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A Self-Regulation Model Of Leader Authenticity Based On Mindful Self-Regulated Attention And Political Skill, Erik Dietl, Jochen Reb Apr 2021

A Self-Regulation Model Of Leader Authenticity Based On Mindful Self-Regulated Attention And Political Skill, Erik Dietl, Jochen Reb

Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business

Despite much research on leader authenticity, its antecedents remain poorly understood. We develop a self-regulatory model of leader authenticity. The model explains how both mindful self-regulated attention and political skill, as well as their interaction, are important for leaders to be authentic, and ultimately effective. Mindful self-regulated attention – a core dimension of mindfulness defined as sustained attention centered on the present moment – helps leaders stay connected to their core self amid the busyness of their (work) lives, allowing leaders to feel authentic. And, particularly in combination with political skill – a social effectiveness construct –, it helps leaders …


Pay For Performance: When Does It Fail?, Nirmalya Kumar, Madan Pillutla Jan 2021

Pay For Performance: When Does It Fail?, Nirmalya Kumar, Madan Pillutla

Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business

The consensus in social psychology is that monetary incentives for performance have a detrimental impact on individual performance. Yes, under certain specific and limited conditions, rewards can reduce performance. Yet pay for performance schemes are ubiquitous. How can we resolve this divergence between theoretical recommendations and observed practices? Nirmalya Kumar and Madan Pillutla recommend solving the problem by designing smarter incentives that avoid these detrimental effects.


What's On Job Seekers' Social Media Sites? A Content Analysis And Effects Of Structure On Recruiter Judgments And Predictive Validity, Liwen Zhang, Chad H. Van Iddekinge, John D. Arnold, Philip L. Roth, Filip Lievens, Stephen E. Lanivich, Samantha L. Jordan Dec 2020

What's On Job Seekers' Social Media Sites? A Content Analysis And Effects Of Structure On Recruiter Judgments And Predictive Validity, Liwen Zhang, Chad H. Van Iddekinge, John D. Arnold, Philip L. Roth, Filip Lievens, Stephen E. Lanivich, Samantha L. Jordan

Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business

Many organizational representatives review social media (SM) information (e.g., Facebook, Twitter) when recruiting and assessing job applicants. Despite this, very little empirical data exist concerning the SM information available to organizations or whether assessments of such information are a valid predictor of work outcomes. This multi-study investigation examines several critical issues in this emerging area. In Study 1, we conducted a content analysis of job seekers’ Facebook sites (n = 266) and found that these sites often provide demographic variables that U.S. employment laws typically prohibit organizations from using when making personnel decisions (e.g., age, ethnicity, religion), as well as …


Value Creating Drivers For Effective Human Capital Management, Ser Keng Ang Dec 2020

Value Creating Drivers For Effective Human Capital Management, Ser Keng Ang

Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business

It is common for modern-day corporate leaders and academic writers to make claim that human resources is one of the most important assets in their organization (Guest, 2001). If that were the case, effective management of human capital would be a critical factor in the success of any organization. As an important organizational resource, human capital is expected to generate significant economic benefits from its deployment, development and retention (Flamholtz, 1999). There is widespread evidence that the effective use of human capital can also create durable competitive advantage for an organization (Barney, 1991; Becker & Gerhart, 1996; Lado & Wilson, …


Implementing Lasting Change: Hr In The Social Service Sector, Fermin Diez, Run Qian Ng Dec 2020

Implementing Lasting Change: Hr In The Social Service Sector, Fermin Diez, Run Qian Ng

Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business

The Human Resources (HR) practices in any organisation can make a big difference in its ability to implement the strategic plan (Thomas, Smith & Diez, 2013). This assertion points towards an additional question: Can a whole sector of the economy increase its overall capability and capacity by improving the overall HR abilities of the organisations in the sector? The Social Service Sector in Singapore has been undergoing just such a sector-wide transformation over the past 6 years, and provides a great opportunity to analyse empirically whether a systemic approach to improve the overall HR practices of the Social Service Agencies …


Salary Negotiation: Myths Busted, Abhijeet K. Vadera, Karyn Thye Dec 2020

Salary Negotiation: Myths Busted, Abhijeet K. Vadera, Karyn Thye

Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business

A negotiation expert and a compensation geek came together to answer some of the toughest salary negotiation questions from the Master of Human Capital Leadership (MHCL) 2020 graduate cohort. We hope that our combined experiences in this field would help shed some light on the complex world of salary negotiations.


