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Articles 5821 - 5850 of 36289
Full-Text Articles in Business
Promoting Construction Of China’S Modern Industrial System By “ Multi-Tracking” Research And Innovation Model, Yongnian Zheng, Lanmeng Xu
Promoting Construction Of China’S Modern Industrial System By “ Multi-Tracking” Research And Innovation Model, Yongnian Zheng, Lanmeng Xu
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
The core of the competition between large nations during the fourth industrial revolution is centered on economic resilience, which is based on the industrial system of each nation. The key takeaway from the historical experience of industrial development in the United Kingdom and the United States is that the building of a modern industrial system must prioritize the balanced development of industries rather than concentrating solely on the financial and service sectors and ignoring the manufacturing sector, which leads to industrial hollowing-out. China ought to build a modern industrial system that possesses the five characteristics, including industry comprehensiveness, large capacity, …
Policy Practices And Countermeasures Analysis On Deep Integration Of Technological Innovation And Industrial Innovation, Defang He, Tao Chen, Hui Liu, Fangjuan Yang
Policy Practices And Countermeasures Analysis On Deep Integration Of Technological Innovation And Industrial Innovation, Defang He, Tao Chen, Hui Liu, Fangjuan Yang
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
Technological innovation serves as the strategic foundation for driving high-quality development and building a modern industrial system. To compete for global leadership in science, technology, and industrial advancement, major economies worldwide are reshaping their policy frameworks to accelerate the development of cutting-edge technologies and future industries. This study analyzes the intrinsic mechanisms and policy evolution of the integration between technological innovation and industrial innovation. By examining domestic and international case studies—such as integrated circuits, mRNA vaccines, new energy vehicles, and photovoltaics—it reveals how strategic guidance and policy coordination facilitate the convergence of innovation chains and industrial chains. Furthermore, the study …
Research And Suggestions On Top-Down Design Methodology Of High-End Cnc Machine Tools, Weiguo Gao, Dawei Zhang, Bingye Liu
Research And Suggestions On Top-Down Design Methodology Of High-End Cnc Machine Tools, Weiguo Gao, Dawei Zhang, Bingye Liu
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
The strategic significance of top-down design theory, method and technical system of high-end CNC machine tools is expounded, so as to realize the independent research and development of high-end CNC machine tools, satisfy the requirements of high-end users in key fields and maintain the independence and control of the core technologies. The top-down design methods and some key scientific problems are proposed, including static-dynamic stiffness design, geometric accuracy design, thermal balance design, and assembly process accuracy design, based on the spatial position and attitude error, relative dynamic flexibility of the working space, through the design, processing and assembly process. The …
Breakthrough Path Of High-End Equipment Manufacturing Driven By Independent Innovation—From Perspective Of R&D And Industrialization Of High-End Wafer Stage Of Lithography Machine, Yu Zhu
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
Focusing on R&D and industrialization of wafer stage of high-end lithography machine, this study deeply analyzes the development status and core challenges of China’s high-end equipment manufacturing industry. The study finds that although China’s high-end equipment manufacturing industry has achieved scale expansion and technological innovation, there are still deficiencies in the independent control of core technologies, facing the dual bottlenecks of technological innovation and basic capabilities. By analyzing the independent innovation practices of wafer stage, including aspects such as core technology breakthroughs, basic capacity enhancements, industrial chain collaboration, and the construction of industry-university-research support systems, the internal laws for the …
Present Situation, Problems And Suggestions Of Advanced Optical Ultra-Precision Manufacturing Technology, Xin Zhang, Kuo Hai, Zizheng Li, Yinghuai Zhang, Binzhi Zhang, Yunfei Zhang, Zhongming Zang, Peng Zeng, Mingtao Wu, Kailong Li, Lisong Yan, Taixi Cehn, Yigang Qian, Hongfei Jiao
Present Situation, Problems And Suggestions Of Advanced Optical Ultra-Precision Manufacturing Technology, Xin Zhang, Kuo Hai, Zizheng Li, Yinghuai Zhang, Binzhi Zhang, Yunfei Zhang, Zhongming Zang, Peng Zeng, Mingtao Wu, Kailong Li, Lisong Yan, Taixi Cehn, Yigang Qian, Hongfei Jiao
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
