Business Commons^™

Developing Workforce Capability In Nonprofits Through Effective Leadership, Catherine Byrnes Smoyer, Rocky J. Dwyer, Janice K. Garfield, Brandon D. Simmons

International Journal of Applied Management and Technology

Leaders of nonprofit organizations in the United States must build workforce capabilities to meet increasing demands for services. This single-case study explored strategies nonprofit leaders used to build workforce capability to address increasing service demands. The conceptual lens for this study was the full-range leadership theory. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with senior executives of a single nonprofit organization located in the Midwestern region of the United States, which included internal organizational and workforce performance data, strategy plans, annual reports internal and external financial documents, and publicly available information. Four major themes related to building workforce capacity emerged from …

The Impact Of Covid-19 On Temple Stays: A Case Study From Koyasan, Japan, Ricardo Nicolas Progano

International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage

The 2020 COVID-19 pandemic had a dramatic impact on worldwide religious tourism, with wide repercussions for both visitors and local stakeholders. However, previous studies on disaster management and tourism do not address the impacts on religious destinations. The viewpoints and experiences of religious stakeholders are seldom studied. Therefore, using a qualitative approach, this research aims to examine the impact of COVID-19 on temple stays by utilising Faulkner’s tourism disaster management framework. The case study of the Buddhist complex of Kōyasan (Wakayama Prefecture, Japan) is taken, where 52 temples offer temple stay services. Two rounds of semi-structured interviews were first carried …

Travelling To The Inner Self: Tourism, Buddhism And Sustainability In The Alpine Area, Tatjana Thimm

International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage

This paper examines the interdependencies of tourism, Buddhism and sustainability combining in-depth-interviews with Buddhism experts and non-participant observation in a mixed-method approach. The area under investigation is the Alpine region of Austria, Germany and Switzerland, since it is home to Asian and Western forms of Buddhism tourism alike. Results show that Buddhism tourism as a value-based activity on the one hand is not commercial, but since demand is rising, on the other hand tendencies towards more commercial forms can be observed. As a modest form of activity Buddhism tourism does not shape the landscape of the Alpine area and by …

Impact Of Social Media On Spiritual Tourism In India: An Sem Analysis Of The Critical Factors Impacting On Decision Making, Alpana Agarwal, Komal Kapoor, Sandeep Walia

International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage

Over the last two decades, an exponential rise has been observed in the growth of spiritual tourism where travellers are preferring and visiting places of religious inclination seeking to align their body and mind. In the current fast paced life where stress, anxiety, insecurities and depression have become common place, travelling to certain places that provide connection with the almighty or peace to the traveller has become very important. Spiritual tourism in India has always been very highly valued and is active as an industry in a country known as the land of temples and gods. Many globally popular destinations …

Experience Dimensions Of Religious Festivals: Religion And Spirituality At Paryaya, Udupi, India, Senthilkumaran Piramanayagam, Partho Pratim Seal

International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage

Festivals and events have been found to be an important motivation for travel, and are a significant component in a destination offering. All religious festivals, irrespective of religion and tradition, aim to develop spirituality. Experience is the core of festivals and events, and the experience is multifaceted. This research aims to analyse the impact of various experience dimensions of religious festivals on participants’ overall festival experience and behavioural intention at a biennial festival called ‘Paryaya’ held at Udupi, India, using the concept of the experience economy. The researchers have adopted a quantitative research approach for the study. The result obtained …

A New Look At The Arba’Een Mega-Event From The Perspective Of Iraqis As The Host Community, Ali Asghar Shalbafian, Neda Zarandian

International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage

The present study explores the impacts of the Arba’een event from the perspective of the inhabitants in the host community, Iraq, as the key stakeholders. Arba’een procession is one of the forms of pilgrimage that has expanded significantly in recent years and has a special place among Muslims. Due to the huge number of pilgrims, this phenomenon can be considered as a mega-event with different effects. One of the best judges of these effects is the host community. To evaluate the judgements, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 22 Iraqis selected via convenience snowball sampling. The data collected from the interview …

