Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Accounting (15594)
- Social and Behavioral Sciences (9641)
- Taxation (4974)
- Arts and Humanities (4300)
- Education (3710)
-
- Economics (3518)
- Business Administration, Management, and Operations (3400)
- Marketing (2802)
- Public Affairs, Public Policy and Public Administration (2682)
- Law (2604)
- Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies (2516)
- Women's Studies (2475)
- Finance and Financial Management (1906)
- Management Information Systems (1713)
- Tourism and Travel (1582)
- Medicine and Health Sciences (1579)
- Human Resources Management (1519)
- Communication (1413)
- Organizational Behavior and Theory (1393)
- Entrepreneurial and Small Business Operations (1360)
- Public Administration (1331)
- Technology and Innovation (1258)
- Hospitality Administration and Management (1228)
- Nonprofit Administration and Management (1190)
- Life Sciences (1158)
- Operations and Supply Chain Management (1157)
- Sociology (1146)
- Higher Education (1142)
- Engineering (1065)
- Institution
-
- University of Mississippi (13568)
- Universitas Indonesia (1189)
- California State University, San Bernardino (925)
- Grand Valley State University (854)
- Technological University Dublin (743)
-
- Kennesaw State University (737)
- Brigham Young University (698)
- Asia Marketing Journal (AMJ) (674)
- Valparaiso University (662)
- Georgia Southern University (643)
- University of South Florida (642)
- Central Bank of Nigeria (619)
- American Dental Association (597)
- Al-Muthanna University (576)
- Seton Hall University (542)
- Eastern Illinois University (536)
- Indian Institute of Management Bangalore (504)
- Association of Arab Universities (494)
- Yale University (373)
- Sacred Heart University (351)
- De La Salle University (346)
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas (337)
- Bowling Green State University (328)
- Vocational Training Council (319)
- Jaipuria Institute of Management (312)
- Institute of Business Administration (284)
- Beirut Arab University (265)
- University of Tennessee, Knoxville (254)
- DePaul University (253)
- Fort Hays State University (234)
- Keyword
-
- Taxation -- Law and legislation -- United States (720)
- Questions (681)
- Accounting -- Examinations (671)
- Etc (660)
- Books -- Reviews (606)
-
- Georgia Southern University (491)
- Southern Business Review (487)
- Information (325)
- Accounting -- Bibliographies (306)
- Accounting -- Bibliography (296)
- Management (262)
- Leadership (256)
- Computer (233)
- Entrepreneurship (230)
- Marketing (229)
- Evolution (222)
- Information management (222)
- Technology (218)
- Accounting firms -- Management (213)
- Income tax -- United States (213)
- Georgia Southern College (211)
- Nigeria (204)
- Pilgrimage (198)
- COVID-19 (186)
- Tourism (184)
- Business (175)
- Sustainability (175)
- Higher education (168)
- Accounting -- Study and teaching (167)
- Collective bargaining (163)
- Publication Year
- Publication
-
- Journal of Accountancy (6656)
- Woman C.P.A. (2397)
- Tax Adviser (2054)
- Accounting Historians Notebook (950)
- Accounting Historians Journal (892)
-
- The Foundation Review (786)
- Asia Marketing Journal (674)
- International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage (643)
- Muthanna Journal of Administrative and Economics Sciences (576)
- Organization Management Journal (542)
- The Journal of Values-Based Leadership (527)
- The Journal of the Michigan Dental Association (520)
- Journal of Collective Bargaining in the Academy (511)
- Southern Business Review (Archived) (509)
- IIMB Management Review (504)
- Journal of International Technology and Information Management (454)
- Management Services: A Magazine of Planning, Systems, and Controls (413)
- Journal of Financial Crises (368)
- New England Journal of Entrepreneurship (336)
- UNLV Gaming Research & Review Journal (325)
- DLSU Business & Economics Review (318)
- Management Dynamics (312)
- AMBROSIA 客道 : The Magazine of The International Culinary Institute (285)
- Business Review (284)
- Atlantic Marketing Journal (271)
- Journal of International Information Management (243)
- University of South Florida (USF) M3 Publishing (240)
- Journal of Transportation Management (230)
- Communications of the IIMA (222)
- Economic and Financial Review (215)
- File Type
Articles 6151 - 6180 of 36289
Full-Text Articles in Business
Research, Planning, And Development Of A University Retirement Community (Urc): A Strategic Lodging Opportunity, Tevfik Demirciftci, Britt Mathwich, Fred Demicco
Research, Planning, And Development Of A University Retirement Community (Urc): A Strategic Lodging Opportunity, Tevfik Demirciftci, Britt Mathwich, Fred Demicco
ICHRIE Research Reports
University Retirement Communities (URCs) are a growing trend among universities and senior living. URCs are an intriguing concept that benefits retirees and universities as they bring alums back to campus for their residences. This study investigates the interest level and preferences of Colorado Mesa University's alums and retired professors for an on-campus URC. This research is the first phase of the planning process for developing and operating a successful URC.
