Business Administration, Management, and Operations Commons^™

Leadership Styles, Self-Efficacy, And Innovative Work Behaviour Of Software Developers, Win Moe Moe Kyaw, Aye Thanda Soe

The South East Asian Journal of Management

Research Aims: The primary aims of this study involve examining the effect of leadership styles on self-efficacy and the effect of self-efficacy on innovative work behaviour.

Design/Methodology/Approach: Quantitative research was conducted by collecting data from 242 randomly selected software developers in four software development companies in Yangon using structured questionnaires. Regression analysis was used to attain the research objectives.

Research Findings: The results showed that transactional and ambidextrous leadership styles have a significant effect on increasing the self-efficacy of software developers. This study also revealed that self-efficacy is an antecedent of the innovative work behaviour of software developers.

Theoretical Contribution/Originality: …

Relationships Among Crisis Leadership, Innovation Capability, Implementation Of Business Continuity Management, And Sustainable Performance In The Covid-19 Pandemic, Daniel Kurniawan, Damelina Tambunan, Grace Citra Dewi

The South East Asian Journal of Management

Research Aims: This study explores the dynamics between crisis leadership (CLE) and sustainable performance (SP) during the COVID-19 pandemic, investigating the mediating roles of innovation capability (IC) and business continuity management (BCM).

Design/Methodology/Approach: Utilising questionnaires from 209 respondents and employing quantitative approaches, this research examines the connections between CLE, IC, BCM, and SP, employing PLS-SEM for analysis.

Research Findings: CLE significantly influences both IC and BCM, while IC positively impacts SP. This study also highlights the moderating roles of IC and BCM in enhancing organisational resilience.

Theoretical Contribution/Originality: The study unveils the substantial influence of CLE on IC and BCM, …

Strategi Penegakan Disiplin Anggota Polri Di Satuan Kerja Yanma Polda Metro Jaya, Anang Sunardi

Jurnal Administrasi Bisnis Terapan

Enforcement of discipline in police agencies is a very important aspect in maintaining the professionalism, ethics and integrity of Police members, strong and effective discipline is the foundation of the success of police agencies in carrying out their duties. The duties of members of the National Police who are directly related to the community allow abuse of authority and violation of discipline. Discipline of police officers is required in carrying out their duties and responsibilities. Discipline of Police members will be reflected in attitudes, behavior, actions, and speech. However, enforcement of the current disciplinary regulations of the National Police is …

Pengaruh Talent Management Dan Servant Leadership Terhadap Kinerja Asn Kantor Pusat Bpk Ri, Nurwinten Panggabean

Jurnal Administrasi Bisnis Terapan

This study aims to determine and analyze the influence of talent management and servant leadership on ASN performance both partially and collectively. The research method used is descriptive and verification. The research was conducted at 95 ASNs at the BPK RI Head Office. Sampling was carried out using simple random sampling technique. The data analysis technique used is multiple regression analysis. The findings of this study are that partially or jointly talent management and servant leadership affect ASN performance. Furthermore, a determinant value is obtained worth 0.956, this gives the meaning that talent management and servant leadership are able to …

Pengaruh Digital Marketing Dan Brand Image Terhadap Keputusan Pembelian Konsumen E-Commerce Shopee Di Kota Cilegon, Dini Fajar Lestari, Jihan Nur Azizah

Jurnal Administrasi Bisnis Terapan

This research aims to determine the influence of digital marketing and brand image on purchasing decisions of Shopee e-commerce consumers in Cilegon City. This type of research is quantitative with a sample size of 100 respondents. The data collection technique used was a questionnaire. The data analysis method in this research is multiple linear regression analysis using SPSS software. The research results show that the digital marketing variable has a significant effect on purchasing decisions with a t-count value of 2.613 > t-table 1.985, and a significance value of 0.010 < 0.05. The brand image variable does not have a significant effect on purchasing decisions with a t-value of 0.794 < t-table 1.985, and a significance value of 0.429 > 0.05. Furthermore, digital marketing and brand image simultaneously influence purchasing decisions …

Analisis Pengaruh Kebijakan Fiskal Dan Moneter Terhadap Tingkat Pengembalian Saham Indonesia Tahun 2015-2019, Annisa Ramadhanti, Muthia Pramesti