Exploring The Motivations Of Millennials Opting For Temple Stays In India, Aruditya Jasrotia, Pooja Choudhary, Parvinder Kour, Vibha Yadav

International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage

Millennials are the most promising consumer segment of the tourism industry and the fast pace of development and emergence of newer trends has led to a drastic change in consumer behaviour. Temple Stays are emerging as a significant source of tourism for sites that are transforming traditional religious practices into a complete hybrid of leisure and recreation. Considering this, the current research is framed to analyse the factors that motivate Millennials to undertake spiritual tourism activities, with special focus on Temple Stay programs at various Buddhist sites / monasteries in India and the revisit intentions of Millennials. The research is …

Can Spiritual Tourism In India Be Marketed Properly? Learnings From An Analysis Of Twitter, Veerasamy Senthil, Susobhan Goswami

International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage

The tourism sector is an economic powerhouse for any country and tourism growth improves the quality of people’s lives by providing employment of diverse kinds. Electronic word of mouth (e-WOM) has emerged to become a highly influential strategy of modern marketing and a significant medium as harnessed by travel marketers. Sentiments are a representation of human emotions and present a wide spectrum of varying intensity. The objectives of this research paper are to examine what propels a spiritual traveller towards Indian sites of interest, to appreciate the function of beliefs and where does it yield fruits? It also analyses the …

The Role Of Communication Technologies In Restructuring Pilgrimage Journeys, Reni Polus, Neil Carr

International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage

Pilgrimage has evolved alongside the evolution of communication technology. Emergent communication technology is changing how people present themselves and tell others about their experiences, including within the context of pilgrimages. Building upon this recognition, this paper examines how evolving communication technologies have changed pilgrimage using Victor Turner’s concepts of rite of passage and communitas. This conceptual paper recognises that technologies, such as the internet, mobile phones and social media, all influence the three stages of the pilgrimage ritual process: separation, liminality, and reintegration. This paper provides a conceptual clarification of the differences between how the medieval and the 21st Century …

Revisiting The Inner Self In Times Of Debilitating Distress: Gateways For Wellness Through Spiritual Tourism, Manpreet Arora, Roshan Lal Sharma, Sandeep Walia

International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage

The COVID-19 pandemic has had devastating effects on our bodies, minds and souls. Having suffered it for more than a year now we know how crucial it is to tackle the pandemic at physical, psychological and spiritual levels. We have well-established Standard Operating Procedures alongside vaccines to deal with it at physical level, but equally crucial are mental and spiritual problems caused by COVID-19 (Chopra, 2020).

This paper seeks to explore certain gateways and possibilities of dealing with distress, despair, anxiety, angst, trauma and disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in diverse arenas of human activities to ascertain how crucial …

Women’S Experiences In Religious Tourism: An Investigation Into Women’S Involvement In Sabarimala Pilgrimage, Kerala, Shyju P.J., A. Vinodan, S. Meera, Jithendran Kokkranikal

International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage

Preparations for the Sabarimala pilgrimage involves devotees observing a 41 day period of austerity (vrata) during which they practice an ascetic life. Women between the age of 10 and 50 do not visit the shrine at Sabarimala due to long-established customs. However, women do play an important role during the 41-day austerity observed by family members preparing for the pilgrimage, which could be described as a non-participant involvement in the pilgrimage. While there have been many studies on the spiritual and secular experiences of pilgrims, research on this unique form of non-participant involvement in pilgrimages is not found especially in …

Drivers Of Spiritual Tourism: A Destination-Specific Approach, Bipithalal Balakrishnan Nair, M. R. Dileep

International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage

With a rising number of visitors worldwide, spiritual tourism is becoming more relevant than ever before. Spiritual tourism is defined as travel to discover the goal and significance of one’s life, thus, self-experiences are crucial for the transition of a person’s mind, body, and soul. Because of this, both the destination chosen and the inspiration and intention of the tourists involved play central roles. However, existing research on spiritual tourism mainly focuses on classification and motivation and explicitly focuses on the demand side. Given the recent increase of participation in spiritually-focused tourism, it is important to accurately grasp the practical …

Ijrtp Volume 9(V) Table Of Contents & Editorial, Sandeep Walia, Saurabh Kumar Dixit, Razaq Raj, Carlos Fernandes, Kevin A. Griffin

International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage

No abstract provided.