Keywords: University-Based Retirement Communities (UBRC), Continuing Care Retirement Communities, Senior Living Communities, Active Adult Communities
History Of Clover Leaf Syndrome, Isabella Perez
History Of Clover Leaf Syndrome, Isabella Perez
Mako: NSU Undergraduate Student Journal
The purpose of this paper is to summarize the history of clover leaf syndrome and describe the newest advancements made to treat it. Clover leaf syndrome is more formally referred to as Kleeblattschadel syndrome. Information was gathered from several scholarly, peer-reviewed articles, and was condensed down into the key takeaways. This syndrome impacts the formation of the skull due to premature fusion of its sutures, creating a tri-lobar skull that resembles a clover leaf. This premature fusion is referred to as a type of craniosynostosis and has been linked to causing several other health complications ranging in severity. This is …
Privacy Principles And Harms: Balancing Protection And Innovation, Samuel Aiello
Privacy Principles And Harms: Balancing Protection And Innovation, Samuel Aiello
Journal of Cybersecurity Education, Research and Practice
In today's digitally connected world, privacy has transformed from a fundamental human right into a multifaceted challenge. As technology enables the seamless exchange of information, the need to protect personal data has grown exponentially. Privacy has emerged as a critical concern in the digital age, as technological advancements continue to reshape how personal information is collected, stored, and utilized. This paper delves into the fundamental principles of privacy and explores the potential harm that can arise from the mishandling of personal data. It emphasizes the delicate balance between safeguarding individuals' privacy rights and fostering innovation in a data-driven society. By …
Board Of Directors Role In Data Privacy Governance: Making The Transition From Compliance Driven To Good Business Stewardship, David Warner, Lisa Mckee
Board Of Directors Role In Data Privacy Governance: Making The Transition From Compliance Driven To Good Business Stewardship, David Warner, Lisa Mckee
Journal of Cybersecurity Education, Research and Practice
Data collection, use, leveraging, and sharing as a business practice and advantage has proliferated over the past decade. Along with this proliferation of data collection is the increase in regulatory activity which continues to morph exponentially around the globe. Adding to this complexity are the increasing business disruptions, productivity and revenue losses, settlements, fines, and penalties which can amount to over $15 million, with many penalties now being ascribed to the organization’s leadership, to include the Board of Directors (BoD), the CEO and members of the senior leadership team (SLT). Thus, boards of directors can no longer ignore and in …
Systemization & Survival -- “Houston, We Have A Problem” – Business Lessons From Apollo 13, Judith Jacob Iddy, Njeru Zakayo
Systemization & Survival -- “Houston, We Have A Problem” – Business Lessons From Apollo 13, Judith Jacob Iddy, Njeru Zakayo
Markets, Globalization & Development Review
In the business world, there are different factors that determine whether a business will survive or not. Apollo 13 film perfectly demonstrates what every business undergoes throughout its lifecycle. Apollo 13 spacecraft started its journey to the moon successfully with the mission being to land on the moon. Unfortunately, within a very short period of time, Apollo 13 started to experience a series of problems that required quick actions and decisions to be made with the involvement of different sets of technical skills. Ultimately, by using the prototype and systems which NASA had established for Apollo 13, the teams managed …
Viewing The World Through The Prism Of Cross-Cultural Romances: Film Review Of Christmas As Usual (2023) And Further Reflections, Raja Ramanathan
Viewing The World Through The Prism Of Cross-Cultural Romances: Film Review Of Christmas As Usual (2023) And Further Reflections, Raja Ramanathan
Markets, Globalization & Development Review
No abstract provided.
