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Full-Text Articles in Business

Pandemic, Retail Sales And Local Economies: Evidence From Northeast Oklahoma, Sanchari Ghosh, Brian Jackson, Ray Murphy May 2023

Pandemic, Retail Sales And Local Economies: Evidence From Northeast Oklahoma, Sanchari Ghosh, Brian Jackson, Ray Murphy

Mountain Plains Journal of Business and Technology

Early post-COVID pandemic studies focused on the macroeconomic impacts of that event on employment, income, healthcare costs, food security, etc. Yet there has been little emphasis on how changes in consumption spending patterns resulting from the pandemic affected retail sales and revenues, each of which are major contributors of growth for local economies. This study investigates these relationships by implementing retail pull and sales gap analyses to determine how non-metropolitan rural regions responded to consumption expenditures and retail sales before and after the pandemic. Using three cities of northeastern Oklahoma as a case study, retail pull factors at the city …


Business Cycles And Monetary Policy Analysis In A Structural Sticky Price Model Of The Lebanese Economy, Jennifer Challita May 2023

Business Cycles And Monetary Policy Analysis In A Structural Sticky Price Model Of The Lebanese Economy, Jennifer Challita

Arab Economic and Business Journal

A medium-size structural model is built in this article in order to define and reshape the Lebanese economy characteristics and features. However, the structural model is featured by a Taylor monetary policy rule design with nominal interest smoothing. Including the Taylor rule helped us to analyze the response function of each variables to different monetary policy shocks. Hence, the results of this paper showed how changing coefficients may influence the standard deviations of variables in the model as such the inflation rate, the nominal interest rate and the output GAP. More precisely, the performance of the model is detected while …


Towards An Institutional Aesthetic Of Women’S Entrepreneurship: A Political Economy Perspective, Melissa Langworthy May 2023

Towards An Institutional Aesthetic Of Women’S Entrepreneurship: A Political Economy Perspective, Melissa Langworthy

Arab Economic and Business Journal

This article presents a feminist constructivist political economy perspective on the role of women’s enterprise development in modern times. Through establishing women’s enterprise as an aesthetic of good institutions rooted in the microcredit movement of the late twentieth century but with expanded resurgence into the global North in the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis, I illustrate how female (micro)enterprise programs afforded moral legitimacy to international organizations, NGOs, and later corporations, financial institutions, and states in ways that downplayed individual and systemic empowerment.


New Technologies In The Field Of Sensory Marketing And Customer Experience: A Systematic Literature Review, Dawid Gajda May 2023

New Technologies In The Field Of Sensory Marketing And Customer Experience: A Systematic Literature Review, Dawid Gajda

Journal of Marketing and Consumer Behaviour in Emerging Markets

Nowadays, we are noticing more and more new technological solutions that fit into the field of sensory marketing, the implementation of which is in a relatively preliminary stage. They are intended to improve customer experience. The main objective of the research is to determine the main topics covered in the literature. This article covers a systematic literature review of research conducted to date on new technologies that are part of the field of sensory marketing related to customer experience. The research search was based on two databases: Scopus and Web of Science Core Collections. Studies conducted between 2007 and May …


American Income: Analyzing Workplace And Domestic Biases, Lindsey Shrodek May 2023

American Income: Analyzing Workplace And Domestic Biases, Lindsey Shrodek

The Downtown Review: An Interdisciplinary Journal Written and Peer-Reviewed by Mandel Honors College Students at Cleveland State University

This research paper aims to use several forms of regression analysis and neural networks to examine disparities in American income based on demographic groups. We present three models: a linear regression, a logistic regression, and a neural network to determine significant predictive factors in determining income. Exploring concepts presented by past literature in the field of economics, our research aims to pinpoint disparities and provide explanations for why they may be present in American income patterns. Our research confirms that being a female and being black has a negative relationship with income. Based on literary analysis, these findings can be …


A New World Order?: Considering Slaughter’S Notion Of The Disaggregated And Networked State, Darlene N. Moorman May 2023

A New World Order?: Considering Slaughter’S Notion Of The Disaggregated And Networked State, Darlene N. Moorman

The Downtown Review: An Interdisciplinary Journal Written and Peer-Reviewed by Mandel Honors College Students at Cleveland State University

This paper briefly explains Slaughter's (2004) argument for the emergence of a new world order defined by a disaggregated and networked state where the relevance of soft power has become all the more critical in conversations of politics and corresponding theory. This transformation (arising in the face of the so-called 'globalization paradox') is considered, exploring (a) what this means for the world system and (b) what concerns it may consequently bring.


