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Full-Text Articles in Business

Some Reflections On Agricultural Policy: Constraints, Policy Levers, Degrees Of Freedom, And Choices, J. Molinier Mar 2026

Some Reflections On Agricultural Policy: Constraints, Policy Levers, Degrees Of Freedom, And Choices, J. Molinier

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

This paper offers a conceptual reflection on agricultural policy by distinguishing between its structural constraints, its main instruments, and the room for public choice. The author argues that agricultural policy cannot be separated from broader economic policy and identifies major constraints linked to natural conditions, economic structures, political objectives, and international trends. The article reviews the principal levers available to governments, including policies on production techniques, farm structures, prices, population, and incomes, together with the financial means used to support them. It concludes that technical progress, price policy, and farmer training and organization are among the most decisive factors for …

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The Development Of Export Sectors: An Important Contribution To The Country’S Economic Growth, Aziz Tazi Mar 2026

The Development Of Export Sectors: An Important Contribution To The Country’S Economic Growth, Aziz Tazi

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

This article examines the contribution of agricultural export sectors to Morocco’s economic growth, with particular emphasis on citrus exports. It shows that agricultural exports represented a significant share of total exports and foreign exchange earnings, while also facing changing international market conditions, stricter quality requirements, and stronger competition. The paper reviews improvements in varietal selection, production techniques, packaging, transport, cold storage, and commercial organization, and discusses the need to diversify external markets beyond traditional destinations. It argues that sustained export growth depends on raising product quality, improving logistics, and aligning production strategy with international demand.

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Agro-Pastoral Production Systems In The Mountains And Foothills Of Morocco, Jean Dresch Mar 2026

Agro-Pastoral Production Systems In The Mountains And Foothills Of Morocco, Jean Dresch

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

This article analyzes agro-pastoral production systems in the mountain and piedmont regions of Morocco. It shows how farming households combine rainfed cultivation, irrigated plots, arboriculture, and livestock herding in order to adapt to ecological constraints such as steep slopes, irregular rainfall, cold winters, and limited arable land. The paper emphasizes the importance of collective water management, terraces, seasonal grazing systems, and local resource regulation in sustaining mountain livelihoods. It also argues that the relative balance between crops and herds varies according to altitude, local traditions, and access to pasture, making these regional systems both highly adaptive and socially organized.

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Irrigation And The Development Of Sugar Production, Othmane Lahlou Mar 2026

Irrigation And The Development Of Sugar Production, Othmane Lahlou

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

The article examines the role of large-scale irrigation in Morocco’s agricultural modernization and in the expansion of sugar beet and sugar cane production. It reviews the country’s hydraulic potential, the history of hydro-agricultural development, and the public investments that made irrigated agriculture possible after independence. The author also discusses the technical, social, and organizational constraints of irrigation schemes, including land consolidation, farmer participation, and infrastructure management. Within this framework, sugar crops are presented as a strategic example of how irrigation can transform production, reduce imports, and move the country toward greater self-sufficiency.

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Water Control And The Growth Of Agricultural Production In Developing Countries, Françoise Conac Mar 2026

Water Control And The Growth Of Agricultural Production In Developing Countries, Françoise Conac

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

The article presents water control as a central condition for agricultural growth in developing countries, where it can stabilize yields, raise productivity, and support more intensive farming. It reviews the benefits of irrigation, drainage, and flood control, while also emphasizing the frequent failures of past projects caused by weak planning, inappropriate techniques, poor maintenance, and insufficient user participation. The author highlights the environmental and health risks of badly managed irrigation, including salinization, waterlogging, and disease, and argues for revised water policies that integrate technical, financial, institutional, and social dimensions. Farmer participation is presented as essential to effective water management.

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What Forest Policy For The Integrated Development Of Rural Space?, Mohammed Ellatifi Mar 2026

What Forest Policy For The Integrated Development Of Rural Space?, Mohammed Ellatifi

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

This paper argues that forest policy must be treated as a core component of integrated rural development rather than as a separate technical sector. Using Morocco as its main reference, it reviews the economic, ecological, and social functions of forests: wood and forage production, soil and water protection, climate regulation, biodiversity, recreation, and defense against erosion and desertification. The author shows that agriculture itself depends on upstream forest protection and warns against fragmented planning that ignores these interdependencies. The article calls for coordinated territorial planning and for greater recognition of forestry in national and regional development strategies.

