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J Mich Dent Assoc August 2026

The Journal of the Michigan Dental Association

Each month, the Journal of the Michigan Dental Association delivers news, information, and features about Michigan dentistry to our state's oral health community and the MDA's 6,200-plus members. It remains the main publication reaching Michigan dentists and is available worldwide through ADA Commons.

The August 2026 (Volume 108, No. 8) issue of the Journal is published in print format to provide updates and insights for Michigan's oral health community and MDA members. Print editions occur every other month beginning with January.

The August 2026 issue of the Journal of the Michigan Dental Association explores clinical, professional, legal, leadership, and public …

The Back Page: A Toast To The Future: From Boomers To Gen Z Zoomers, George T. Goodis Dds, Gerald J. Halk Dds

The Journal of the Michigan Dental Association

This article highlights a leadership brunch that brought together multiple generations of dental leaders to encourage engagement in organized dentistry. The gathering emphasized mentorship, leadership development, and the transfer of institutional knowledge to younger dentists. Participants celebrated the future of the profession while discussing the importance of community involvement, leadership participation, and professional growth.

Stop Blaming My Users: Illumination Of The Technocentric Mythos Bias, Ervin H. Frenzel, Richard Lightcap

Journal of Cybersecurity Education, Research and Practice

 Abstract -This conceptual essay addresses the need for systemic and systematic transdisciplinary analytical techniques within cybersecurity and technical security. This conceptual essay is contingent upon recognition that cybersecurity is not simply technical in nature, it does not need an adversary, and more importantly it is based upon systems engineering and systems thinking.  The essay contributes a socio-technical attribution chain and field-specific ontology/taxonomy which distinguish user-triggered events from root causes, latent conditions, technical debt, validation failures, governance failures, and attribution bias before assigning responsibility to end users. It systematically defines an ontology inclusive of developer technical debt, organizational debt arising from …

July 2026 From The Editor — 40 Years Of Success And Value To You, Romesh Nalliah

The Journal of the Michigan Dental Association

• Editor-in-Chief Romesh Nalliah uses the historical example of King Hammurabi's loan agreements to illustrate the foundational concept of risk management and insurance. He celebrates the 40th anniversary of the MDA Insurance & Financial Group, highlighting its growth into a full-service agency that addresses the specific needs of dentists. Nalliah emphasizes the "multiplicative effect" of supporting these member-governed services: they offer individual cost savings and generate non-dues revenue that funds broader MDA benefits and reduces dues. He credits the association's volunteer leadership for establishing this successful model of value-driven professional support.

American Doctoral Dissertations On Morocco, 1928-1984, El Hassane Hzaine

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

This bibliography lists American doctoral dissertations devoted to Morocco between 1928 and 1984. It provides a research tool for scholars interested in Moroccan studies, North African studies, social sciences, law, economics, history, and related fields. The bibliography makes visible a body of academic production produced in American universities and helps identify themes and research trends on Morocco.

Report On The 16th Session Of The International Institute Of Human Rights In Strasbourg, 1-26 July 1985, El Hiba Mahjoub

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

This report presents the 16th session of the International Institute of Human Rights held in Strasbourg from 1 to 26 July 1985. It introduces the Institute, its academic mission, and the main themes addressed during the training session. The report also describes the relevance of the session for researchers, students, and practitioners interested in international human rights law and the protection of fundamental rights.

Public Finance In Morocco And Its Impact On Economic And Social Development, Mustapha El Khtiri, Hassan Sabbar

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

This article examines the problem of public finance in Morocco in relation to economic and social development. It reviews the main historical stages that shaped the country's fiscal and budgetary structures and analyzes the role of financial policy in development choices. The study considers public revenue, taxation, public expenditure, and budgetary balances as instruments through which the state seeks to support growth, social transformation, and national development.

J Mich Dent Assoc June 2026

The Journal of the Michigan Dental Association

Each month, the Journal of the Michigan Dental Association delivers news, information, and features about Michigan dentistry to our state's oral health community and the MDA's 6,200-plus members. It remains the main publication reaching Michigan dentists and is available worldwide through ADA Commons.

The June 2026 (Volume 108, No. 6) issue of the Journal is published in digital format to provide updates and insights for Michigan's oral health community and MDA members. Print editions occur every other month beginning with January.