Jurnal Administrasi Bisnis Terapan

This study aims to analyze the effect of fiscal and monetary policies projected by variables of state revenue income, government spending, inflation rates, and interest rates on the projected rate of return on stocks in Indonesia through returns or returns on the JCI. The data used is secondary data taken from various source in the form of monthly data from 2015 to 2019. The analytical method used in this study is multiple regression analysis to see the effect of all the independent variables on the dependent variable. The results of the study show that the variables of fiscal policy in …

The Evaluation Of Successful Implementation Of Human Resource Information In Private Organization, Sancoko Sancoko, Armeyta Widya Oryza, Niko Grataridarga

Jurnal Administrasi Bisnis Terapan

This study intend to evaluate the use of the Human Resources Information System (HRIS) in private organization. User satisfaction is one of the conditions for the successful implementation of information systems. To evaluate this system information, the author uses the conceptual Delone and Mclean information system success model(ISSM). This study employs a quantitative methodology and a survey method. The research sample consists of employees in private organizations engaged in software engineering. To analyze, SPSS is employed by the author in two stages: first validity-reliability examination, second multiple regression tests. The result demonstrated that quality system has a significant affect on …

Pull Strategy Marketing Public Relations Pt Gramedia Asri Media Dalam Menarik Perhatian Publik Terhadap Produk, Safrina Nur Samsiah, Meutia Nada Zahrany, Fathiya Amajida, Susie Perbawasari, Renata Anisa

Jurnal Administrasi Bisnis Terapan

A company or organization requires the use of Marketing Public Relations to stimulate sales. Marketing Public Relations is designed to stimulate purchases and provide satisfaction to consumers through the communication of reliable product or service information and through impressions that relate the company and its products according to consumers' needs, wants, concerns, and interests. The purpose of this study is to obtain an overview of the implementation of the Marketing Public Relations strategy to attract public attention to product excellence. This research methodology uses a qualitative descriptiveresearch method. The data collection method used was interviews with the company's Sales Superintendent, …

Pendekatan Design Science: Metode Penelitian Alternatif Bagi Mahasiswa Magister Manajemen, Mone Stepanus

Jurnal Manajemen dan Usahawan Indonesia

The obligation of graduate students, including Master of Management (MM) students, to publish in academic journal need to be approached wisely. Thus far, research conducted by MM students for their theses has been perceived as lacking practical contribution. This issue is also felt in business and management research in general. However, MM students are expected, in fact, to become profesionals who can offer solution to real problems faced by their organizations. The design science method could be an alternative for MM students to conduct research that is both close to practical application and still offers theoretical contribution.

This article aims …

Pengaruh Soft Total Quality Management Terhadap Kinerja Ukm Di Dki Jakarta: Pendekatan Balanced Scorecard, Aufa Yarzqi Zihni, Helman Arif

Jurnal Manajemen dan Usahawan Indonesia

This study aims to analyse the effect of Soft Total Quality Management (Soft TQM) on SME performance in Jakarta, both from financial and non-financial perspectives. We used a balanced scorecard (BSC) approach and collected 135 datasets through online surveys to the business owners/manager. Data analysis was carried out by Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) method. The results of the data analysis showed that soft TQM has a negative and not significant effect on SMEs financial perspective, however there is a positive and significant effect on SMEs non-financial perspective. This study also discovered that innovation and leaning perspective mediates the impact of …

Smart Tourism Using Cryptocurrency Based On Fuzzy Logic, Yulius Eka Agung Seputra

Journal of Indonesian Tourism and Policy Studies

Smart tourism is a rapidly emerging field that combines innovative technologies and tourism practices to enhance the overall travel experience. This journal article investigates the integration of cryptocurrency based on fuzzy logic in the context of smart tourism. The study aims to explore the potential benefits and challenges associated with using cryptocurrency as a payment method and decision-making tool in the tourism industry.