Revisiting Late Globalization: A Commentary On Theorizing And Theoretical Deepening, Romeo V. Turcan, Michael Fast
Revisiting Late Globalization: A Commentary On Theorizing And Theoretical Deepening, Romeo V. Turcan, Michael Fast
Markets, Globalization & Development Review
No abstract provided.
Flavors And Frailties Of Globalization, Nikhilesh Dholakia, Deniz Atik
Flavors And Frailties Of Globalization, Nikhilesh Dholakia, Deniz Atik
Markets, Globalization & Development Review
No abstract provided.
Identifying Essential Employability Attributes Of Mba Graduates Without Work Experience Using Grounded Theory, Puja Ghosh Singh, Parveen Ahmed Alam, Kaushik Kundu
Identifying Essential Employability Attributes Of Mba Graduates Without Work Experience Using Grounded Theory, Puja Ghosh Singh, Parveen Ahmed Alam, Kaushik Kundu
An-Najah University Journal for Research - B (Humanities)
The aim of this study is to identify attributes that are essential to increasing the employability of a fresh MBA graduate, i.e., those without any work experience, based on the grounded theory approach. Specifically, the purpose is to explore HR managers’ perceptions of attributes required by fresh MBA graduates to assess their corporate readiness or employability so that they can join the corporate sector. The study utilized Strauss & Corbin’s (1990) method of grounded theory, where 16 human resources professionals at the middle management level were interviewed one by one to get their perspective on the attributes that are essential …
Strategi Penegakan Disiplin Anggota Polri Di Satuan Kerja Yanma Polda Metro Jaya, Anang Sunardi
Strategi Penegakan Disiplin Anggota Polri Di Satuan Kerja Yanma Polda Metro Jaya, Anang Sunardi
Jurnal Administrasi Bisnis Terapan
Enforcement of discipline in police agencies is a very important aspect in maintaining the professionalism, ethics and integrity of Police members, strong and effective discipline is the foundation of the success of police agencies in carrying out their duties. The duties of members of the National Police who are directly related to the community allow abuse of authority and violation of discipline. Discipline of police officers is required in carrying out their duties and responsibilities. Discipline of Police members will be reflected in attitudes, behavior, actions, and speech. However, enforcement of the current disciplinary regulations of the National Police is …
An Overview Of The Nonprofit Sector In Missouri, Ivy Shen
An Overview Of The Nonprofit Sector In Missouri, Ivy Shen
Missouri Policy Journal
This paper examines the key characteristics of nonprofit organizations, analyzes the data obtained from the IRS, provides a snapshot of the nonprofit sector in Missouri, discusses the breakdown of various types of these organizations, compares the nonprofit sectors in Missouri and at the national level, and highlights key statistics of the sector. As of November 2022, Missouri is home to 38,460 nonprofit organizations, out of which 501(c)(3), 501(c)(7), and 501(c)(4) are the most common IRS tax codes. By the NTEE classification system, the top two classifiable categories of Missouri nonprofits are human services and religious congregations. The Missouri nonprofit sector …
Decentralized Autonomous Organizations: To Statutorily Organize Or Not?, David M. Grant, Eric M. Kirby, Steven Hawkins
Decentralized Autonomous Organizations: To Statutorily Organize Or Not?, David M. Grant, Eric M. Kirby, Steven Hawkins
Wyoming Law Review
This Article explores the evolving concept of decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) in the context of Web3 technology. It raises critical questions about whether DAOs truly represent a step forward in limiting liability in entity governance structures or if they risk centralizing the decentralized. The text discusses the potential of DAOs to address regulatory and tax challenges while also highlighting concerns about their legitimacy and security. It compares the governance structures of traditional entities to DAOs and contemplates the reasons for formal organization pursuant to state statute. The Article further delves into some of the statutory laws in specific states recognizing …
Meaningful Work And Job Burnout Among Frontline Employees Of Classified Hotels In Nairobi City County, Kenya: Does Gender Identity Matter?, John Kahuthu Gitau, Rosemarie Ayuma Khayiya, Vincent Nyamari Maranga
Meaningful Work And Job Burnout Among Frontline Employees Of Classified Hotels In Nairobi City County, Kenya: Does Gender Identity Matter?, John Kahuthu Gitau, Rosemarie Ayuma Khayiya, Vincent Nyamari Maranga
Journal of Global Hospitality and Tourism
This study investigates the impact of meaningful work on job burnout (JBO) among frontline employees in Nairobi City County. Data was collected from 309 employees in various hotel categories ranging from two- to five-star-rated hotels. The present study applied the conservation of resources (COR) theory to develop a framework. It found that positive meaning in work had inverse relationships with all aspects of JBO. The negative influence of meaning-making through work significantly affected emotional exhaustion (EE) but not depersonalization (DP) and reduced personal accomplishment (RPA). The study recommends that operators and managers of classified hotels recognize the importance of boosting …
Leveraging Chatgpt For Writing In Scholarly Publications-Guidelines And Recommendations For Hospitality And Tourism Researchers, Faizan Ali
Journal of Global Hospitality and Tourism
In the ever-evolving landscape of global hospitality and tourism, the first issue of volume third of the Journal of Global Hospitality and Tourism embarks on an intellectual journey to explore pressing matters at the intersection of travel, management, culture, and inclusivity. This issue, encompassing a rich array of research papers and viewpoints, delves into multifaceted themes that resonate with the multifarious dimensions of our industry.
