists!
In this issue, the reader will find the following original content:
- A cover story with “Reports from the Dental School Deans”, Dr. Mert Aksu and Dr. Laurie McCauley.
- A feature article from the Journal’s DEI series, “Building a Culturally Competent Practice”.
- A feature article, “Disability Insurance: 10 Things You Need to Know”.
- News you need, Editorial and regular department articles on MDA Foundation activities, Dentistry and …
Path To Global Inflence:Conditions For Chinese Film Industry To Succeed, Dong Yu
Path To Global Inflence:Conditions For Chinese Film Industry To Succeed, Dong Yu
Dissertations and Theses Collection (Open Access)
The world has undergone tectonic transformations since the onset of the coronavirus pandemic. Inevitably, the pandemic created the perfect conditions for the acceleration of digitization and new infrastructural technologies aimed to increase the speed and availability of content. In China, the pandemic forced
major releases to be streamed via online platforms and drastically altered consumer’s perception of the quality of digital content. Most importantly, digital streaming has shown huge capitalization potential, aided by the spread of 5G technologies, as those who embraced online platforms thrived in the midst
of the global pandemic. During the course of this dissertation, the Chinese …
Leadership Challenges Facing The Uae Academic Libraries During Covid-19: A Dyadic Perspective, Sophia Johnson, Rajasekhara Potluri
Leadership Challenges Facing The Uae Academic Libraries During Covid-19: A Dyadic Perspective, Sophia Johnson, Rajasekhara Potluri
Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)
Purpose – The purpose of the research is to explore library patrons' and leaders' perspectives regarding the key challenges facing during COVID-19 and issues to be addressed in managing libraries in the UAE.
Design/methodology/approach– The researchers collected 300 patrons' and 50 library leaders' opinions by administering two types of questionnaires that tested its reliability and validity by implementing Cronbach Alpha and Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) tests. The collected data were analyzed using the R language in R Studio Software. The selected hypotheses were tested by employing the Kruskal-Wallis (K-W) hypotheses technique.
Findings – The researchers identified innumerable challenges the library leaders …
Multi-Stage Stochastic Optimization And Reinforcement Learning For Forestry Epidemic And Covid-19 Control Planning, Sabah Bushaj
Multi-Stage Stochastic Optimization And Reinforcement Learning For Forestry Epidemic And Covid-19 Control Planning, Sabah Bushaj
Dissertations
This dissertation focuses on developing new modeling and solution approaches based on multi-stage stochastic programming and reinforcement learning for tackling biological invasions in forests and human populations. Emerald Ash Borer (EAB) is the nemesis of ash trees. This research introduces a multi-stage stochastic mixed-integer programming model to assist forest agencies in managing emerald ash borer insects throughout the U.S. and maximize the public benets of preserving healthy ash trees. This work is then extended to present the first risk-averse multi-stage stochastic mixed-integer program in the invasive species management literature to account for extreme events. Significant computational achievements are obtained using …
Essays On Health Care Quality: Timeliness, Equity, And Efficiency, Abubakar-Sadiq Bouda Abdulai
Essays On Health Care Quality: Timeliness, Equity, And Efficiency, Abubakar-Sadiq Bouda Abdulai
Dissertations
According to the National Academy of Medicine (NAM) (formerly called the Institute of Medicine), a quality health care system embodies six attributes: timeliness, equity, safety, efficiency, effectiveness, and patient-centeredness. Timeliness is to avoid unnecessary delays in care delivery for patients and caregivers; equity is to ensure that the quality of care that patients receive does not vary based on their personal characteristics; safety is to ensure that the care that is intended to help patients does not harm them; efficiency is to avoid waste and optimize resource allocation to improve care delivery; effective care is one that relies on sound …
Constructive Solution Methodologies To The Capacitated Newsvendor Problem And Surrogate Extension, Pinyuan Shan
Constructive Solution Methodologies To The Capacitated Newsvendor Problem And Surrogate Extension, Pinyuan Shan
Dissertations
The newsvendor problem is a single-period stochastic model used to determine the order quantity of perishable product that maximizes/minimizes the profit/cost of the vendor under uncertain demand. The goal is to fmd an initial order quantity that can offset the impact of backlog or shortage caused by mismatch between the procurement amount and uncertain demand. If there are multiple products and substitution between them is feasible, overstocking and understocking can be further reduced and hence, the vendor's overall profit is improved compared to the standard problem. When there are one or more resource constraints, such as budget, volume or weight, …
Sustainability Reporting On Dublin Airport: A Case Study, Laura Zizka, Doreen Mcgunagle, Patti Clark
Sustainability Reporting On Dublin Airport: A Case Study, Laura Zizka, Doreen Mcgunagle, Patti Clark
Publications
The purpose of the study is to examine the quantity and quality of Sustainability Reporting (SR) by Dublin Airport in a case study on Dublin Airport in Ireland. It uses content analysis to examine the use of the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) and the UN’s SDG categories. The study considers stakeholder theory in sustainability reporting studies. The study finds a pattern of disclosures in all three areas of sustainability – economic, environmental and social.