Impact Of Iot On Consumer Behaviour, Amira Remadna May 2023

Impact Of Iot On Consumer Behaviour, Amira Remadna

Management Dynamics

Purpose: The aim of this paper is to provide a deeper understanding of the effects of IoT on consumers’ intentions and behaviours and lay the ground for future research on the perspectives and trends in marketing. Design/methodology/approach – A review of existing literature is applied as the research methodology in addition to retrieving patterns from specialized secondary sources focusing on IoT dimensions and perspectives. Findings – The research findings address insights regarding the potential impact of IoT and its components on the theories of Consumer Behaviour through all its different dimensions. The results provide an extended understanding of the antecedents …


Mitigating The Negative Views Of Customers While The Adoption Of Artificial-Intelligence Chatbots In Online Banking Services: Relevant Gaps And Future Research Agenda, Abdullah Nabeel Al-Roshoud May 2023

Mitigating The Negative Views Of Customers While The Adoption Of Artificial-Intelligence Chatbots In Online Banking Services: Relevant Gaps And Future Research Agenda, Abdullah Nabeel Al-Roshoud

Management Dynamics

The daily evolvement and growing interest in AI adoption worldwide, within different industrial sectors, have triggered scholars and practitioners to keep looking after every single piece of information and promising ideas that they can beneficially gather relative to that topic for the sake of enhancing consumers' experiences and excitements while using banks' mobile apps or any other online services. The level of adoption for AI chatbots in banking sectors promises to boost the servicing experience. however, due to issues related to trust, privacy, security, and emotional connections, the level of reluctancy while dealing with these AI chatbots still exists with …


Emergent Issues In Cryptocurrency: Identifying Research Gaps And Future Directions, Mohamad Fouad Shorbaji May 2023

Emergent Issues In Cryptocurrency: Identifying Research Gaps And Future Directions, Mohamad Fouad Shorbaji

Management Dynamics

This paper highlights potential research areas that require further investigation, suggesting that there are still significant gaps in the understanding of the factors that drive consumer behavior and adoption in the cryptocurrency industry. The study emphasizes the need for future research to explore issues such as the role of social media, trust, and branding in the cryptocurrency market, and their implications for marketing and business strategies. By identifying these research gaps, the study aims to encourage further exploration of these issues and contribute to a better understanding of the challenges and opportunities presented by this rapidly evolving industry.


Knowledge And Misconceptions Among Lebanese Community On Immunizations, Hala Ahmadieh, Tala Safa, Ihab Nahle, Yahya Obeid, Dalal Hariri, Etaf Rawass, Tala Kanaan, Ahmad Sabalbal May 2023

Knowledge And Misconceptions Among Lebanese Community On Immunizations, Hala Ahmadieh, Tala Safa, Ihab Nahle, Yahya Obeid, Dalal Hariri, Etaf Rawass, Tala Kanaan, Ahmad Sabalbal

BAU Journal - Health and Wellbeing

Two centuries ago, immunization practices have become the greatest land mark in medical history as they significantly contributed to a decline in several major infectious diseases worldwide thus decreasing both the mortality and morbidity. Moreover, they have been able to eradicate small pox and eliminate poliomyelitis in most regions of the world. However, in recent years the general opinion towards vaccination began shifting due to the emergence of certain opposing views to it, questioning the vaccine's safety and efficacy. This study aims to shed light on the vaccination status in Lebanon by assessing the knowledge, attitude, awareness, and misconceptions among …


Analisis Tren Saham Cfd, Forex Dan Kripto Menggunakan Pendekatan Fuzzy, Yulius Eka Agung Saputra May 2023

Analisis Tren Saham Cfd, Forex Dan Kripto Menggunakan Pendekatan Fuzzy, Yulius Eka Agung Saputra