The June 2026 issue of the Journal of the Michigan Dental Association provides association updates, legal advice, and clinical …

Regulatory Compliance Solutions That Save You Money, Reva Darling

The Journal of the Michigan Dental Association

This article outlines essential MDA-endorsed services that assist dental practices in maintaining regulatory compliance. It focuses on solutions for HIPAA, OSHA, and OIG requirements provided by Eagle Associates and highlights the importance of cyber liability insurance through Coalition. The document also features iCoreExchange for secure, encrypted email and iCoreRx for manual-error-reducing e-prescribing. By utilizing these trusted partners, MDA members can save significant time and money while ensuring their practices meet federal and state standards for patient privacy and workplace safety.

J Mich Dent Assoc April 2026

The Journal of the Michigan Dental Association

Each month, the Journal of the Michigan Dental Association delivers news, information, and features about Michigan dentistry to our state's oral health community and the MDA's 6,200-plus members. It remains the main publication reaching Michigan dentists and is available worldwide through ADA Commons.

The April 2026 (Volume 108, No. 4) issue of the Journal is published in digital format to provide updates and insights for Michigan's oral health community and MDA members. Print editions occur every other month beginning with January.

This full issue provides a comprehensive overview of the Michigan dental landscape in 2026. Key features include a clinical …

Tribute To Abdelaziz Belal, Mohamed Bennani

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

This tribute honors Professor Abdelaziz Belal by recalling both his scholarly contribution and his institutional role in Moroccan higher education. It highlights his academic career, his work in economic science and development economics, his commitment to national causes, and his influence as a teacher, supervisor, and public intellectual. The text also emphasizes his involvement in the construction of the Faculty of Law in Casablanca and in the development of scientific research and university life. It presents Belal as a major figure whose intellectual and human legacy left a lasting mark on colleagues, students, and the broader academic community.

The Governor In Morocco, Abdelfattah Eddahbi

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

This article studies the legal status and institutional role of the governor in Morocco. It traces the evolution of the office through the major legal texts that organized territorial administration and examines the governor’s dual function as representative of the state and actor within the local administrative structure. The paper discusses appointment, powers, relations with the Ministry of the Interior, and the governor’s place within broader processes of deconcentration and administrative reform. It therefore provides a legal analysis of one of the central institutions of Moroccan public administration.

The New International Economic Order: Historical Overview And Analysis Of The Positions Of Industrialized And Developing Countries, Idriss Fathallah

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

This article examines the idea of a new international economic order through a historical review of the dialogue between industrialized countries and developing countries. It analyzes how the major positions of the Global South and the industrial powers evolved in international forums, especially around trade, development, and the distribution of economic gains. The paper seeks to clarify the political and economic foundations of the demand for a more equitable international system. It highlights the tensions between reformist proposals and the structural interests that shaped North-South negotiations.

Editorial, Mohammed Bennani

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

This introductory note explains the dual mission assigned to universities in Morocco by the legal framework governing higher education: teaching and scientific research. It underlines the practical obstacles faced by a young institution such as the Faculty of Law in Casablanca, including limited documentation resources, insufficient availability of teacher-researchers, and a lack of material means for disseminating research. The text then presents the journal as a platform for reflection, discussion, and interdisciplinary exchange among scholars and students. It also defines the review as a bridge between the university and wider academic and professional circles in Morocco and abroad.

Management Indicators For Agricultural Cooperatives, Gerard Deshayes

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

This article examines how the performance of agricultural cooperatives can be evaluated through management indicators better suited to their specific economic nature than conventional business ratios. Using the case of a dairy cooperative, the author shows the limits of judging cooperative efficiency solely through profit rates and accounting results, since cooperatives pursue objectives linked not only to capital but also to member remuneration, product pricing, and service to producers. The paper distinguishes between economic efficiency and financial efficiency, and proposes a framework centered on value obtained and distributed value in order to assess how cooperative activity creates and redistributes benefits …

Foundations Of A New Strategy For Financing Traditional Agriculture Through Agricultural Credit, Bouarfa

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

This article outlines a new strategy for financing traditional agriculture through agricultural credit in Morocco. It discusses the exceptional mobilization of financial resources after the drought crisis and argues that support to small farmers should move beyond emergency lending toward modern and durable forms of productive financing. The author emphasizes that rural credit for traditional agriculture must be aligned with the realities of peasant households, where production is often oriented toward self-consumption and family labor remains central. The paper advocates credit procedures, repayment methods, supervision, and local outreach mechanisms better adapted to small-scale farming in order to improve both productivity …