The Impact Of Sharing Economy Platforms On Tourism: Opportunities, Challenges, And Future Directions, Mehmet Bahar
The Impact Of Sharing Economy Platforms On Tourism: Opportunities, Challenges, And Future Directions, Mehmet Bahar
Journal of Global Hospitality and Tourism
The sharing economy is a socio-economic phenomenon where surplus goods and services, aided by technology, are shared mutually among those in need and providers, coming together to exchange these goods and services. Economic crises, environmental issues, changes in social life, and technological advancements have led to the emergence of the sharing economy as an alternative model to existing goods and services. In this regard, the tourism sector has also been affected by this change, offering new travel and holiday alternatives, competitive advantages to stakeholders, the creation of new income sources, and the establishment of a more sustainable approach. Consequently, this …
Proceedings Of The International Conference On Culture, Tourism, And Hospitality: Volume 1, Cihan Cobanoglu, Hanqin Qiu, Jiaying Lyu, James H. W. Shen
Proceedings Of The International Conference On Culture, Tourism, And Hospitality: Volume 1, Cihan Cobanoglu, Hanqin Qiu, Jiaying Lyu, James H. W. Shen
University of South Florida (USF) M3 Publishing
This is the first volume of the International Conference on Culture, Tourism, and Hospitality Proceedings Series.
Influencers Of Resident Attitudes Towards Tourism: The Shortfall In Our Assessment Methods, Christopher S. Dutt
Influencers Of Resident Attitudes Towards Tourism: The Shortfall In Our Assessment Methods, Christopher S. Dutt
Journal of Global Hospitality and Tourism
The study of residents’ perceptions and attitudes towards tourism has received considerable interest over the years. While much agreement has been found, there are also several areas of disagreement and noteworthy gaps that affect our understanding of residents’ attitudes toward tourism. This discussion reviews some of the existing findings of past studies, before considering some of the significant gaps. These include the dominance of social exchange theory (SET) as the principal model, the lack of distinction between tourists and tourism, and the impact of tourist typologies on perceptions of tourism.