By applying fuzzy logic principles, this research examines how cryptocurrency can enhance transaction security, improve financial transparency, and facilitate personalized travel recommendations. The study analyzes the implications of incorporating cryptocurrency based on fuzzy logic in smart tourism, …

Budgeting And Cataloging Enhancement For Small And Medium-Sized Enterprises Towards Sustainable Development Goals, Velicia Faustine Halim, Hasnul Suhaimi

Journal of Environmental Science and Sustainable Development

This paper describes a business coaching activity for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in chemical and waste management industries. Based on the analysis results, there was a lack of budgeting practice and suboptimal catalog marketing that comprised the majority of existing problems in SMEs. This research aims to assist the SME in improving its budgeting practice and product catalog. The method used is a qualitative method based on a business coaching approach. The research instruments adopted included in-depth individual interviews (IDI). The collected data was then processed and analyzed, starting with generating the SME's business process and service blueprint, followed …

Analisis Aktivitas Marketing Public Relations Untuk Meningkatkan Citra Merek (Studi Kasus Pada Pt Rata), Mifthah Ghufrani, Margareta Manalu

Jurnal Administrasi Bisnis Terapan

The trend of installing braces as an accessory is of course influenced by many things, with the main goal being to tidy up the teeth and gums. PT Rupa Aestetika Teknologi Aktual (RATA) has been one of the players in the dental and beauty industry since 2019. By using the clear aligner method, RATA has become a dental brand that aligns teeth without braces. In compiling and implementing a marketing work program, RATA implements a marketing public relations strategy. The purpose of this study is to analyze marketing public relations activities and get an overview of the activities implemented to …

Penerapan Program Employee Engagement Untuk Meningkatkan Motivasi Kerja Karyawan Pada Pt Abc, Shavina Ramadhani, Istiadi Soenarto

Jurnal Administrasi Bisnis Terapan

This study contains an explanation of the tasks of the human resources division in implementing the employee engagement program at PT ABC, and there are several obstacles and solutions in implementing the program, as well as shortcomings in implementing the employee engagement program at PT ABC. The purpose is to explain the implementation of employee engagement programs at PT ABC. Qualitative methods carry out this writing through observations, interview techniques, and documentation. Based on the results, the Human Resources Division implemented the program because it positively impacted the company. Implementing one of the employee engagement programs carried out through …

Analisis Kepatuhan Divisi Underwriting Pt Xyz Kepada Service Level Agreement Penutupan Asuransi Produk Managed Care 2020 - 2022, Nurul Zahra, Karin Amelia Safitri, Teguh Yudhaninglogo, Debrina Vita Ferezagia

Jurnal Administrasi Bisnis Terapan

The underwriting division at PT XYZ determines the Service Level Agreement (SLA) for the duration of insurance coverage handled by the underwriting division to maintain its performance effectiveness. It is determined that the stages of insurance closure handled by the underwriting division are a maximum of 5 working days. If the underwriting division cannot fulfill its SLA, then the division will receive sanctions or penalties. Thus, in this research,, an analysis is carried out on the fulfillment of the SLA for insurance coverage for Managed Care products for the period 2020 - 2022 and analyzes the causes for not …

Efektivitas Dan Efisiensi Sistem Pengelolaan Administrasi Surat Pada Kementerian Kesehatan, Mohammad Ridha

Jurnal Administrasi Bisnis Terapan

Internal Affairs Divisions of the Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia has one of its duties to carry out administrative affairs. This administrative activity is carried out to facilitate the activities of the agency and also to facilitate the search again if at any time the letter is lost. At this time, technology plays a very important role in assisting the work activities of agencies and offices. The presence of technology can make the correspondence management process more effective and efficient with the presence of a mail application. The writing of this research has the aim of knowing more clearly …

Going Concern Bisnis Event Organizer Di Masa Pademic Covid_19 (Studi Kasus Entitas Event Organizer Abc), Marsdenia Marsdenia, Dian Purnama Putri Utami, Elsie Sylviana Kasim, Fitria Arianty, Titin Fachriah Nur

Jurnal Administrasi Bisnis Terapan

This study discusses the going concern strategy of how EO business can survive in the middle of covid_19 pandemic. In the situation of covid-19 pandemic, there are so many restrictions on society daily activities as well as business activities. EO as one of the business activities affected by this situation, make EO business should do a breakthrough in order to survive and maintain its going concern. This study is qualitative method research uses literature review regarding the topics and obtained the related data and analyzed the data. This is the case study research in the entity of ABC. Financial data …