Offensive And Defensive Competitive Marketing Strategy: The Development Of Construct & Measurements, Pantri Heriyati, Ign Heruwasto, Sari Wahyuni

ASEAN Marketing Journal

Malaysia is opening parts of its services to greater foreign participation due to globalisation. Local banks have since consolidated a decade ago and foreign banks expanding their businesses in local markets have intensified the competition. As a result, credit card adoption is getting more challenging to marketers. Hence effective marketing strategies are important. The theoretical model of the paper is based on the buyer behaviour model by Kotler and Armstrong (1999). The model identifies the major factors which influence consumer buyer behaviour and how buyer decision process affects the buyer behaviour. The paper aims to examine the effectiveness of marketing …

Analysis Effect Of Environment Attitude, Health Consciousness And Knowledge In Developing Product Perception And Intention To Buy (A Study On Organic Food Product), Widyasari Widyasari, Jony Oktavian Haryanto

ASEAN Marketing Journal

This research intends to study the factors that can affect the product perception and consumer intention in buying organic product.The study is necessary in that it explores at least some of the factors that can affect the product perception and consumer intention in buying organic product. The research results indicated that there was a positive influence of health consciousness towards environment attitude, consumer’s organic product knowledge towards organic product perception, environment attitude and consumer’s organic knowledge towards intention to buy organic product. But, there was a negative influence between environment attitude, health consciousness towards consumer’s organic product perception, and consumer’s …

Determinants Of Brand Equity Of Services: A Verification Approach In The Banking Industry In Malaysia, Norjaya Mohd. Yasin, Norzalita Abd. Aziz

ASEAN Marketing Journal

This study attempts to verify the determinants of brand equity of services based on consumers’ perception of a banking service. The conceptual framework of this study is based on customer-based brand equity called the Brand Resonance model which comprises of six building blocks namely brand salience, brand performance, brand imagery, brand judgment, brand feelings and brand resonance. Factor analyses were conducted on all items measuring the six constructs and the results produced only five factors i.e brand salience, brand performance, brand judgments, brand feelings and brand resonance as the determinants of brand equity of services. Reliability test on all these …

Micro And Small Entrepreneur Social Ads: The Influence Of Risk Perception As Measured By Self-Monitoring And Social Expectation On Poverty Reduction Social Ads In Indonesia, Adi Zakaria Afiff

ASEAN Marketing Journal

Regardless of the growing usage of social ads in Indonesia, the effectiveness of these social ads has not really been assessed. One theme of the social ads that is related to the poverty problem in this country is the micro and small entrepreneur social ads, namely a number of related social ads issued by the government that persuades its audience to release themselves from poverty by becoming micro and small entrepreneurs that is supported by low cost loans from the government.As becoming a micro or small entrepreneur has both an individual and a social risk perception, a 2x2x2 experiment was …

Analysis On Variables Affecting The Creation Of Tourist Destination Image: Case Study On Domestic Tourists Visiting Yogyakarta Between 2007 To 2009, Khairani Khairani, Hapsari Setyowardhani

ASEAN Marketing Journal

The purpose of this study is to examine the variables that affect the image creation of tourism destinations. This research is a case study on domestic tourists visiting Yogyakarta from 2007 to 2009. This research uses an exploratory and descriptive design, conducted once in one period (cross-sectional). A number of 105 domestic tourists were selected as samples by means of non-probability sampling method and snowball sampling technique. The data were analyzed using reliability and validity tests, frequency distributions, and regression analyses. Results showed that overall image was significantly constructed and affected by cognitive and affective evaluations. Cognitive evaluation was significantly …

Factors Affecting Customers’ Satisfaction And Perception: Case Study Of Islamic Banks’Service Quality, Yayah Cheriyah, Widya Sulistyowati, Ade Cornelia, Viverita Viverita

ASEAN Marketing Journal

This study aims to investigate the perception and expectation of the Islamic bank customers on the banks’ service quality, and how these factors affect their satisfaction and their intention to buy and to use the Islamic banks products and services.This finding implies that the Islamic banks should have pay more attention to their service quality since it would have a positif influence on customer satisfaction and purchase intention.