Tourist Engagement Model Of Regenerative Tourism Destinations: A Case Study Of Egon Buluk Tourism Village, Sikka Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province, Michael Rudolfus Sawu, Muhammad Ridla
Tourist Engagement Model Of Regenerative Tourism Destinations: A Case Study Of Egon Buluk Tourism Village, Sikka Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province, Michael Rudolfus Sawu, Muhammad Ridla
Journal of Global Hospitality and Tourism
The research aims to analyze regenerative tourism components products, tourists’ perceptions, tourists’ experiences, and regenerative tourism development policies while involving tourists as co-creators. The research utilizes a qualitative method with a phenomenological approach. In-depth interviews were conducted with 27 stakeholders related to the tourist engagement model in the development of tourism destinations at the village scale. This research found that the development of regenerative tourism product components showcases uniqueness and beauty on a massive scale due to being situated in conservation areas. However, there is a need for improvement in other components to provide a sense of safety, comfort, and …
Designing Experiences: Unveiling Passenger Perspectives Through Service Design At An Airport, İnci Polat, Ahmet Ozturk, Ruveyda Koc, Yudem Inel
Designing Experiences: Unveiling Passenger Perspectives Through Service Design At An Airport, İnci Polat, Ahmet Ozturk, Ruveyda Koc, Yudem Inel
Journal of Global Hospitality and Tourism
Service design refers to applications that design, align, and optimize business operations to improve the experiences of both users and employees to support customers’ journeys. The fundamental objective of this conceptual framework is not solely to fabricate a comprehensive, pleasurable, and unforgettable encounter for customers but also to create a sustainable, proficient, and fruitful resolution for providers. This study aims to measure passenger satisfaction using service design tools, such as customer journey maps and research walls, and to demonstrate the impact of service design experience on value co-creation and customer satisfaction. In this context, this study comprises two phases. The …
Generative Artificial Intelligence (Gai) In Hospitality And Tourism Marketing: Perceptions, Risks, Benefits, And Policy Implications, Usman Khan, Kashif Ali Khan
Generative Artificial Intelligence (Gai) In Hospitality And Tourism Marketing: Perceptions, Risks, Benefits, And Policy Implications, Usman Khan, Kashif Ali Khan
Journal of Global Hospitality and Tourism
This study investigates the integration of generative artificial intelligence (GAI) into hospitality and tourism marketing and its implications for industry professionals in the United States. This study employed a mixed methods approach, gathering qualitative insights from 20 professionals and quantitative data from a sample of 163 participants. The qualitative study revealed concerns about data privacy, customer trust, and ethical considerations regarding GAI implementation. However, participants acknowledged its potential to enhance personalization, engagement, and operational efficiency. The quantitative study supported these findings by showing a level of concern about risks but agreement on the benefits of GAI. Additionally, the participants were …
The Art Of Artificial Intelligence Illusion: Exposing Digital Deception In The Hospitality Industry, Mohamed Youssef Helal, Mahmoud Ibraheam Saleh
The Art Of Artificial Intelligence Illusion: Exposing Digital Deception In The Hospitality Industry, Mohamed Youssef Helal, Mahmoud Ibraheam Saleh
Journal of Global Hospitality and Tourism
This study investigates how artificial intelligence (AI) tools influence deceptive digital practices within the hospitality industry. As AI capabilities such as chatbots and language models are increasingly used in the industry, their potential impact on deception warrants examination. A comprehensive review is conducted to analyze how hospitality businesses utilize AI tools and how this shapes deceptive behaviors online. Specifically, the review examines how AI-generated content may erode consumer trust and decision-making. It also explores the emerging use of machine learning to fabricate fake reviews and social media posts. As deception undermines trust in businesses and the industry, the effectiveness of …
We’Re In This Together, So Be The Best Human You Can Be, Michelle C. Dziurgot Dds
We’Re In This Together, So Be The Best Human You Can Be, Michelle C. Dziurgot Dds
The Journal of the Michigan Dental Association
The editorial reflects on the shared human experiences that bind us together, using a travel delay as a backdrop. The author highlights personal growth during a trip to Europe and emphasizes the importance of common bonds among people, whether through travel, education, or shared moments. The narrative urges readers to step out of their comfort zones and be compassionate, contributing to a happier and more connected world.
The Mda Member Assistance Program: Real Help When You Need It, Lisa Knowles Dds
The Mda Member Assistance Program: Real Help When You Need It, Lisa Knowles Dds
The Journal of the Michigan Dental Association
This health and well-being feature focuses on the MDA Member Assistance Program, an invaluable resource for dentists navigating the myriad challenges of professional and personal life. The author shares personal experiences and testimonials, highlighting the diverse benefits offered by the program, from mental health counseling to work-life resources. The article emphasizes the program's accessibility, confidentiality, and the wide range of topics it addresses, making it a crucial tool for dentists seeking support and guidance.
Dentistry And The Law: When Must A Data Breach Be Reported?, Dan Schulte Jd
Dentistry And The Law: When Must A Data Breach Be Reported?, Dan Schulte Jd
The Journal of the Michigan Dental Association
This dentistry and the law column addresses the necessity of reporting a potential HIPAA data breach involving missing patient records. The author explains the criteria outlined in the HIPAA Breach Notification Rule and emphasizes the importance of a thorough risk assessment. The dentist must evaluate the nature of the protected health information and whether an unauthorized person acquired it. The article details the steps for reporting, including individual notices to affected patients and the U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services, with distinctions based on the number of individuals affected.