Online Real-Life Situation Questionnaires To Develop Top-Down Reading Skill, Erni Adelina, Peny Meliaty Hutabarat

Jurnal Vokasi Indonesia

The top-down reading approach is generally applied in upper-intermediate to advanced ESL classes. The approach is thought to be too overwhelming for students who are at pre-intermediate, intermediate, or even beginner levels. Instructors may think that involving students’ background information or past knowledge in a passage topic will be burdensome for ESL students in a lower-level class. As a matter of fact, many students in any level of English class were experiencing or questioning the same issues in their routines. Separating students’ past knowledge from reading activity is impossible. This study was conducted to find out students’ past experience or …

Budget Participation: Interaction Effects Of Work Engagement And Empowerment, Yew-Ming Chia Dr, Lewis Grant Mr

Jurnal Akuntansi dan Keuangan Indonesia

This study investigates the two-way interaction effects of work engagement and empowerment on the degree of employees' budget participation industry in Scotland. Data are collected from 159 employees via an online questionnaire and analyzed using multiplicative regression analysis. The results confirm the presence of a two-way interaction effect between work engagement and empowerment on the degree of budget participation at a statistically significance level (p = 0.0002). Further analysis indicates that the higher the empowerment, the greater its enhancing effect on the positive relationship between work engagement and the degree of employees' budget participation. This study provides one of the …

Tinjauan Analisis Desain Grafis Pada Konten Infografis Transportasi Darat Instagram Dewan Transportasi Kota Jakarta: Studi Kasus Tahun 2021, Hardika Widi Satria, Putri Ayu Ningtyas, Muhammad Anas Ramadhan Sumirat

Jurnal Vokasi Indonesia

Paper ini membahas desain grafis di dunia periklanan dan pemasaran. Desain Grafis menggunakan kata, gambar dan elemen grafis untuk berkomunikasi serta merupakan bagian dari ekspresi verbal-visual. Infografis saat ini banyak diaplikasikan di dunia periklanan. Dewan Transportasi Kota Jakarta (DTKJ) berusaha membangun brand awareness melalui medium infografis. Infografis yang dibuat merupakan infografis mengenai transportasi darat yang dibuat secara berkelanjutan, berisi tentang ketersediaan transportasi, rute transportasi, jam transportasi, kondisi transportasi, dan kebijakan mengenai transportasi guna membangun brand DTKJ itu tersendiri menjadi sebuah instansi mengenai transportasi di DKI Jakarta yang menarik, aktif, dan sustainable. Instagram digunakan oleh DTKJ sebagai salah satu pendekatan social …

Lingkungan Kerja, Employee Engagement Dan Kepuasan Kerja Karyawan Non Medis Di Rs Hermina Bogor, Nur Fadilah Dewi, Ressa Maharani

Jurnal Vokasi Indonesia

Kualitas pelayanan kesehatan di rumah sakit dapat ditingkatkan melalui lingkungan kerja, employee engagement dan kepuasan kerja yang merupakan faktor penting dalam meningkatkan kinerja karyawan. Lingkungan kerja sangat berpengaruh dalam diri karyawan dan yang berada di sekitarnya dalam menjalani tugas-tugasnya. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui lingkungan kerja, employee engagement dan kepuasan kerja karyawan non medis di RS Hermina Bogor. Penelitian deskriptif kuantitatif pada karyawan non medis RS Hermina Bogor dengan sampel berjumlah 64 orang dengan instrumen kuesioner employee engagement. Hasil penelitian didapatkan persentase karyawan non medis untuk mengetahui lingkungan kerja, employee engagement dan kepuasan kerja dapat disimpulkan bahwa lingkungan kerja karyawan …

Pemeliharaan Berkala Generator Set Rumah Sakit, Amanda Deani, Elsa Roselina, Ari Nurfikri

Jurnal Vokasi Indonesia

Generator set (genset) merupakan utilitas rumah sakit dan termasuk dalam pengawasan instalasi sarana prasarana rumah sakit. Keandalan waktu genset untuk memberikan suplai otomatis harus tercatat dan dievaluasi secara berkala, karena hal ini memengaruhi suplai listrik untuk peralatan medis yang berhubungan langsung dengan keselamatan pasien. Salah satu kegiatan yang harus disiplin dalam pelaksanaannya adalah pengisian checklist pemeliharaan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui gambaran dalam pemeliharaan generator set secara berkala. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif. Data yang digunakan merupakan data sekunder yang meliputi data pemeliharaan, data operasional, dan data kerusakan genset Tahun 2021. Data yang dianalisis adalah perhitungan Specified Operating Time (SOT), …