When And Why Narcissists Exhibit Greater Hindsight Bias And Less Perceived Learning, Satoris S. Howes, Edgar E. Kausel, Alexander T. Jackson, Jochen Reb Nov 2020

When And Why Narcissists Exhibit Greater Hindsight Bias And Less Perceived Learning, Satoris S. Howes, Edgar E. Kausel, Alexander T. Jackson, Jochen Reb

Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business

The present research sought to examine the impact of narcissism, prediction accuracy, and should counterfactual thinking—which includes thoughts such as “I should have done something different”—on hindsight bias (the tendency to exaggerate in hindsight what one knew in foresight) and perceived learning. To test these effects, we conducted four studies (total n = 727). First, in Study 1 we examined a moderated mediation model, in which should counterfactual thinking mediates the relation between narcissism and hindsight bias, and this mediation is moderated by prediction accuracy such that the relationship is negative when predictions are accurate and positive when predictions are …


When Do Host Country Nationals Help Expatriates? The Roles Of Identification With The Multinational Enterprise And Career Development Support By The Subsidiary, Sachiko Yamao, Toru Yoshikawa, Soo Min Toh, Daijeong Choi Sep 2020

When Do Host Country Nationals Help Expatriates? The Roles Of Identification With The Multinational Enterprise And Career Development Support By The Subsidiary, Sachiko Yamao, Toru Yoshikawa, Soo Min Toh, Daijeong Choi

Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business

One of the concerns of host country nationals (HCNs) who work alongside expatriates in subsidiaries of multinational enterprises (MNEs) is their career prospects in the organization. This study advances the literature of expatriate management in MNEs by spotlighting the roles of the HCNs’ identification with the MNE and career development support received by the HCNs as key factors affecting the HCNs’ decisions to provide help to expatriates. According to the data collected in four countries (Australia, China, India, and Singapore), the HCNs’ identification with the MNE and their perceived subsidiary support for career development are positively related to their extra-role …


The Role Of Situations In Situational Judgment Tests: Effects On Construct Saturation, Predictive Validity, And Applicant Perceptions, Philipp Schäpers, Patrick Mussel, Filip Lievens, Cornelius J. König, Jan-Philipp Freudenstein, Stefan Krumm Aug 2020

The Role Of Situations In Situational Judgment Tests: Effects On Construct Saturation, Predictive Validity, And Applicant Perceptions, Philipp Schäpers, Patrick Mussel, Filip Lievens, Cornelius J. König, Jan-Philipp Freudenstein, Stefan Krumm

Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business

Recent theorizing and empirical evidence suggesting thatsituational judgment tests (SJTs) are more context-independent than previouslythought has sparked a debate about the role of situation descriptions in SJTs.To contribute to this debate and add to our understanding of how SJTs work,this paper conceptually embeds SJT performance in a situation construal modeland examines the effects of situation descriptions on the construct saturationand predictive validity of SJT scores, as well as on applicant perceptions.Across two studies (N = 1,092 and 578) and different SJTs, personality andcognitive ability were equally important determinants of SJT performance regardlessof whether situation descriptions were presented or omitted. The …


Robustness, Sensitivity And Sampling Variability Of Pareto-Optimal Selection System Solutions To Address The Quality-Diversity Trade-Off, Wilfried De Corte, Paul Sackett, Filip Lievens Jul 2020

Robustness, Sensitivity And Sampling Variability Of Pareto-Optimal Selection System Solutions To Address The Quality-Diversity Trade-Off, Wilfried De Corte, Paul Sackett, Filip Lievens

Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business

In case that both the goals of selection quality and diversity are important, a selection system is Pareto-optimal (PO) when its implementation is expected to result in an optimal balance between the levels achieved with respect to both these goals. The study addresses the critical issue whether PO systems, as computed from calibration conditions, continue to perform well when applied to a large variety of different validation selection situations. To address the key issue, we introduce two new measures for gauging the achievement of these designs and conduct a large simulation study in which we manipulate 10 factors (related to …


Getting Back To The “New Normal”: Autonomy Restoration During A Global Pandemic, Eric M. Anicich, Trevor A. Foulk, Merrick R. Osborne, Jake Gale, Michael Schaerer Jul 2020

Getting Back To The “New Normal”: Autonomy Restoration During A Global Pandemic, Eric M. Anicich, Trevor A. Foulk, Merrick R. Osborne, Jake Gale, Michael Schaerer

Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business

We investigate the psychological recovery process of full-time employees during the two-week period at the onset of the Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19). Past research suggests that recovery processes start after stressors abate and can take months or years to unfold. In contrast, we build on autonomy restoration theory to suggest that recovery of impaired autonomy starts immediately even as a stressor is ongoing. Using growth curve modeling, we examined the temporal trajectories of two manifestations of impaired autonomy—powerlessness and (lack of) authenticity—to test whether recovery began as the pandemic unfolded. We tested our predictions using a unique experience-sampling dataset collected over …


The Profile Of The ‘Good Judge’ In Hrm: A Systematic Review And Agenda For Future Research, François S. De Kock, Filip Lievens, Marise P. Born Jun 2020