Advocacy Spotlight: 2024 Regulatory Reminders, Neema Katibai Jd
Advocacy Spotlight: 2024 Regulatory Reminders, Neema Katibai Jd
The Journal of the Michigan Dental Association
The Advocacy Spotlight column delves into critical regulatory reminders for dentists in 2024, emphasizing compliance challenges and potential disruptions to practice. Key areas covered include licensing, amalgam separator renewal, electronic prescribing, and Beneficial Ownership Information reporting. The article stresses the importance of staying informed about evolving regulations to ensure seamless practice operations.
Staff Matters: Do I Really Need An Employee Handbook?, Jodi Schafer Sphr, Shrm-Scp
Staff Matters: Do I Really Need An Employee Handbook?, Jodi Schafer Sphr, Shrm-Scp
The Journal of the Michigan Dental Association
This article underscores the importance of having an employee handbook for even small practices. It emphasizes the handbook as a crucial tool for communicating expectations, providing a defense against employment claims, and ensuring legal compliance. The author advises on essential policies related to legal requirements, "At-Will" status, conduct, compensation, benefits, communication, attendance, and discipline. The article stresses the significance of well-crafted policies to avoid confusion and legal liabilities, recommending professional review before implementation.
J Mich Dent Assoc February 2024
J Mich Dent Assoc February 2024
The Journal of the Michigan Dental Association
Every month, The Journal of the Michigan Dental Association brings news, information, and features about Michigan dentistry to our state's oral health community and the MDA's 6,200+ members. No publication reaches more Michigan dentists!
- The February issue previews the 2024 Annual Session in Lansing, highlighting 61 courses, 48 speakers, and Michigan’s largest dental exhibit hall
- A Feature article on The MDA Member Assistance Program: Real Help When You Need It
- News You Need, including The MDA announcement of John Tramontana as the new CEO/executive director
- The MDA Student Debt Resource Center
- Updates on the MDA website refresh
- Celebrating National Children’s …
Mda Foundation: What A Difference A Smile Makes, Anne Berquist
Mda Foundation: What A Difference A Smile Makes, Anne Berquist
The Journal of the Michigan Dental Association
The 2023 round of scholarships awarded by the MDA Foundation totaled $31,000, more than twice the amount awarded in 2022. As a recipient of the MDA Foundation's Dr. George L. Bletsas Scholarship, Maya Scott, now a dental student, is dedicated to advocating for underserved minorities. Scott's journey into dentistry was shaped by her personal experiences with dental care and her desire to address health disparities. Growing up in challenging circumstances, orthodontic treatment transformed her smile and ignited her interest in dentistry. Her scholarship facilitates participation in dental missions and eases living expenses. With aspirations for general dentistry in underserved areas, …
From A Semi-Federal To An Administrative-Technocratic Model: The Paradigm Shift In Decentralization In Contemporary Indonesia, Wasisto Raharjo Jati
From A Semi-Federal To An Administrative-Technocratic Model: The Paradigm Shift In Decentralization In Contemporary Indonesia, Wasisto Raharjo Jati
BISNIS & BIROKRASI: Jurnal Ilmu Administrasi dan Organisasi
The implementation of decentralization policies in Indonesia highlights contested interests between central and subnational governments. Particularly since the end of authoritarian rule, decentralization efforts have continuously faced tensions with recentralization interests. These interests do not necessarily aim to restore a strong state with a hierarchical command structure. Instead, the recent decentralization policies tend to display an administrative state supported by hierarchical policies. Consequently, the autonomous regions are no longer fully autonomous in managing their internal affairs but are increasingly required to comply with national policies. This study seeks to further investigate the reasons behind these shifts through a critical discourse …
The Relationship Between Traffic Congestion And Quality Of Life, Amer Alhusinan
The Relationship Between Traffic Congestion And Quality Of Life, Amer Alhusinan
Journal of Police and Legal Sciences
The problem of traffic congestion is one of the most serious problems that affect people because of the many negative effects it has on the quality of life and well-being of people, which include health, environmental, psychological and aesthetic aspects. With the increase in the number of vehicles and means of transportation, especially in large, densely populated cities, the problem of traffic congestion is exacerbated, which results in many negative effects, such as air pollution resulting from vehicle exhausts, which leads to chest diseases and suffocation, as well as the transfer of toxic substances present in fuel such as lead …