Analisis Tren Saham Cfd, Forex Dan Kripto Menggunakan Pendekatan Fuzzy, Yulius Eka Agung Saputra

Jurnal Vokasi Indonesia

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan solusi untuk mengatasi ketidakpastian dalam menentukan waktu yang tepat untuk bertransaksi dan berinvestasi dalam produk derivatif perdagangan valas. Metode yang digunakan adalah dengan menguji beberapa indikator teknikal, seperti Ichimoku, KSA, Fuzzy Logic, dan Expert Advisors, pada semua pasangan yang diuji berdasarkan sesi (Jepang, London, AS). Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan kombinasi indikator teknikal ini dapat memberikan keuntungan maksimum dan kerugian tertunda minimum untuk semua pasangan yang diuji, sehingga dapat membantu para pedagang untuk menentukan kondisi yang tepat untuk berdagang dan berinvestasi yang diperkuat dengan nilai Mean Square Error (MSE) sebesar 5% dan Mean Absolute Percentage Error …

Stakeholder Power And Sustainability Disclosure: Stakeholder Salience Perspective, Suria Majdi, Norman Mohd Saleh, Maizatulakma Abdullah, Norazlan Alias

The South East Asian Journal of Management

Research Aims: This study tests the effects of different stakeholder power (shareholders, employees, customers, business partners, community, government, NGOs, and media) on sustainability disclosure using stakeholder salience theory. Extending from this perspective, this study makes separate assumptions for each stakeholder and determines which one had the most power over sustainability disclosure.

Design/Methodology/Approach: The study adopts a journalism (i.e., news framing) approach and observes the element of power in sustainability disclosure using content analysis. The sample comprises of panel data of 140 listed firms in the construction and property sector in Malaysia.

Research Findings: The results show that the employees, community …

Financial Literacy, Risk Perception, And Investment Preferences: A Study On Millennials In Jakarta, Aziz Wisnu Putra, Maria Eurelia Wayan

BISNIS & BIROKRASI: Jurnal Ilmu Administrasi dan Organisasi

The investment trend in Indonesia has increased with the presence of investors categorized as the millennial generation. The determination of investment instruments selected is influenced by the level of financial literacy and risk perception of the investors. This study aims to analyze how financial literacy and risk perception affect investment preferences amongst the millennials. Using the millennials in the five municipalities of Jakarta as a case in point, this study contributes to providing analytical data and an overview of the level of financial literacy and risk perception as well as the investment preferences of the millennial generation. The findings of …

Prosedur Pengajuan Klaim Secara Offline Dan Online Terhadapprogram Pensiun Pertama Di Pt Taspen (Persero) Cabang Bogor, Fia Fridayanti Adam, Ilmarusyania Ilmarusyania

Jurnal Vokasi Indonesia

PT TASPEN (Persero) merupakan Badan Usaha Milik Negara (BUMN) yang ditunjuk oleh pemerintah untuk melakukan penyelenggaraan dan pengelolaan Program Pensiun untuk Aparatur Sipil Negara (ASN). Program Pensiun bertujuan untuk memberikan penghasilan dan meningkatkan kesejahteraan pegawai saat berhenti bekerja atau memasuki usia pensiun. Salah satu jenis manfaat Program Pensiun yang diselenggarakan oleh PT TASPEN (Persero) adalah Program Pensiun Pertama yang bertujuan untuk memberikan hak pensiun setiap bulannya ketika peserta mencapai batas usia pensiun. Dalam pelaksanaan pengajuan klaim pensiun terdapat prosedur yang jelas dan sederhana untuk mencapai sistem pelayanan yang baik. Prosedur pengajuan di PT TASPEN (Persero) Cabang Bogor dapat dilakukan secara …

Model Spasial Data Panel: Indeks Harga Konsumenindonesia Di Masa Pandemi Covid-19, Debrina Vita Ferezagia, Dimas Anggara