With the continuous development of key fields such as laser nuclear fusion, space-to-earth observation, deep space exploration, and extreme ultraviolet lithography, the demand for optical components with high surface shape accuracy and high surface quality is increasing. Advanced optical ultra-precision manufacturing technology has become the core pillar of the national high-end manufacturing field. In this paper, the research status of advanced optical ultra-precision manufacturing technology in China is described with the focus on material preparation technology of optical components, ultra-precision forming, polishing, testing and surface treatment technology of components. The existing problems and countermeasures in this field in China are …
Generative Ai-Driven Paradigm Shift For Future Industrial Innovation, Lan Xue, Lidan Jiang
Generative Ai-Driven Paradigm Shift For Future Industrial Innovation, Lan Xue, Lidan Jiang
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
Generative AI, as the core engine triggering a paradigm shift in future industrial innovation, is propelling the next generation of artificial intelligence toward a “new qualitative state” characterized by deep thinking and long-chain reasoning. This study, grounded in the emerging attributes of generative AI-driven future industrial innovation, examines the mutually constitutive relationship between generative AI and industrial innovation in the digit-intelligence era. Through three analytical dimensions, namely, AI-driven transformation of knowledge production paradigms, the reconstruction of technological agency spaces, and the unleashing of new qualitative factor values, it thoroughly deciphers the paradigm evolution driven by generative AI. Furthermore, it proposes …
Development Of China’S Ultra-Precision Equipment Industry And Support Of Patient Capital, Hong Jiang
Development Of China’S Ultra-Precision Equipment Industry And Support Of Patient Capital, Hong Jiang
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
As a core field of high-end manufacturing, China’s ultra-precision equipment industry has achieved rapid development driven by policy support and technological advancements. Nevertheless, it still faces challenges such as technological bottlenecks, international competition, and funding shortages. Its characteristics—long R&D cycles, high risks, and substantial capital investments—are misaligned with the risk-averse nature of traditional financial systems, urgently requiring the support of “patient capital”. Although China possesses a vast pool of long-term capital (e.g., social security funds and insurance funds), systemic gaps prevent these funds from being effectively transformed into patient capital that supports frontier technologies. This study argues that developing patient …
Challenges And Opportunities For Semiconductor Equipment Facing 15th Five-Year Plan, Tianchun Ye, Yu Zhu, Guoming Zhang, Xiaoli Du, Zhenlin Lei, Pengpeng Yuan
Challenges And Opportunities For Semiconductor Equipment Facing 15th Five-Year Plan, Tianchun Ye, Yu Zhu, Guoming Zhang, Xiaoli Du, Zhenlin Lei, Pengpeng Yuan
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
During the “15th Five-Year Plan”, China’s semiconductor equipment industry is facing the dual challenges of technological blockade and supply chain decoupling. It needs to shift from “catching up and replacing” to “path innovation” to break through its dependence on the international technology system. This study analyzes three core needs: supporting self-reliance (breaking through the bottleneck of advanced process equipment and parts), building an innovation ecosystem with Chinese characteristics (exploring new technology paths such as GAA and 3D integration), and promoting intelligent upgrading (integrating AI and digital technology). At the same time, it proposes to use the strategy of “re-globalization” to …
Materials Science And Technology In Ultra-Precision Equipment, Jun Tan, Feng Liu, Mingsheng Luo
Materials Science And Technology In Ultra-Precision Equipment, Jun Tan, Feng Liu, Mingsheng Luo
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
The technological advancement of ultra-precision equipment is highly dependent on the development of advanced high-performance materials. The preparation and processing techniques of key materials directly impact the performance and service behavior of ultra-precision equipment. Nevertheless, the shortcomings in high-performance materials have become major weaknesses in China’s high-end equipment manufacturing. This study systematically summarizes the application of advanced materials in ultra-precision equipment and provides an in-depth analysis of the current status of material preparation and processing technologies, and prospects for future development directions in this field are offered as well. Based on a thorough analysis of the main issues currently faced …
Ultra-Precision Equipment For 15th Five-Year Plan: Challenges And Opportunities, Jianlin Cao
Ultra-Precision Equipment For 15th Five-Year Plan: Challenges And Opportunities, Jianlin Cao