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Reflections On Agriculture And Food Security: The Case Of The Arab World, Ahmed Sadik Mar 2026

Reflections On Agriculture And Food Security: The Case Of The Arab World, Ahmed Sadik

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

This paper reflects on agriculture and food security in the Arab world by linking geopolitical realities, uneven natural endowments, and the structure of the global agro-food economy. It argues that although ecological conditions are often difficult, they do not fully determine agricultural outcomes; instead, regional cooperation, investment, and the productive use of oil surpluses are essential to reducing food dependence. The article also reviews the historical evolution of the world food system and the vulnerabilities created by import dependence, demographic pressure, and changing consumption patterns. It advocates an Arab strategy that combines integration, agricultural investment, and long-term food security planning.

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Agricultural Development And Food Independence, N. Bourenane Mar 2026

Agricultural Development And Food Independence, N. Bourenane

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

The article examines the growing food dependence of developing countries, with particular attention to Algeria and the Maghreb. It criticizes uncritical reliance on externally promoted agricultural models based on imported seeds, fertilizers, machinery, and pesticides, arguing that such approaches may raise output while deepening technological dependence, social inequality, ecological damage, and vulnerability in food supply. The author questions whether short-term production gains truly lead to lasting food independence and highlights the long-term technical, economic, and political costs of generalized high-input agriculture. The paper calls for development choices grounded in national priorities and social realities.

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Agricultural Development And Popular Participation In Senegal, Moussa Ndoye Mar 2026

Agricultural Development And Popular Participation In Senegal, Moussa Ndoye

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

Focusing on Senegal, this paper argues that agricultural development can succeed only if rural populations participate directly and effectively in its implementation. After placing agriculture at the center of development strategy in the Third World, the author reviews Senegal’s post-independence experience in administrative reform, rural institutions, training, and support structures. The article stresses the need for fair prices, adequate public investment, better-trained rural cadres, stronger agricultural services, and policies that connect growth with social justice. It presents popular participation not as a slogan, but as a necessary condition for sustainable agricultural transformation.

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The Role Of The Ministry Of The Interior In Agricultural Development, Driss Basri Mar 2026

The Role Of The Ministry Of The Interior In Agricultural Development, Driss Basri

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

The paper analyzes the place of Morocco’s Ministry of the Interior in agricultural development and rural policy implementation. It argues that, because most of the population and local authorities were rural, the ministry played a decisive coordinating role alongside the Ministry of Agriculture, especially in applying the Agricultural Investment Code, supervising local commissions, and managing land, forests, and collective resources. The article reviews both the gains and the limits of agricultural policy, noting progress in irrigated, citrus, sugar, and dairy production but weaker results in cereals, forage crops, and rainfed areas. It concludes by calling for a broader rural development …

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Productive Systems And The Problems Of Agricultural Development, R. Badouin Mar 2026

Productive Systems And The Problems Of Agricultural Development, R. Badouin

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

This article discusses how agricultural development requires changes in productive systems under conditions of population growth, rising incomes, and urbanization. It distinguishes between cropping systems, production systems, and farm management systems, and examines how each should evolve in response to food demand. The author analyzes the balance between food crops and export crops, as well as between plant and animal production, emphasizing food security, resource efficiency, and the risks of dependence on external markets or animal-based consumption patterns. The article frames agricultural strategy as a structural response to development pressures rather than a purely technical adjustment.