Jurnal Vokasi Indonesia

Inflasi harga secara umum merupakan persentase perubahan indikator Indeks Harga Konsumen (IHK). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memodelkan indeks harga konsumen pada masa pandemi covid-19 . Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini bersumber dari data Badan Pusat Statistik yaitu: Indeks Harga Konsumen (IHK), harga beras, harga daging ayam ras, harga minyak goreng. Data yang bersumber dari Bank Indonesia yaitu jumlah uang yang beredar, tingkat suku bunga. Data yang bersumber dari Pusdatin Kementrian Kesehatan yaitu jumlah kasus terkonfirmasi positif covid 19. Peubah respons yang digunakan adalah IHK yang merupakan indikator terbaik yang mencerminkan perubahan harga eceran. Pendugaan parameter yang digunakan adalah model …

Analisis Sengketa Pajak Penghasilan Badan Atas Koreksi Biayapromosi Bagi End-User (Studi Kasus Pt Saf Tahun 2018), Aditya Avianti Ivah Komarasari, Arie Widodo, Titin Fachriah Nur Anwar

Jurnal Vokasi Indonesia

Penelitian ini membahas mengenai Analisis Sengketa Pajak Penghasilan Badan Atas Koreksi Biaya Promosi Bagi End-User (Studi Kasus PT SAF Tahun 2018). Penulisan ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan dasar koreksi Direktur Jenderal Pajak dan Argumentasi dari Wajib Pajak (PT SAF) terkait sengketa atas biaya promosi yang dilakukan. Metode Penelitian yang dilakukan adalah menggunakan metode penelitian studi kasus dan studi pustaka. Dalam hal ini biaya promosi diberikan kepada end-user yang pada dasarnya informasi terkait penerima penghasilan tidak dapat disajikan seluruhnya pada daftar nominatif yang harus dilaporkan sebagai syarat pembebanan biaya. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, sengketa pajak timbul karena adanya perbedaan pendapat antara PT SAF …

Peran Regulasi Biaya Tes Antigen Dan Tes Pcrterhadap Penerimaan Departemen Laboratorium Rs X, Nia Murniati, Bulan Kamillah

Jurnal Vokasi Indonesia

Pemeriksaan Tes Antigen dan Tes Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) adalah langkah pertama dalam penegakan diagnosa Covid-19. Sejak kemunculannya di awal pandemi hingga terbitnya regulasi pemerintah tentang penyeragaman tarif yang mengatur ketentuan biaya pemeriksaan memberikan dampak terhadap penerimaan rumah sakit terutama pada Departemen Laboratorium. Regulasi pemerintah yang berkali-kali berubah terkait tarif biaya pemeriksaan menyebabkan rumah sakit tidak dapat memproyeksi penerimaan dari item pemeriksaan Tes Antigen dan PCR di Departemen Laboratorium. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat peran regulasi biaya tes antigen dan PCR terhadap penerimaan Departemen Laboratorium RS X, menggunakan metode kuantitatif berdasarkan data penerimaan Departemen Laboratorium RS X periode April 2021 …

Hubungan Antara Indeks Massa Tubuh (Imt) Denganbentuk Lengkung Kaki Pada Anak Usia Masa Kanak-Kanak Akhir, Zafira Jauza, Farahdina Bachtiar, Suci Wahyu Ismiyasa, Andy Sirada

Jurnal Vokasi Indonesia

Indeks Massa Tubuh (IMT) menjadi acuan yang digunakan untuk menentukan kategori komposisi berat badan. Pengukuran IMT juga berkaitan dengan status gizi yang mempengaruhi kesehatan seseorang. Pada anak-anak yang memiliki berat badan berlebihan, lengkung kaki cenderung datar (flatfoot) karena beban yang ditumpu tubuh lebih besar, sehingga dapat menyebabkan diantaranya nyeri, cedera, gangguan berjalan, dan ketidakseimbangan ketika berdiri lama. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara IMT dengan lengkung kaki pada anak usia masa kanak-kanak akhir (10 – 12 tahun). Desain penelitian ini menggunakan cross–sectional yang dilakukan dengan metode observasi dalam satu waktu tanpa adanya follow up atau berkelanjutan. …