The Role Of Agricultural Credit In The Development Of Agriculture: The Case Of Morocco, T. Masmoudi

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

This paper examines agricultural credit as a strategic instrument for agricultural development in Morocco. It argues that credit can contribute to investment, modernization, income growth, and social promotion, but only if it is embedded in a coherent economic and social policy framework. The author reviews the main obstacles that limited the effectiveness of agricultural credit, including inappropriate institutional choices, weak agrarian structures, insufficient organization, limited outreach, and intervention rules poorly adapted to small farmers. The article concludes that a more flexible, decentralized, and development-oriented credit system is necessary if rural finance is to serve the needs of traditional as well …

Reference To Spain’S Most Modern Agrarian Laws And The Constitutional Norms That Inform Spanish Agrarian Law, Juan Jose Sanz Jarque

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

This paper provides an overview of the principal modern agrarian laws in Spain and the constitutional principles that shape Spanish agrarian law. It identifies major legislative texts on agrarian reform and development, cooperatives, rural leases, agrarian transformation societies, and family farming, and then relates them to constitutional provisions adopted in 1978. The article shows how constitutional norms concerning property, social rights, environmental protection, regional development, and public intervention influence the interpretation and orientation of agrarian legislation. It offers a concise legal framework linking statutory reform to broader constitutional objectives in agriculture.

Production System And The Development Of Tobacco Cultivation In Morocco, A. Salhi

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

The article reviews the historical evolution of tobacco cultivation in Morocco and examines the production system that supported its expansion. It traces the crop’s introduction, the role of the tobacco monopoly and public supervision, the spread of experimental stations and extension efforts, and the shift from larger industrial-style cultivation toward small family-based production in mountainous regions. The author shows that this family farming model reduced average plot size while improving quality, broadening planter participation, and adapting tobacco cultivation to areas with limited agricultural alternatives. Tobacco is presented as an example of how agro-industrial organization can reshape rural production structures and …

Control Of Farm Structures And The Actions Of The S.A.F.E.R. Following The Agricultural Orientation Law Of 4 July 1980 And Current Government Policy, Jean Megret

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

This article examines the reform of French agricultural structure policy after the Agricultural Orientation Law of 4 July 1980, with special attention to the role of the S.A.F.E.R. institutions. The author revisits the objectives of earlier legislation, discusses why a new reform was deemed necessary, and highlights persistent concerns over regional disparities, indebtedness, farm size, and generational renewal. The paper explains how SAFER procedures were made more operational in order to facilitate land transactions, installation of young farmers, and more effective oversight of agricultural structures. It presents land regulation as a central tool for maintaining viable family farming and balanced …

Rural Exodus And Development In Morocco, Dufraisse

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

This paper studies rural out-migration in Morocco and its implications for economic and territorial development. Using census comparisons and demographic estimates, the author seeks to measure the scale of rural exodus and to distinguish it from natural population growth. The article shows that migration from the countryside to towns and major cities intensified over time, with marked regional differences and a growing concentration in the largest urban centers. It argues that rural exodus is both a symptom of structural imbalance and a major development issue, requiring stronger rural policies rather than being treated as a purely demographic phenomenon.

The Crisis Of Moroccan Agriculture: State Strategy And Alternatives, Mohamed Raki

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

The article analyzes the structural crisis of Moroccan agriculture by linking slow production growth to rising food dependence and the increasing weight of agricultural imports. It criticizes the state’s technical choices, especially the heavy emphasis on dam-based irrigation and forms of modernization that favored selected sectors while leaving much of basic food production and small-scale farming behind. The author reviews the limits of hydro-agricultural investment, mechanization, and input-intensive modernization, and argues that these policies deepened external dependence and internal imbalances. In response, the paper calls for alternative development paths better suited to national needs, food security, and the realities of …

Some Reflections On Agricultural Policy: Constraints, Policy Levers, Degrees Of Freedom, And Choices, J. Molinier

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

This paper offers a conceptual reflection on agricultural policy by distinguishing between its structural constraints, its main instruments, and the room for public choice. The author argues that agricultural policy cannot be separated from broader economic policy and identifies major constraints linked to natural conditions, economic structures, political objectives, and international trends. The article reviews the principal levers available to governments, including policies on production techniques, farm structures, prices, population, and incomes, together with the financial means used to support them. It concludes that technical progress, price policy, and farmer training and organization are among the most decisive factors for …