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
People generally refer to equipment with micron-level precision in manufacturing processes as precision equipment, while equipment meeting requirements beyond the micron level (nanometer-level) is termed ultra-precision equipment. Ultra-precision equipment serves as the foundation of advanced manufacturing today and is also a critical component of several high-tech industries, such as integrated circuits, displays, aerospace, instrumentation, and high-end machine tools. The level of ultra-precision equipment in these industries has a decisive impact on their development. Ultra-precision equipment is also the crystallization of modern scientific, technological, and engineering practices, and its development is a historically iterative process, requiring the interplay of demand-driven factors, …
Vigorously Promote Technological Innovation Oriented Towards Industrial Development, Guojie Li
Vigorously Promote Technological Innovation Oriented Towards Industrial Development, Guojie Li
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
From the perspective of scientific and technological workers, this study discusses some understanding and conceptual issues related to the deep integration of technological innovation and industrial innovation. Firstly, it points out that the shift from emphasizing “transformation of achievements” to emphasizing “deep integration of scientific and technological innovation and industrial innovation” is a sublimation in the understanding of the laws of scientific and technological development and economic growth. The connection point between scientific and technological innovation and industrial innovation is the problem to be solved, and the focus of the connection is frontier technology research to explore the feasible pathways. …
Current Status And Development Trends Of Domestic High-End Equipment In Aero-Engine Manufacturing, Hu Chen, Shilin Jiang, Hongtao Tang, Mingshan Song, Haowei He
Current Status And Development Trends Of Domestic High-End Equipment In Aero-Engine Manufacturing, Hu Chen, Shilin Jiang, Hongtao Tang, Mingshan Song, Haowei He
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
Aero-engines are known as the “pearl on the crown of industry”. As global manufacturing competition intensifies, achieving independent control of high-end equipment in aero-engine manufacturing is crucial for China to become a global aviation power. This paper reviews the development, achievements, challenges, and future directions of domestic five-axis machine tools, planers, 3D printing equipment, and micro-hole processing equipment in this field. Domestic five-axis machine tools have made progress through structural innovation and process optimization, gradually replacing imports. Planers have advanced in intelligence and precision, 3D printing equipment in multi-axis coordination and material diversity, and micro-hole processing equipment in compound processes …
Byd: Practices And Reflections On Driving Green Development Through Integrated Innovation, Chuanfu Wang
Byd: Practices And Reflections On Driving Green Development Through Integrated Innovation, Chuanfu Wang
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
In three decades of development practice, BYD has upheld the technology-based and innovation-oriented mindset of development, and seized opportunities presented by technological revolutions and industrial transformations. From battery production, to automobile research and development (R&D) and to rail transit innovations, BYD has continuously deepened integrated development, achieving notable progress in implementing innovation-driven development strategies and cultivating new quality productive forces. This study examines BYD’s integrated innovation development practices as the primary framework, summarizing five distinctive characteristics: technological DNA, vertical integration and integrated innovation, precise strategy, talent engine, and green leadership. In light of future developmental requirements, it proposes relevant insights …
Case Study And Enlightenment Of Key And Core Technology Research, Yanni Han
Case Study And Enlightenment Of Key And Core Technology Research, Yanni Han
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
Since the reform and opening up, China has made significant progress in economic and technological development. Nevertheless, the complex international situation has made us aware that there are still some visible and invisible key core technologies under the control of others, bring us into a passive situation in international competition. Technological advantages are increasingly being applied in political confrontations between nations, serving as important means of sanctions and invisible weapons. Being dependent on others for key and core technologies has become a hidden danger to China’s economic and social development. Based on case studies of some successful key and core …
Study On Management And Mechanism Of National Research Institutions To Organize Critical And Core Technologies R&D Activities, Xiaoxi Xiao, Xiang Shen