The Influence Of Attitude And Subjective Norms On Student’S (Future) Intention And Future Decision Of Higher Level Studies: A Case Study Of Five Universities With Bhmn Status In Indonesia, Gita Gayatri, Yeshika Alversia, Rifelly Dewi Astuti

ASEAN Marketing Journal

Since government regulation (PP) Nu 61/1999 came into effect, competitions were heating up among state-owned universities (PTN) in attracting high school graduates. This research aims to understand students’ attitudes toward tertiary education institutions, their promotion activities and other external factors such as family, and the impact of those attitudes in choosing tertiary education institution if they were to take further study and in recommending certain tertiary education institution to other people. The sample chosen was approximately 500 first-year tertiary students from UI, ITB, IPB, UGM dan Unair.The result of this study found that students are strongly influenced by their positive …

Between Management And Employees: Which One Is More Critical In Building Value And Loyalty?, Arief Wibisono Lubis, Rizal Edy Halim

ASEAN Marketing Journal

We conducted a research concerning the relationship between trust, value, and loyalty based on the model developed by Sirdeshmukh et al. (2002). Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling were used to test the model. According to the model, the authors made a distinction between trustworthiness and trust dimension in Sales Promotion People (SPP) context and Management Policies and Practices (MPP) context. By collecting primary data from 105 respondents, the result shows that in the MPP context, operational benevolence was proven to demostrate a statistically significant positive effect to trust in MPP. Both the trust in MPP and trust in …

Halal Literacy: A Concept Exploration And Measurement Validation, Imam Salehudin

ASEAN Marketing Journal

Muslim consumers have strict commandments which guides their consumption behavior. However, Muslim individuals may have different compliance regarding the commandments. This difference in compliance may be explained by difference in halal literacy. Halal literacy is the ability to differentiate permissible (halal) and forbidden (haram) goods and services which came from better understanding of Islamic laws (shariah).Thus, the purpose of this paper is to explore the concept of Halal Literacy as well as to develop and validate an instrument to measure Halal Literacy for Muslim consumers. Halal literacy was measured using two methods. One method using six items of five point …

Performance Evaluation Of Public Services: A Development Of Public Services Quality Measurement And Customer Satisfaction Model On Three Cities In Java, Gita Gayatri, Rifelly Dewi Astuti, Fanny Martdianty, Sri Daryanti

ASEAN Marketing Journal

Decentralization in Indonesia was meant to aid in the shifting of power from the central government to local governments, with the main aim to increase public services towards a more expeditious, efficient, flexible, and high quality of services, changing the paradigm from a ‘served bureaucracy’ towards a ‘bureaucracy that serves’. This research will evaluate: first, the perception of public service consumers towards the quality of public/government services, second, the perceived value received from public services, as well as third, the measurement of their satisfaction level resulting from the quality of services delivered by local governments at city level in the …

Determinants Of Female Labor Force Participation, Adiqa Qausar Kiani

ASEAN Marketing Journal

There are many factors related to female entering the labor market. For example, household income, household expenditure, education and status of the head of the household (male/ female). The degree of correlation between each variable and female labor force participation rate varies throughout the country. This study focused on the factors due to which women enter in labor market. Tobit model is used for this analysis. It is concluded that education and household expenditures have positive but insignificant impact on the female LF, whereas household income and head of the household has negative impact on FLF. It is suggested that …

Employee Participation In The Private Sector In Malaysia: The Applicability Of Favourable Conjunctures Model, Balakrishnan Parasuraman, Di Kelly, Balan Rathakrishnan