B Corps’ Social Media Communications During The Covid-19 Pandemic: Through The Lens Of The Triple Bottom Line, Manveer Mann, Sang-Eun Byun, Whitney Ginder
B Corps’ Social Media Communications During The Covid-19 Pandemic: Through The Lens Of The Triple Bottom Line, Manveer Mann, Sang-Eun Byun, Whitney Ginder
Department of Marketing Faculty Scholarship and Creative Works
The COVID-19 pandemic and rising demand for transparency has heightened the importance of sustainability communications on social media to generate deeper stakeholder engagement. Although B Corporations (B Corps), businesses committed to the triple bottom line (TBL), could serve as a catalyst for sustainable development, little is known about how they communicate on social media during a crisis. Therefore, we examined social media communications of B Corps to (1) identify salient topics and themes, (2) analyze how these themes align with the TBL, and (3) evaluate social media performance against industry benchmarks. We focused on the apparel, footwear, and accessories (AFA) …
The Impact Of Adaptive Learning In Principles Of Microeconomics, Doris S. Bennett, Cynthia S. Mccarty, Michael S. Carter
The Impact Of Adaptive Learning In Principles Of Microeconomics, Doris S. Bennett, Cynthia S. Mccarty, Michael S. Carter
Southwestern Business Administration Journal
Abstract
The spread of Covid-19, which forced almost all learning to move to online in March, 2020, abruptly increased the number of undergraduates taking at least one online course by approximately 177% between the fall of 2019 and the spring of 2020 (Koksal, 2020; Carey, 2020; National Center for Education Statistics, 2020). Even without the Covid-19 disruption, online education has become increasing prevalent due to the decreasing allocation of resources to higher education and the pressure on college administrators to make a college education effective, affordable, and accessible for more students. Originally online instruction differed from in-class instruction only be …
Teaching, Learning And Academic Integrity During The Pandemic, William Saunders, Carlton Perkins
Teaching, Learning And Academic Integrity During The Pandemic, William Saunders, Carlton Perkins
Southwestern Business Administration Journal
Abstract
The COVID 19 pandemic is responsible for instructional delivery changes in the higher education environment. The forced closing of many traditional classrooms, and teaching virtually, is taking the transfer of knowledge to students into a different realm. Adjustments must be made by students and professors alike to ensure that students continue to learn. However, as institutions transition away from the face to face classroom setting to the virtual platform, opportunities for cheating increases and changes to teaching and assessment should be implemented. Included among the innovations and adjustments must be testing and assessment methods that will hopefully guarantee learning …
Embedding Sustainability Literacy In Business School Curricula Through Reflective Pedagogy: An Exploratory Study Of Student Reflections Of The Sulitest, Ciara Nolan Dr, Cormac H. Macmahon, Olivia Freeman, Alacoque Mcalpine, Lucia Walsh, Deirdre Duffy Dr
Embedding Sustainability Literacy In Business School Curricula Through Reflective Pedagogy: An Exploratory Study Of Student Reflections Of The Sulitest, Ciara Nolan Dr, Cormac H. Macmahon, Olivia Freeman, Alacoque Mcalpine, Lucia Walsh, Deirdre Duffy Dr
Conference papers
Purpose
Sustainability has emerged as a megatrend affecting all aspects of management practice. SDG 4.7 has mandated business schools to provide education for responsible leadership and to integrate sustainability principles in their curricula. Faculty are challenged to mainstream sustainability through engaging pedagogy that inspires and offers concrete tools. Yet, pedagogy has been viewed as a key challenge to embedding sustainability in management education.
Design / Methodology / Approach
We highlight the role of reflection in promoting the enhancement of sustainability literacy in business school curricula, supporting our proposition that management education for sustainability must have a reflective dimension that engages …