Study On Management And Mechanism Of National Research Institutions To Organize Critical And Core Technologies R&D Activities, Xiaoxi Xiao, Xiang Shen
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
As an important component of the national strategic scientific and technological forces, national research institutions, especially those in high-tech fields, have important missions and responsibilities in developing critical and core technologies. This study firstly analyzes the mission and function of national research institutions in critical and core technology research, and then illustrates that national research institutions are capable of undertaking critical and core technologies that need large and long cycle of investments and are of high risk, which means universities and enterprises could not or have no willingness to carry out. In details, national research institutions are able to conduct …
Research On Identification And Selection Practice Methods Of National Critical Technologies, Yanlin Cheng, Yaling Cao, Yan Xiao, Tao Dai
Research On Identification And Selection Practice Methods Of National Critical Technologies, Yanlin Cheng, Yaling Cao, Yan Xiao, Tao Dai
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
National critical technologies are crucial to economic prosperity, social welfare, and national security of a country or region, playing a vital role in enhancing national scientific and technological innovation capability and boosting its international competitiveness. How to identify and select national critical technologies is the prerequisite and foundation for optimizing research layouts and cultivating priority fields. Based on the understanding of the connotations and characteristics of national critical technologies, this study proposes an analytical framework for their identification and selection. Through a cross-case analysis of practices in the United States, the European Union, South Korea, and Australia, the study compares …
Practice And Enlightenment Of National Critical Technology Strategy, Jie Chen, Xiao He, Tao Dai
Practice And Enlightenment Of National Critical Technology Strategy, Jie Chen, Xiao He, Tao Dai
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
Critical technologies have become an important factor affecting the international competition pattern, national economic and social development, and national security. In recent years, major countries such as the United States, South Korea, and Australia have implemented national critical technology strategies to systematically promote the cultivation and protection of critical technologies at the national level. Firstly, the different strategic choices made by the United States, South Korea, and Australia based on their own advantages and foundations were compared from the dimensions of strategic positioning, focus, and main measures. The United States was analyzed as a technology leading strategy, South Korea as …
Considerations And Initiatives For Domesticating Display Manufacturing Equipment, Songlin Ma, Shijian Qin
Considerations And Initiatives For Domesticating Display Manufacturing Equipment, Songlin Ma, Shijian Qin
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
The display panel industry has evolved from CRT to OLED, with major technology-leading regions such as Japan and South Korea adopting a vertically integrated model encompassing equipment, materials, and products. This approach ensures self-sufficiency within their regional industrial chains, while each technological leap has reshaped the global industry landscape. China’s display industry started from scratch and, through a strategy of complete technology import, digestion and absorption, and independent innovation, has gradually achieved the world’s highest shipment volume. Nevertheless, it still faces the challenge of being “large but not strong”, as core equipment for display panel production lines heavily relies on …
Exploring Wasta And Religious Values And Principles: A Case Study Of Employee Engagement In The Uae Hospitality Sector, Reimara Valk, Lina Yousif, Lynne Mcgarvey
Exploring Wasta And Religious Values And Principles: A Case Study Of Employee Engagement In The Uae Hospitality Sector, Reimara Valk, Lina Yousif, Lynne Mcgarvey
Arab Economic and Business Journal
The purpose of this paper is to explore the role of the socio-cultural concept ‘Wasta’ as well as religious values and principles in employee engagement in the hospitality industry in the United Arab Emirates, embedded in the country’s socio-economic, cultural and institutional context. This study investigates employee engagement through the theoretical lenses of Positive Psychology and Positive Organizational Scholarship. Drawing on data from semi-structured interviews and focus groups with 41 employees in the case study hotel in Dubai, findings from this case study research show that the manifestation of EE is influenced by a country’s religious and socio-cultural context.