ASEAN Marketing Journal

EP is one crucial aspect of the employment relationship in both private and public organisations in many countries. In 2001, Poole, Lansbury and Wiles developed a model for comparative EP, which they named the Favourable Conjunctures Model. So far, this model has only been applied in developed countries such as the United States of America, United Kingdom, Australia and Europe. There it was applied in order to examine worker participation from the national perspective. No extensive study has been conducted using this model to explain worker participation practices at the company level. In parallel with this aspect, this model also …

‘Initiative-Decision’ Typology Of New Product Launching (Npl) Into Local Market: Toward Interaction Mechanism, Firmanzah Firmanzah

ASEAN Marketing Journal

New product launching (NPL) process in subsidiaries is very complex, expensive and risky. This process is marked by the problem of role partition between headquarter and subsidiaries. This research emphasizes the quality of relation between subsidiaries and headquarter which determines the qualities of NPL process into local market. Typology of initiative-decision during NPL process has been documented. Using cluster analysis, three clusters of ‘initiative-decision’ during NPL are found in this research: ‘headquarters domination’, ‘mix-initiative’ and ‘interaction’. Using ANOVA analysis, this research found that interaction between subsidiary and headquarter managers positively increases the effectiveness of marketing-strategy during NPL process. This finding …

Value Added Service And Service Quality From The Customer’S Perspective: An Empirical Investigation In Thai Telecommunication Industry, Saowanee Srikanjanarak, Azizah Omar, T Ramayah

ASEAN Marketing Journal

Increasing global competition has led to an intensively competitive market among service providers. Several organizations have created and developed a variety of products or services; in particular the telecommunications industry has developed mobile phone services. Various value-added services linked to mobile phone services, such as communication, entertainment, information services and money transfer services have been intensively incorporated to sustain and serve the customer’s need, which in turn demands performance maximization. In service marketing literature, SERVQUAL and SERVPERF have been reported as failing to measure service quality in new industries such as the retail industry’s B2B service. Therefore, service quality models …

Selecting Better Attributes In Third-Party Hotel Reservation Web Sites: A Comparative Analysis, Ruben Huertas, Agusti Casas, Esther Subira

ASEAN Marketing Journal

Internet has been viewed by many travel organizations as an innovative and competitive marketing tool in offering travel-related information and online transaction opportunities (Doolin et al., 2002). But, Internet also has proportionate opportunities to appear new intermediaries in the new hotel value chain (Connolly et al., 1998). A substantial portion of online room reservations continues to be accounted by the third-party Web sites (Law and Cheung, 2006). Hotels have been actively involved in multi-channel distribution in order to sell products and services more efficiently using a combination of traditional and electronic channels. It is important for organizations to rely on …

Religiosity As An Antecedent Of Attitude Towards Green Products: An Exploratory Research On Young Malaysian Consumers, Lau Teck Chai, Tan Booi Chen

ASEAN Marketing Journal

Religion has long been acknowledged as an important social force that influences human behavior but yet in the secular society its influence on consumer behavior appears to be underestimated. Of the sporadic research conducted, findings indicated that religion can be a significant factor in relation to consumption patterns, innovativeness, media usage, family decision-making, purchase risk aversion and selected store patronage behavior. The current research is exploratory in nature and attempts to investigate the influence of religiosity on attitudes towards green products especially among young Malaysian consumers. Religiosity, the independent variable, was measured by the intrinsic/ extrinsic religious orientation scale adopted …

The Effects Of Localisation Decisions On New Product Superiority And Performance: Empirical Research On Consumer-Goods Subsidiaries, Firmanzah Jusmaliani

ASEAN Marketing Journal

New products, while essential, are risky and expensive for subsidiaries. The main objective of this research is to determine success factors for new product launch (NPL) by subsidiaries operating in developing countries. It is argued that localisation of NPL decisions contributes positively to new product superiority and commercial performance, with partial least squares used to test the hypothesis. The results show that localisation of innovation decisions increases localisation of branding and commercialisation decisions in the local market. However, localisation of commercialisation decisions positively influences new product superiority, while localisation of innovation decisions reduces this superiority. Finally, hypothesis testing reveals that …