The Development Of Export Sectors: An Important Contribution To The Country’S Economic Growth, Aziz Tazi

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

This article examines the contribution of agricultural export sectors to Morocco’s economic growth, with particular emphasis on citrus exports. It shows that agricultural exports represented a significant share of total exports and foreign exchange earnings, while also facing changing international market conditions, stricter quality requirements, and stronger competition. The paper reviews improvements in varietal selection, production techniques, packaging, transport, cold storage, and commercial organization, and discusses the need to diversify external markets beyond traditional destinations. It argues that sustained export growth depends on raising product quality, improving logistics, and aligning production strategy with international demand.

Agro-Pastoral Production Systems In The Mountains And Foothills Of Morocco, Jean Dresch

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

This article analyzes agro-pastoral production systems in the mountain and piedmont regions of Morocco. It shows how farming households combine rainfed cultivation, irrigated plots, arboriculture, and livestock herding in order to adapt to ecological constraints such as steep slopes, irregular rainfall, cold winters, and limited arable land. The paper emphasizes the importance of collective water management, terraces, seasonal grazing systems, and local resource regulation in sustaining mountain livelihoods. It also argues that the relative balance between crops and herds varies according to altitude, local traditions, and access to pasture, making these regional systems both highly adaptive and socially organized.

Irrigation And The Development Of Sugar Production, Othmane Lahlou

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

The article examines the role of large-scale irrigation in Morocco’s agricultural modernization and in the expansion of sugar beet and sugar cane production. It reviews the country’s hydraulic potential, the history of hydro-agricultural development, and the public investments that made irrigated agriculture possible after independence. The author also discusses the technical, social, and organizational constraints of irrigation schemes, including land consolidation, farmer participation, and infrastructure management. Within this framework, sugar crops are presented as a strategic example of how irrigation can transform production, reduce imports, and move the country toward greater self-sufficiency.

Water Control And The Growth Of Agricultural Production In Developing Countries, Françoise Conac

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

The article presents water control as a central condition for agricultural growth in developing countries, where it can stabilize yields, raise productivity, and support more intensive farming. It reviews the benefits of irrigation, drainage, and flood control, while also emphasizing the frequent failures of past projects caused by weak planning, inappropriate techniques, poor maintenance, and insufficient user participation. The author highlights the environmental and health risks of badly managed irrigation, including salinization, waterlogging, and disease, and argues for revised water policies that integrate technical, financial, institutional, and social dimensions. Farmer participation is presented as essential to effective water management.

What Forest Policy For The Integrated Development Of Rural Space?, Mohammed Ellatifi

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

This paper argues that forest policy must be treated as a core component of integrated rural development rather than as a separate technical sector. Using Morocco as its main reference, it reviews the economic, ecological, and social functions of forests: wood and forage production, soil and water protection, climate regulation, biodiversity, recreation, and defense against erosion and desertification. The author shows that agriculture itself depends on upstream forest protection and warns against fragmented planning that ignores these interdependencies. The article calls for coordinated territorial planning and for greater recognition of forestry in national and regional development strategies.

Reflections On Agriculture And Food Security: The Case Of The Arab World, Ahmed Sadik

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

This paper reflects on agriculture and food security in the Arab world by linking geopolitical realities, uneven natural endowments, and the structure of the global agro-food economy. It argues that although ecological conditions are often difficult, they do not fully determine agricultural outcomes; instead, regional cooperation, investment, and the productive use of oil surpluses are essential to reducing food dependence. The article also reviews the historical evolution of the world food system and the vulnerabilities created by import dependence, demographic pressure, and changing consumption patterns. It advocates an Arab strategy that combines integration, agricultural investment, and long-term food security planning.

Agricultural Development And Food Independence, N. Bourenane

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

The article examines the growing food dependence of developing countries, with particular attention to Algeria and the Maghreb. It criticizes uncritical reliance on externally promoted agricultural models based on imported seeds, fertilizers, machinery, and pesticides, arguing that such approaches may raise output while deepening technological dependence, social inequality, ecological damage, and vulnerability in food supply. The author questions whether short-term production gains truly lead to lasting food independence and highlights the long-term technical, economic, and political costs of generalized high-input agriculture. The paper calls for development choices grounded in national priorities and social realities.