Jurnal Vokasi Indonesia

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan solusi untuk mengatasi ketidakpastian dalam menentukan waktu yang tepat untuk bertransaksi dan berinvestasi dalam produk derivatif perdagangan valas. Metode yang digunakan adalah dengan menguji beberapa indikator teknikal, seperti Ichimoku, KSA, Fuzzy Logic, dan Expert Advisors, pada semua pasangan yang diuji berdasarkan sesi (Jepang, London, AS). Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan kombinasi indikator teknikal ini dapat memberikan keuntungan maksimum dan kerugian tertunda minimum untuk semua pasangan yang diuji, sehingga dapat membantu para pedagang untuk menentukan kondisi yang tepat untuk berdagang dan berinvestasi yang diperkuat dengan nilai Mean Square Error (MSE) sebesar 5% dan Mean Absolute Percentage Error …


Learning From Goa Pindul: Community Empowerment Through Sustainable Tourism Villages In Indonesia, Yudan Hermawan, Sujarwo Sujarwo, Yoyon Suryono May 2023

Learning From Goa Pindul: Community Empowerment Through Sustainable Tourism Villages In Indonesia, Yudan Hermawan, Sujarwo Sujarwo, Yoyon Suryono

The Qualitative Report

This study aims to reveal the success of community empowerment based on sustainable tourism in Goa Pindul, Indonesia. This study adopted the interpretative phenomenological analysis approach to understand the village community empowerment process phenomenon. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine (9) research participants from the Goa Pindul tourism village community. The findings of this study indicated that tourism-based community empowerment is started with awareness-raising through socialization and community service, followed by capacity building through various needs-based tourism management training and the formation of tourism awareness groups that are given to manage their potential and evaluate their development. This tourism-based community …


Understanding Consumers’ Motivations And Product Preferences For Deconsumption, Anubha Mishra Dr., Norm Borin, Joan Lindsey-Mullikin, Ram Krishnan May 2023

Understanding Consumers’ Motivations And Product Preferences For Deconsumption, Anubha Mishra Dr., Norm Borin, Joan Lindsey-Mullikin, Ram Krishnan

CSU Journal of Sustainability and Climate Change

The modern era features dramatic changes in consumer attitudes and behaviors related to consumption; this article investigates the motivations and product preferences of consumers who alter their consumption habits to obtain products that cause less damage or use fewer resources. The authors offer an empirical definition of such deconsumption and compare it with other terms used in prior literature to refer to resource-restricted purchases; they also propose consumer-oriented measures of deconsumption motivations and product preferences. The results reveal ten motivation factors that help explain why people choose to deconsume. Regression analysis further shows that product choice varies across these motives. …


Selecting Appropriate Technology For An Effective Online Extension Course, Paul A. Hill, Amanda D. Ali, Emy A. Swadley, Russell O. Goodrich May 2023

Selecting Appropriate Technology For An Effective Online Extension Course, Paul A. Hill, Amanda D. Ali, Emy A. Swadley, Russell O. Goodrich

Journal of Extension

Technology is a strategic asset in accomplishing the land grant mission. Selecting appropriate technology for Extension program management and delivery is essential to achieving planned outcomes, but can be challenging. This article describes the technology platforms selected by a new, legislatively funded Extension program delivering an online course in a hybrid distance-learning experience. The descriptions and application of these technology platforms will assist Extension professionals in choosing technology suitable for delivery and management of their programs as they plan for impact.


Go Pick Me Out A Winner: Visitor Perceptions And Priorities Regarding Operational Attributes At U-Pick Farms In Western New York, Nicholas Pitas, Ya-Ling Chen May 2023

Go Pick Me Out A Winner: Visitor Perceptions And Priorities Regarding Operational Attributes At U-Pick Farms In Western New York, Nicholas Pitas, Ya-Ling Chen

Journal of Extension

This study seeks to identify visitor priorities for and perceptions of operational attributes at U-pick farms. Using a survey of farm visitors in the Rochester/Finger Lakes region, we applied importance-performance analysis to identify priorities, and the repositioning framework to create strategies for addressing them. Our results indicate that U-pick visitors generally perceive high levels of service quality, especially on attributes that they perceive as most important. Priorities for improvement include produce-related factors (price and availability of specific varieties) and visit logistics (information to plan a visit). Real, psychological, and associative repositioning strategies for Extension professionals and U-pick operators are discussed.