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Agricultural Development Planning In The Kingdom And Its Importance To The National Economy And Its Relationship To Comprehensive Development, Abdallah Alaoui Al Jafri Mar 2026

Agricultural Development Planning In The Kingdom And Its Importance To The National Economy And Its Relationship To Comprehensive Development, Abdallah Alaoui Al Jafri

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

This article examines agricultural development planning in Saudi Arabia and situates it within the Kingdom’s broader comprehensive development strategy. It reviews the objectives of successive development plans, including economic diversification, food production, rural settlement, social stability, and the expansion of infrastructure and human capacity. Particular attention is given to the strategic role of agriculture in national development despite severe water scarcity, highlighting state support through land distribution, irrigation studies, desalination, extension services, mechanization, and regional agricultural programs. The paper argues that agricultural policy is integral to balanced national growth and to reducing dependence on a single-resource economy.

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The Future Of Human Resources: Opportunities And Challenges Of Ai Integration, Julianna Cutcher Mar 2026

The Future Of Human Resources: Opportunities And Challenges Of Ai Integration, Julianna Cutcher

The Downtown Review: An Interdisciplinary Journal Written and Peer-Reviewed by Mandel Honors College Students at Cleveland State University

Artificial intelligence (AI) has rapidly evolved, revolutionizing technological operations and reshaping business processes for greater speed and efficiency. In human resources (HR), AI offers transformative potential across key functions such as recruitment, compensation, employee management, and decision-making. It can enhance employee experience, engagement, and satisfaction while improving accuracy, saving time, and reducing costs. Despite these benefits, integrating AI into HR presents challenges, including privacy concerns, algorithmic bias, ethical dilemmas, limited technical capabilities, and resistance to change. Addressing these barriers requires a human-centric approach that thoughtfully incorporates AI into HR practices, ensuring ethical use and fostering trust among stakeholders.

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Workplace Diversity In A Diverse World: Why Inclusion And Ethics Matter, Julianna Cutcher Mar 2026

Workplace Diversity In A Diverse World: Why Inclusion And Ethics Matter, Julianna Cutcher

The Downtown Review: An Interdisciplinary Journal Written and Peer-Reviewed by Mandel Honors College Students at Cleveland State University

As global populations grow and evolve, diversity becomes an increasingly prominent and complex characteristic of society and the workplace. Diversity encompasses the vast array of individual differences and similarities among people, affecting how organizations operate and interact. In the United States, the diversity index rose to 61.1% in 2020, reflecting a significant demographic shift. However, promoting diversity alone is insufficient; effective management also requires attention to equity and inclusion. Organizations must foster ethical workplace cultures that support diverse perspectives through comprehensive training, employee development, and inclusive policies. By embracing a holistic approach to diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI), businesses can …

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Cbdcs Vs Decentralized Currencies: Considerations For 21st Century Global Financial Challenges, Andrew Michael Sobhy, Shuai Wang Mar 2026

Cbdcs Vs Decentralized Currencies: Considerations For 21st Century Global Financial Challenges, Andrew Michael Sobhy, Shuai Wang

The Downtown Review: An Interdisciplinary Journal Written and Peer-Reviewed by Mandel Honors College Students at Cleveland State University

As digital currencies gain prominence in everyday life, policymakers in the United States at the federal, state, and local levels debate the potential for innovation, surveillance, global relations, and a plethora of areas that concern citizens. While existing literature highlights the opportunities and pitfalls within this new digital age, including inclusivity and challenges to traditional banking, this study aims to contribute a quantitative approach to the discussion utilizing Federal Reserve data, studies from financial institutions, and various credible resources that hold a stake. Specifically, comparing novel Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDCs) and Decentralized Financial Currencies (DeFi) will provide a foundation …

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The Role Of Pet-Parenting Attitudes In Shaping Consumer Behavior Toward Preventive And Wellness-Oriented Pet Care, Jin Hua Jian, Chee Vui Wong, Jiangwei Yang Mar 2026

The Role Of Pet-Parenting Attitudes In Shaping Consumer Behavior Toward Preventive And Wellness-Oriented Pet Care, Jin Hua Jian, Chee Vui Wong, Jiangwei Yang