The Profile Of The ‘Good Judge’ In Hrm: A Systematic Review And Agenda For Future Research, François S. De Kock, Filip Lievens, Marise P. Born

Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business

In light of the pivotal importance of judgments and ratings in human resource management (HRM) settings, a better understanding of the individual differences associated with being a good judge is sorely needed. This review provides an overview of individual difference characteristics that have been associated with the accurate judges in HRM. We review empirical findings over >80 years to identify what we know and do not know about the individual difference correlates of being an accurate judge. Overall, findings suggest that judges' cognitive factors show stronger and more consistent relationships with rating accuracy than personality-related factors. Specific intelligences in the …


Removing Situation Descriptions From Situational Judgment Test Items: Does The Impact Differ For Video-Based Versus Text-Based Formats?, Philipp Schäpers, Filip Lievens, Jan-Philipp Freudenstein, Joachim Hüffmeier, Cornelius J. König, Stefan Krumm Jun 2020

Removing Situation Descriptions From Situational Judgment Test Items: Does The Impact Differ For Video-Based Versus Text-Based Formats?, Philipp Schäpers, Filip Lievens, Jan-Philipp Freudenstein, Joachim Hüffmeier, Cornelius J. König, Stefan Krumm

Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business

Recent research has shown that many text-based situational judgment test (SJT) items can be solved even when the situational descriptions in the item stems are not presented to test takers. This finding challenges the traditional view of SJTs as low-fidelity simulations that rely on ‘situational’ (context-dependent) judgment. However, media richness theory and construal level theory suggest that situation descriptions presented in a richer and more concrete format (video format) will reduce uncertainty about inherent requirements and facilitate the perception that the situation is taking place in the here and now. Therefore, we hypothesized that situational judgment would be more important …


Situational Judgment Tests: From Low-Fidelity Simulations To Alternative Measures Of Personality And The Person-Situation Interplay, Filip Lievens, Philipp Schäpers Jun 2020

Situational Judgment Tests: From Low-Fidelity Simulations To Alternative Measures Of Personality And The Person-Situation Interplay, Filip Lievens, Philipp Schäpers

Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business

In employment and education settings, Situational Judgment Tests (SJTs) have made strong inroads. So far, however, they are still underutilized in personality research. The objective of this chapter is to outline how SJTs might be adapted to measure personality traits, shed light onto the person-situation interplay, and stimulate research on it. We start by discussing the traditional simulation-based view on SJTs, including information on their development and research results. Next, we show how more recent versions have started to assess people’s knowledge of relevant behavior related to personality traits. Finally, we specify various strategies as to how SJTs might be …


Power And Negotiation: Review Of Current Evidence And Future Directions, Michael Schaerer, Laurel Teo, Nikhil Madan, Roderick I. Swaab Jun 2020

Power And Negotiation: Review Of Current Evidence And Future Directions, Michael Schaerer, Laurel Teo, Nikhil Madan, Roderick I. Swaab

Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business

This review synthesizes the impact of power on individual and joint negotiation performance. Although power generally has positive effects on negotiators’ individual performance (value claiming), recent work suggests that more power is not always beneficial. Taking a dyadic perspective, we also find mixed evidence for how power affects joint performance (value creation); some studies show that equal-power dyads create more value than unequal-power dyads, but others find the opposite. We identify the source of power, power distribution, and competitiveness as critical moderators of this relationship. Finally, we suggest that future research should move beyond studying alternatives in dyadic deal-making, identify …


Covid-19 Hr Challenge: Lessons From Vigilant Singaporeans, Richard R. Smith Apr 2020

Covid-19 Hr Challenge: Lessons From Vigilant Singaporeans, Richard R. Smith

Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business

Lessons from Singapore that may benefit global HR business leaders in caring for the health and well-being of the workforce during this challenging time.


Problem-Solving Or Self-Enhancement? A Power Perspective On How Ceos Affect R&D Search In The Face Of Inconsistent Feedback, Radina Blagoeva, Tom J. M. Mom, Justin J. P. Jansen, Gerard George Apr 2020

Problem-Solving Or Self-Enhancement? A Power Perspective On How Ceos Affect R&D Search In The Face Of Inconsistent Feedback, Radina Blagoeva, Tom J. M. Mom, Justin J. P. Jansen, Gerard George

Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business

Firms consider multiple reference points simultaneously to assess performance, yet often these referents may be inconsistent in signaling success or failure. Consequently, decision makers use two contrasting decision rules when responding to inconsistent feedback: problem-solving or self-enhancement. So far, disparate theoretical logics and mixed evidence has limited our understanding about when decision makers may shift their attention from positive to negative aspects of inconsistent feedback or vice versa, and may increase or decrease their R&D search. We examine how different types of CEO power explain why some firms may respond to inconsistent feedback, i.e. positive performance feedback and negative prospects, …