Assessing The Snap Consumer Environment At Farmers Markets, Gabrielle C. Young, Sarah Misyak, Meredith Ledlie Johnson, Natalie E. Martin, Elena Serrano May 2023

Assessing The Snap Consumer Environment At Farmers Markets, Gabrielle C. Young, Sarah Misyak, Meredith Ledlie Johnson, Natalie E. Martin, Elena Serrano

Journal of Extension

The SNAP at Farmers Market Environmental Assessment was developed as a tool for market managers to examine SNAP participant accessibility for redeeming SNAP benefits at farmers markets. By completing the SNAP at Farmers Market Environmental Assessment, the tool can serve as a guide for providing practical next steps for market improvement. Extension practitioners and researchers, including SNAP-Ed staff, can use the assessment tool to support policy, systems, and environment change efforts that promote access to local, high-quality foods by SNAP consumers, the redemption of SNAP benefits, and potentially increased sales at farmers markets.


Combining Frameworks To Improve Military Health System Quality And Cybersecurity, Dr. Maureen L. Schafer, Dr. Joseph H. Schafer May 2023

Combining Frameworks To Improve Military Health System Quality And Cybersecurity, Dr. Maureen L. Schafer, Dr. Joseph H. Schafer

Military Cyber Affairs

Existing conceptual frameworks and commercially available technology could be considered to rapidly operationalize the use of Quality Measures (QM) within military health systems (Costantino et al. 2020). Purchased healthcare as well as digital healthcare services have paved the way for data collection from multiple information systems thus offering stakeholders actionable intelligence to both guide and measure healthcare outcomes. However, the collection of data secondary to Smart Devices, disparate information systems, cloud services, and the Internet of Medical Things (IOMT) is a complication for security experts that also affect clients, stakeholders, organizations, and businesses delivering patient care. We have combined three …


Effects Of Disclosing Discount Code Commissions On Perceived Influencer Sincerity And Attitude Toward Discount Code Use, Mira Lee, Taehee Park May 2023

Effects Of Disclosing Discount Code Commissions On Perceived Influencer Sincerity And Attitude Toward Discount Code Use, Mira Lee, Taehee Park

Asia Marketing Journal

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of disclosing sales commissions pertaining to an influencer discount code on perceived sincerity of an influencer and attitude toward using the discount code. In the first study, consumers participated in a two-cell (commission disclosure: absent vs. present) between-subjects experimental design. In the second study, consumers participated in a two (commission disclosure: absent vs. present) by two (discount level: low vs. high) between-subjects experimental design. The findings of Study 1 demonstrate that the sales commission disclosure pertaining to discount codes results in a higher perceived sincerity of the influencer. Results of …


Finding Calm Amidst Chaos, Lisa Knowles Dds May 2023

Finding Calm Amidst Chaos, Lisa Knowles Dds

The Journal of the Michigan Dental Association

This commentary on mindfulness and wellness provides the practitioner with strategies to achieve peace amidst chaos.


J Mich Dent Assoc May 2023 May 2023

J Mich Dent Assoc May 2023

The Journal of the Michigan Dental Association

In this issue, the reader will find the following original content:

  • A case study on recognizing the oral signs of Acute Lymphatic Leukemia
  • A special pull-out section to assist clinicians in identifying and treating common oral lesions
  • Advice on personal Wellness: "Finding Calm Amidst Chaos."
  • State of Michigan C.E. Requirements for License Renewal of Dentists, Hygienists, and Registered Dental Assistants.
  • A 10Minute EBD contrasting clinical success of composite restorations vs. glass ionomers.
  • Guest commentary "Pretty Good Dentistry."
  • News you need, Editorial, and an Advocacy Spotlight.


Validation Of The Arabic Version Of The Food Safety And Hygiene Questionnaire Among Nutrition Student, Nada El Darra, Dina Cheaib, Leila Itani Apr 2023

Validation Of The Arabic Version Of The Food Safety And Hygiene Questionnaire Among Nutrition Student, Nada El Darra, Dina Cheaib, Leila Itani

BAU Journal - Health and Wellbeing

There is shortage of data on food safety knowledge and practices among Lebanese food handlers due to the lack of a reliable tool. The aim of the current study is to determine the reliability as well as the validity of an adopted Arabic version of the Osaili et al (2013) food safety questionnaire. Translation and back translation and testing equivalence were done using standard accepted procedures. A total of 110 undergraduate Nutrition and Dietetics students completed the questionnaire consisting of five subscales that covers major food safety concepts including personal hygiene, safe storage, cross contamination prevention, knowledge of health problems …