Jesselton Journal of Educators and Scholars

The increasing tendency to view pets as family members has transformed consumer behaviour in contemporary pet care markets, particularly in relation to preventive and wellness-oriented consumption. This study examines how pet-parenting attitudes shape consumer decision-making and expenditure on preventive pet care in an emerging urban context. Grounded primarily in Consumer Culture Theory, with the Theory of Planned Behavior as a supporting lens, the study adopts a quantitative approach using survey data collected from 400 urban pet-owning households. The findings indicate that pet-parenting attitudes exert a significant positive influence on preventive and wellness-oriented pet care expenditure. This influence operates both directly …

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Influence Of Digital Out-Of-Home Advertising On Intention To Purchase Green Products, Michael Humbani Mar 2026

Influence Of Digital Out-Of-Home Advertising On Intention To Purchase Green Products, Michael Humbani

The African Journal of Information Systems

This study investigates the impact of digital outdoor (out-of-home) advertising on environmental product knowledge and environmental concerns, aiming to promote green purchase intentions. The investigation is grounded in the Stimulus-Organism-Response model. Data were collected through a self-administered online questionnaire completed by 274 adult consumers. Using structural equation modelling, the findings indicate that informativeness, credibility and incentives have a positive effect on environmental product knowledge. Of these, only informativeness and credibility were significant predictors of environmental concern. Furthermore, environmental product knowledge was found to significantly influence green purchase intention, but environmental concern had no significant influence. From a theoretical perspective, this …

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Applying Means–End Chain Theory To Online Buying And Understanding Consumers' Motivation To Disclose Private Information, Brikena Berisha, Maja Konečnik Ruzzier Mar 2026

Applying Means–End Chain Theory To Online Buying And Understanding Consumers' Motivation To Disclose Private Information, Brikena Berisha, Maja Konečnik Ruzzier

Economic and Business Review

The purpose of this study is to define and understand the motives that influence consumers’ decisions to disclose personal data online. Using means–end chain theory as the main theoretical framework, 10 in-depth interviews conducted through soft laddering revealed how both utilitarian and hedonic motivations jointly shape disclosure behavior. The findings show that these motivations interact, demonstrating that data disclosure is driven not only by functional considerations but also by emotional and experiential factors embedded in consumers’ value systems. The study concludes that motivation plays a central and multifaceted role in online data disclosure decisions.

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The Governance Crucible: Institutional Logics And The Transformation Of Corporate Governance In Slovenia, Katarina Dvorski, Domagoj Hruška Mar 2026

The Governance Crucible: Institutional Logics And The Transformation Of Corporate Governance In Slovenia, Katarina Dvorski, Domagoj Hruška

Economic and Business Review

This study explores how institutional logics are enacted and recalibrated within corporate governance amid legitimacy challenges and organisational change. Set in Slovenia’s posttransition banking sector, it combines a symbolic–material ontology of institutions with a dual distinction between identity-based logics, grounded in values and organisational purpose, and activity-based logics, rooted in operational practice and performance. Drawing on elite–expert interviews and governance artefacts, the analysis traces how these logics interact across three phases of governance transformation—state stewardship, privatisation, and postprivatisation resilience. The findings show that governance is not merely a technical control system but a meaning-laden crucible where legitimacy is continually constructed …

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Knowledge-Management Collaboration And Labor Brokerage Performance: A Multilevel Study Of Entrepreneurial Market Making, James Downing Mar 2026

Knowledge-Management Collaboration And Labor Brokerage Performance: A Multilevel Study Of Entrepreneurial Market Making, James Downing

Economic and Business Review

Entrepreneurs operating in knowledge-intensive markets will seek to reduce costs with tacit-knowledge-management mechanisms. When seeking a competitive advantage in knowledge-intensive industries, individuals will create value from general market information and engineer the transaction cost for clients. These market-making individuals will operate within a firm to gain benefits from information-sharing collaboration. Firms will make investments in tacit-information sharing to assist individual collaboration, resulting in increased firm performance. The value creation process for knowledge-intensive markets is crafted from general market information. The value appropriation process is unique to knowledge-intensive industries with the engineering of a client’s transaction costs as a competitive advantage. …

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Internal Quality Enhancement: Case Of A Uae Business School, Valentine Matthews Mar 2026