The Relevance Of Ifrs Accounting Information: Evidence From A Pure Ifrs Environment, Muiz Abu Alia, Khairieh Amarneh, Islam Abdeljawad
The Relevance Of Ifrs Accounting Information: Evidence From A Pure Ifrs Environment, Muiz Abu Alia, Khairieh Amarneh, Islam Abdeljawad
An-Najah University Journal for Research - B (Humanities)
The International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) are supposed to raise the value relevance of accounting information and thus ensure its usefulness for users. Most of the studies on the relevance of IFRS-based accounting information were conducted in countries that had previous accounting standards before the adoption of IFRS. However, the relevance of accounting information is influenced by the accounting traditions inherited from previous practices. This study provides distinctive evidence on the relevance of IFRS accounting information by examining the association between accounting information prepared by Palestinian companies and share prices. Palestine represents a pure IFRS environment since IFRS is its …
Ijir Title Page And Table Of Contents Vol. 4(1), Kevin A. Griffin, Razaq Raj, Giovanni Ruggieri
Ijir Title Page And Table Of Contents Vol. 4(1), Kevin A. Griffin, Razaq Raj, Giovanni Ruggieri
International Journal of Islands Research
Title Page and Table of Contents for Vol. 4(2023), International Journal of Islands Research
The Palestinian Feature Film "200 Meters" Addresses The Issue Of The Apartheid Wall, Samar Abd Al Karim Farahat
The Palestinian Feature Film "200 Meters" Addresses The Issue Of The Apartheid Wall, Samar Abd Al Karim Farahat
Middle East Journal of Communication Studies
This study aimed to explain the methods of processing the Palestinian feature film" 200 meters " to the issue of the apartheid wall, using sub-objectives highlighting political, social and psychological issues and topics in addition to the characters and cinematic elements, to identify the form of processing carried out by the film in an integrated manner. Given the nature of this study, which aimed to find out how the 200-meter film dealt with the issue of the apartheid wall, the researcher adopted the most appropriate approach to studying this type of phenomena, which is the analytical approach. The results of …
When A Health Insurance Provider Says “No”: A Health Insurance Claim Navigation Tool, Dorothy Nuckols, Catherine Sorenson
When A Health Insurance Provider Says “No”: A Health Insurance Claim Navigation Tool, Dorothy Nuckols, Catherine Sorenson
Journal of Extension
The purpose of health insurance is to pay for preventative and nonpreventative health care. Unfortunately, claim denials are frequent and most people do not contested these denials. Consumers lack both knowledge and self-efficacy to challenge their health insurance decision. Conflict is stressful can occur when a health insurance claim is denied unexpectedly. Faced with uncertainty of health care cost coverage, consumers are more likely to delay or forgo healthcare and jeopardize their health. To address this challenge, increase awareness of claim appeal processes and to provide consumer guidance, [STATE] Extension developed a Health Insurance Claim Navigation Tool.
Improving Healthcare Workers’ Biohazardous Spill Safe Handling Skills, Zeina Mhanna, Ahmad Tassi
Improving Healthcare Workers’ Biohazardous Spill Safe Handling Skills, Zeina Mhanna, Ahmad Tassi
BAU Journal - Health and Wellbeing
All healthcare workers (HCWs) are exposed to biohazardous material. Biohazardous material may come in the form of spills, posing a risk of infection to (HCWs) who are not trained on how to safely handle them. While international guidelines recommend training HCWs on how to safely handle biohazardous spills in order to improve their skills, there are no studies that tackled this recommendation. The aim of this study is to improve HCWs’ biohazardous spill safe handling skills through training, and to evaluate the association between the HCWs’ improvement level and demographical characteristics. The study was conducted in a Southern Lebanese hospital …
Effect Of Recommending Users And Opinions On The Network Connectivity And Idea Generation Process, Sriniwas Pandey, Hiroki Sayama
Effect Of Recommending Users And Opinions On The Network Connectivity And Idea Generation Process, Sriniwas Pandey, Hiroki Sayama
Northeast Journal of Complex Systems (NEJCS)
The growing reliance on online services underscores the crucial role of recommendation systems, especially on social media platforms seeking increased user engagement. This study investigates how recommendation systems influence the impact of personal behavioral traits on social network dynamics. It explores the interplay between homophily, users’ openness to novel ideas, and recommendation-driven exposure to new opinions. Additionally, the research examines the impact of recommendation systems on the diversity of newly generated ideas, shedding light on the challenges and opportunities in designing effective systems that balance the exploration of new ideas with the risk of reinforcing biases or filtering valuable, unconventional …
Using Excel To Teach Agri-Business And Financial Literacy Concepts To 4-H Youth, Halee Prather, Maryfrances Miller, Marcy Ward, Craig Gifford
Using Excel To Teach Agri-Business And Financial Literacy Concepts To 4-H Youth, Halee Prather, Maryfrances Miller, Marcy Ward, Craig Gifford
Journal of Extension
Teaching youth agribusiness subject matter and financial literacy through 4-H livestock projects is an important task. This article discusses using Excel as a record keeping tool to expand knowledge and comprehension of financial concepts and profitability in the beef industry. A description of the Excel record book contents and parent feedback is presented. Using the Excel record book expanded conversations about the beef industry and proved to be a favorable tool for increasing youth understanding of critical agribusiness concepts.