Meeting, Moving, Mastering - A Text Analysis Of The Aesthetic Attractions Of 'Wild Swimming', Dagmar Dahl, Åsa I. Bäckström Apr 2023

Meeting, Moving, Mastering - A Text Analysis Of The Aesthetic Attractions Of 'Wild Swimming', Dagmar Dahl, Åsa I. Bäckström

International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education

Why are people fascinated by swimming in nature? This article addresses the aesthetic experiences of wild swimming as expressed by five wild swimming authors in their books. Drawing from aesthetic philosophy, we analyze the ways in which the appeal of wild swimming is described on three levels: the allure of water in the environment, the sensory encounter between water and the body, and the experience of moving in water. Furthermore, with reference to Seel’s concept of nature aesthetics (1996), the experience of wild swimming is analyzed in terms of contemplation, correspondence, and imagination. We can conclude that the special intensity …


In This Issue (14:1), Stephen J. Langendorfer Ph.D. Apr 2023

In This Issue (14:1), Stephen J. Langendorfer Ph.D.

International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education

In This Issue 14:1 introduces and overviews the research and education articles and position statement associated with the first issue of the fourteenth volume of the International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education.


Organizational Inertia, Digital Capabilities, Digital Transformation, And Firm Competencies, Adhi Ari Utomo, Mira Maulida, Soebowo Musa Apr 2023

Organizational Inertia, Digital Capabilities, Digital Transformation, And Firm Competencies, Adhi Ari Utomo, Mira Maulida, Soebowo Musa

The South East Asian Journal of Management

Research Aims: This research aims to investigate the impact of organizational inertia on digital capabilities and digital transformation to optimize firm competencies.

Design/Methodology/Approach: The dataset was produced through a quantitative survey of 125 firms in Indonesia using the Structural Equation Model (SEM) to analyse the data.

Research Findings: The results of this study indicate that organizational inertia indirectly impacts firm competencies through digital capabilities and digital transformation. Organizational inertia impacts digital capabilities, not digital transformation, whereas digital capabilities impact digital transformation and a firm’s competencies.

Theoretical Contribution/Originality: This study contributes to the literatures on organizational behaviour and strategic management by …


The Influence Of Push-Pull-Mooring Effects On E-Wallet Customer Switching In Generation Z In Dki Jakarta, Eka Yunita, Jono Mintarto Munandar Apr 2023

The Influence Of Push-Pull-Mooring Effects On E-Wallet Customer Switching In Generation Z In Dki Jakarta, Eka Yunita, Jono Mintarto Munandar

The South East Asian Journal of Management

Research Aims: This research aims to identify the characteristics of Generation Z e-wallet customers in DKI Jakarta; analyse the effect of push-pull-mooring effects on switching intention, the moderating effect of the mooring effects on the relationship between push effects and pull effects with switching intention, and the effect of switching intention on the switching behaviour of Generation Z e-wallet customers.

Design/Methodology/Approach: There were 262 respondents, using non-probability sampling with the purposive sampling method. The data analysis technique used is descriptive analysis and SEM-PLS.

Research Findings: The results of this study indicate that the push effects do not affect switching intention. …


Antecedents And Outcome Of Trainees’ Motivation: Evident From South East Asia, Nur Izzaty Mohamad, Azman Ismail, Ishak Abd Rahman, Mustafa Zihni Tunca, Elok Savitri Pusparini, Rino Rino Apr 2023

Antecedents And Outcome Of Trainees’ Motivation: Evident From South East Asia, Nur Izzaty Mohamad, Azman Ismail, Ishak Abd Rahman, Mustafa Zihni Tunca, Elok Savitri Pusparini, Rino Rino

The South East Asian Journal of Management

Research Aims: This study examines the effect of training content on trainee outcomes and the mediating role of trainees’ motivation in the relationship between training content and organisational citizenship behaviour.

Design/Methodology/Approach: A cross-sectional research design was employed to collect 320 survey questionnaires from employees at the Malaysian federal government’s central agencies in Kuala Lumpur Federal Territory. The SmartPLS software programme was utilised to assess the quality of the instrument and subsequently test the hypotheses.