Internal Quality Enhancement: Case Of A Uae Business School, Valentine Matthews

International Journal of Applied Management and Technology

This paper presents a case study of a quality enhancement process of a small business school in the United Arab Emirates. The research explores this specific quality enhancement process with a focus on why it is implemented by the case institution and how it achieves quality improvement. The case quality enhancement process is an internal institutional approach that deviates from the Scottish Enhancement-Led Institutional Review approach. Articulation of the process is conducted from policy and practice. The articulation provides deeper and clearer understanding of the approach to quality enhancement, how it achieves quality improvements, and the leadership’s justifications for adopting …

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Leveraging Csr To Buffer Brand Challenges During Crises: A Saudi Arabian Perspective, Nouf Alrayes, Abdullah Alhidari Mar 2026

Leveraging Csr To Buffer Brand Challenges During Crises: A Saudi Arabian Perspective, Nouf Alrayes, Abdullah Alhidari

Journal of Marketing and Consumer Behaviour in Emerging Markets

Crises, such as economic downturns or global health pandemics, pose significant business challenges. Engaging in CSR initiatives that contribute to societal well-being can help mitigate the negative consequences of crises, reinforce customer gratitude, and minimize corporate hypocrisy. CSR is critical in shaping a company’s accountability and ethical responsibilities. Consequently, there is an opportunity for the firm to see the role of CSR and how it affects customers’ responses and attitudes during any difficult situation. Drawing upon attribution theory and the customer gratitude reciprocity cycle, a conceptual framework was developed to test the impact of CSR on the variables: corporate hypocrisy, …

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Vertical Price Transmission In The Philippine Rice Supply Chain: Responses To Shocks In The Post-Tariffication Period, Bates Bathan Mar 2026

Vertical Price Transmission In The Philippine Rice Supply Chain: Responses To Shocks In The Post-Tariffication Period, Bates Bathan

The Philippine Agricultural Scientist

In the post-Rice Tariffication Law (RTL) period, several protectionist policies and state interventions have reemerged in the Philippine rice market. Using national-level time series data from January 2018 to April 2025, the study applies autoregressive distributed lag models to assess the impact of policy changes and external shocks on unmilled rice (palay) and rice prices. Results show that National Food Authority (NFA) rice stocks significantly affect palay farmgate prices and special rice retail prices. Vertical price transmission flows from farmgate to wholesale levels for special rice, and from wholesale to retail levels for well-milled and regular-milled rice. Major …

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Farmers’ Perspectives Toward Organizing A Cotton Producers’ Union In Şanlıurfa, Türkiye, Ismail Efe, Mehmet Cançelik, Mehmet Reşit Sevinç Mar 2026

Farmers’ Perspectives Toward Organizing A Cotton Producers’ Union In Şanlıurfa, Türkiye, Ismail Efe, Mehmet Cançelik, Mehmet Reşit Sevinç

The Philippine Agricultural Scientist

This study examines the attitudes of cotton producers in Şanlıurfa toward establishing a producers’ union to address structural challenges in Türkiye’s leading cotton production region. Şanlıurfa contributes approximately 40% of Türkiye’s cotton output, yet lacks organizational frameworks for its nearly 20,000 producers who face significant risks including price volatility, high input costs, and limited market access. The research utilized primary data collected through face-to-face surveys with 165 cotton producers selected via convenience sampling. Data analysis employed descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), independent samples t-tests, and one-way ANOVA. The findings revealed a significant paradox: while …

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Farmers’ Perspectives Toward Organizing A Cotton Producers’ Union In Şanlıurfa, Türkiye, Ismail Efe, Mehmet Cançelik, Mehmet Reşit Sevinç Mar 2026

Farmers’ Perspectives Toward Organizing A Cotton Producers’ Union In Şanlıurfa, Türkiye, Ismail Efe, Mehmet Cançelik, Mehmet Reşit Sevinç