Case Study: The Strategy, Implementation, And Financial Performance Of The Bank Of North Dakota, Muhammad Umar Farooq, Faruk Arslan, Donovan Fuqua, Victor Pimentel
Case Study: The Strategy, Implementation, And Financial Performance Of The Bank Of North Dakota, Muhammad Umar Farooq, Faruk Arslan, Donovan Fuqua, Victor Pimentel
Mountain Plains Journal of Business and Technology
This case study seeks to investigate the factors enabling the survival of the Bank of North Dakota (BND), which is the only operational state-owned bank in the United States, and its implications on North Dakota economy's well-being. Since its foundation in 1919, the BND's mission has been to "promote agriculture, commerce, and industry in North Dakota." (Mission, Vision, Core Values, n.d.) This case explores the corporate strategy, its implementation, and the financial performance of the Bank of North Dakota from 2017-2021. By employing a case-study method, this paper draws on analysis and the comments of several elected representatives of North …
Tech-Savvy Hospitality: A Strategic Approach To Overcoming Labor Shortages, Donna Haywood, Smita Singh Dr.
Tech-Savvy Hospitality: A Strategic Approach To Overcoming Labor Shortages, Donna Haywood, Smita Singh Dr.
ICHRIE Research Reports
The hospitality industry faces an unprecedented labor shortage, prompting a surge in technological solutions. This reflection paper explores how innovations such as robotics, artificial intelligence, and digital applications are being deployed to bridge these staffing gaps. By analyzing the role of technology in areas like housekeeping, guest services, event, and culinary operations, implications for service quality and industry standards are also assessed. While technology offers potential alleviation for labor challenges, it's crucial to consider its impact on the inherent human-centric nature of hospitality.
Credentialing Exam Hesitancy In Dietary Management Certificate Program Graduates: A First Look At Perceived Barriers, Sona Donayan
Credentialing Exam Hesitancy In Dietary Management Certificate Program Graduates: A First Look At Perceived Barriers, Sona Donayan
Journal of Research in Technical Careers
Certified dietary managers (CDMs) lead their food services team by ensuring food quality, safety, and palatability while applying nutrition principles to food purchasing, storage, preparation, and service. Despite labor shortages and forecasted growth in both healthcare and food services management jobs, approximately 30% of credentialing exam candidates forego their exam within the first year after completing a didactic career technical education program approved by the Association of Nutrition and Foodservice Professionals. Moreover, very few return to pursue their exam after the first year. This study explored, through the lens of the theory of planned behavior, the perceived obstacles contributing to …
Mass Tourism Management In Sintra World Heritage Site: The Role Of Tourist Guides, Luis Miguel Brito, Ilidia Carvalho
Mass Tourism Management In Sintra World Heritage Site: The Role Of Tourist Guides, Luis Miguel Brito, Ilidia Carvalho
International Journal of Tour Guiding and Visitor Attraction Research
Information is power. Tourist guides hold this power as information givers, representatives of the tourists in the sites they visit and vice versa, and they can also persuade the tourists to do what is more convenient in each situation, thus contributing to sustainability through their interpretation. Arguably, in a situation of mass tourism, they can be very helpful. Mass tourism is viewed negatively by various intellectual currents and some critics in the field. It is usually associated with a lack of interest in culture, and it is understood as harmful to nature. It is in opposition to alternative, responsible, and …