Research Findings: The results demonstrate that training content significantly determines trainee outcomes. Trainees’ learning motivation significantly mediates the relationship between training content and organisational citizenship behaviour. …


The Mediating Role Of Attitude In The Relationship Between The Extrinsic And Intrinsic Attributes Of Japanese Frozen Foods And Consumers’ Intention To Purchase Them: Evidence From Malaysia, Nor Asiah Omar, Aishath Lahath, Rifelly Dewi Astuti, Nurul Atasha Jamaludin, Syed Shah Alam Apr 2023

The Mediating Role Of Attitude In The Relationship Between The Extrinsic And Intrinsic Attributes Of Japanese Frozen Foods And Consumers’ Intention To Purchase Them: Evidence From Malaysia, Nor Asiah Omar, Aishath Lahath, Rifelly Dewi Astuti, Nurul Atasha Jamaludin, Syed Shah Alam

The South East Asian Journal of Management

Research Aims: To examine the intrinsic and extrinsic factors affecting consumers’ attitudes toward Japanese-made frozen foods and, hence, consumers’ purchasing behaviour.

Design/Methodology/Approach: Consumers who were aware of Japanese-made frozen foods were the sample chosen. Convenience sampling plus a cross-sectional, self-administered online survey questionnaire collected data from 307 participants.

Research Findings: Findings showed that brand reputation, halal label, convenience, and food quality were positively related to attitude towards Japanese frozen food, whereas health consciousness was negatively associated with attitude. Attitudes toward Japanese frozen foods were found to mediate relationships between brand reputation and purchase intention, halal label and purchase …


Stakeholder Power And Sustainability Disclosure: Stakeholder Salience Perspective, Suria Majdi, Norman Mohd Saleh, Maizatulakma Abdullah, Norazlan Alias Apr 2023

Stakeholder Power And Sustainability Disclosure: Stakeholder Salience Perspective, Suria Majdi, Norman Mohd Saleh, Maizatulakma Abdullah, Norazlan Alias

The South East Asian Journal of Management

Research Aims: This study tests the effects of different stakeholder power (shareholders, employees, customers, business partners, community, government, NGOs, and media) on sustainability disclosure using stakeholder salience theory. Extending from this perspective, this study makes separate assumptions for each stakeholder and determines which one had the most power over sustainability disclosure.

Design/Methodology/Approach: The study adopts a journalism (i.e., news framing) approach and observes the element of power in sustainability disclosure using content analysis. The sample comprises of panel data of 140 listed firms in the construction and property sector in Malaysia.

Research Findings: The results show that the employees, community …


Effects Of Difference Age And Information Searching Level On Attitudes Toward Innovative Product, Sinae Lee, Dongwon Min Apr 2023

Effects Of Difference Age And Information Searching Level On Attitudes Toward Innovative Product, Sinae Lee, Dongwon Min

Asia Marketing Journal

Innovation is no longer the purview of high-tech industries; it is blossoming in the home appliances and cosmetics sectors. However, consumers’ anxiety about the risk of new products prevents them from reaping the benefits of innovation. This anxiety is driven by customer’s lack of prior information on new products. This study examines how difference age between the chronological age of consumers and their cognitive age affects consumers’ willingness to search for information on innovative products, leading to reduced new-product anxiety. According to a survey of participants who actually bought an innovative product, we found that participants searched for more information …


How Are The Firms’ Innovative Activities And Credit Rating Signals Received In The Market?, Jeongbin Whang Apr 2023

How Are The Firms’ Innovative Activities And Credit Rating Signals Received In The Market?, Jeongbin Whang

Asia Marketing Journal

Firm innovativeness and financing capacity are critical signals to stakeholders as they are key drivers of firm performance and competitiveness and indicate the firm's ability to fund its operations and growth initiatives. Based on signaling theory, this study investigates the signaling effect of a firm's innovativeness and creditworthiness and examines its signaling effectiveness. Using Korean innovation data and Korea Investors Service financial data for nine years, the findings indicate that a firm's technological innovation has a negative impact on its credit ratings, while non-technological innovation has a positive impact. Furthermore, a firm's credit ratings positively impact its performance. The current …