The Philippine Agricultural Scientist

This study examines the attitudes of cotton producers in Şanlıurfa toward establishing a producers’ union to address structural challenges in Türkiye’s leading cotton production region. Şanlıurfa contributes approximately 40% of Türkiye’s cotton output, yet lacks organizational frameworks for its nearly 20,000 producers who face significant risks including price volatility, high input costs, and limited market access. The research utilized primary data collected through face-to-face surveys with 165 cotton producers selected via convenience sampling. Data analysis employed descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), independent samples t-tests, and one-way ANOVA. The findings revealed a significant paradox: while producers …

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Mda Advocacy: Advocacy Continues Despite A Challenging Climate, James Budd Mpp Mar 2026

Mda Advocacy: Advocacy Continues Despite A Challenging Climate, James Budd Mpp

The Journal of the Michigan Dental Association

This update reviews the MDA's legislative efforts during a period of significant gridlock in the Michigan Legislature. It highlights key priorities such as bills addressing virtual credit card payments and dental specialty advertising. The source emphasizes that advocacy remains essential even when progress is slow, as it builds the relationships necessary for future success. Additionally, it outlines the "MDA Service Promise" and announces an upcoming PAC competition at the Annual Session to support the association's political activities.

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When Toxic Behaviors Sneak Into Practice, Amrita Patel, Dds Mar 2026

When Toxic Behaviors Sneak Into Practice, Amrita Patel, Dds

The Journal of the Michigan Dental Association

This article addresses the challenge for new dentists in identifying and managing toxic workplace behaviors. It details common red flags such as chronic negativity, poor communication, "blame culture," and excessive production pressure that compromises ethics. The author explains how these environments can lead to burnout and practicing defensively rather than confidently. The source emphasizes the importance of developing self-awareness, seeking external mentorship, and establishing professional boundaries. It concludes that recognizing when to leave an unhealthy practice is an act of professional self-respect and essential for long-term career satisfaction.

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Farmers Markets As Community Infrastructure: Evidence From A Three-Year Statewide Data Project In Utah, Jaclyn Pace, Roslynn Mccann, Blue Cook, Steven Price, Lorali Smith, Dianna Parkynn, Joshua Cafferty Mar 2026

Farmers Markets As Community Infrastructure: Evidence From A Three-Year Statewide Data Project In Utah, Jaclyn Pace, Roslynn Mccann, Blue Cook, Steven Price, Lorali Smith, Dianna Parkynn, Joshua Cafferty

Outcomes and Impact Quarterly

Utah farmers markets play a critical role in food access, small business viability, and community connection, yet limited statewide data document their impact. The Utah Farmers Market Network (UFMN) and Utah State University (USU) Extension conducted a mixed-methods evaluation (2023–2025) and found that farmers markets make valuable contributions to the community.

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Language Analysis Of "Gaslight" And "Narcissist" As Seen On Tiktok, Aaren Fernandez Mar 2026

Language Analysis Of "Gaslight" And "Narcissist" As Seen On Tiktok, Aaren Fernandez

Journal of Research Initiatives

TikTok is a popular social media platform from which users frequently obtain information. Specifically, psychological concepts such as anxiety, depression, and related conditions are becoming popular vernacular on TikTok through trends such as "story times." However, the accuracy of these terms' usage requires examination. In this qualitative analysis of TikTok posts and comments under the hashtags #gaslight and #narcissist, it was found that videos under these hashtags often originated from users attempting to warn viewers about psychological traits that align with common diagnostic language. However, comments under these videos tended to use these terms in a more casual sense than …

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Covenants Not To Compete Are Again Being Scrutinized By Federal Regulators, Daniel Schulte Jd Mar 2026

Covenants Not To Compete Are Again Being Scrutinized By Federal Regulators, Daniel Schulte Jd

The Journal of the Michigan Dental Association

This column examines the increasing federal scrutiny of non-compete agreements by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). It notes that both the Trump and Biden administrations have prioritized curtailing the misuse of these agreements, particularly in healthcare. The article provides practical steps for employers to audit existing agreements for reasonableness and individualization. It encourages exploring alternatives such as non-solicitation and confidentiality clauses and stresses the importance of documenting the legitimate business interests that justify any remaining non-compete requirements to withstand future regulatory scrutiny.

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