Win-Win In Distributive Negotiations: The Economic And Relational Benefits Of Strategic Offer Framing, Michael Schaerer, Martin Schweinsberg, Nico Thornley, Roderick I. Swaab Mar 2020

Win-Win In Distributive Negotiations: The Economic And Relational Benefits Of Strategic Offer Framing, Michael Schaerer, Martin Schweinsberg, Nico Thornley, Roderick I. Swaab

Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business

In distributive negotiations, people often feel that they have to choose between maximizing their economic outcomes (claiming more value) or improving their relational outcomes (having a satisfied opponent). The present research proposes a conversational strategy that can help negotiators achieve both. Specifically, we show that using an offer framing strategy that shifts offer recipients’ attention to their reservation price (e.g., “How does my offer compare to your minimum price?”) leads to both (a) an assimilation effect whereby recipients make more favorable counteroffers (economic benefit) as well as (b) a contrast effect whereby recipients feel more satisfied with the negotiation (relational …


Situational Judgment Tests For Selection: Traditional Versus Construct-Driven Approaches, Paul A. Tiffin, Lewis W. Paton, Deborah O'Mara, Carolyn Maccann, Jonas W. B. Lang, Filip Lievens Feb 2020

Situational Judgment Tests For Selection: Traditional Versus Construct-Driven Approaches, Paul A. Tiffin, Lewis W. Paton, Deborah O'Mara, Carolyn Maccann, Jonas W. B. Lang, Filip Lievens

Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business

Context: Historically, situational judgement tests (SJTs) have been widely used for personnel selection. Their use in medical selection in Europe is growing, with plans for further expansion into North America and Australasia, in an attempt to measure and select on ‘non-academic’ personal attributes. However, there is a lack of clarity regarding what such tests actually measure and how they should be designed, scored and implemented within the medical and health education selection process. In particular, the theoretical basis from which such tests are developed will determine the scoring options available, influencing their psychometric properties and, ultimately, their validity. Methods: The …


Within-Person Job Performance Variability Over Short Timeframes: Theory, Empirical Research, And Practice, Reeshad S. Dalal, Balca Alaybek, Filip Lievens Jan 2020

Within-Person Job Performance Variability Over Short Timeframes: Theory, Empirical Research, And Practice, Reeshad S. Dalal, Balca Alaybek, Filip Lievens

Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business

We begin by charting the evolution of the dominant perspective on job performance from one that viewed performance as static to one that viewed it as dynamic over long timeframes (e.g., months, years, decades) to one that views it as dynamic over not just long but also short timeframes (e.g., minutes, hours, days, weeks)—and that accordingly emphasizes the within-person level of analysis. The remainder of the article is devoted to the newer, short-timeframe research on within-person variability in job performance. We emphasize personality states and affective states as motivational antecedents. We provide accessible reviews of relevant theories and highlight the …


Performance Management: Quo Vadis?, Filip Lievens, Philipp Schapers, Christoph N. Herde Jan 2020

Performance Management: Quo Vadis?, Filip Lievens, Philipp Schapers, Christoph N. Herde

Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business

Traditionally performance management has been described as a powerful tool in Human Resource Management (HRM) because it has potentially a wide array of application possibilities for various HR topics. However, the reality in practice is different. Various surveys reported that more than 90 percent of the performance management systems are unsuccessful. Further studies have shown that up to 75% of staff feel that their organization’s performance management system does not help them to improve their performance and is largely a waste of time (e.g., Capelli & Tavis, 2016; Pulakos, 2009). Economic analyses of the return on investment (as compared to …


Privacy At Work: A Review And A Research Agenda For A Contested Terrain, Devasheesh P. Bhave, Laurel H. Teo, Reeshad S. Dalal Jan 2020

Privacy At Work: A Review And A Research Agenda For A Contested Terrain, Devasheesh P. Bhave, Laurel H. Teo, Reeshad S. Dalal

Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business

Privacy in the workplace is a pivotal concern for employees and employers. Employees expect to be in control of the personal information and access they provide to the organization. Employers, however, expect extensive information regarding their employees as well as extensive access to employees’ presence. The chasm between these two often competing expectations has been magnified by regulatory and technological trends. We begin the review by integrating viewpoints from multiple disciplines to disentangle definitions of privacy and to delineate the privacy contexts of information privacy and work environment privacy. We then identify the key stakeholders of privacy in the workplace …


Climbing The Corporate Ladder And Within-Person Changes In Narcissism: Reciprocal Relationships Over Two Decades, Bart Wille, Joeri Hofmans, Filip Lievens, Mitja D. Back, Filip De Fruyt Dec 2019

Climbing The Corporate Ladder And Within-Person Changes In Narcissism: Reciprocal Relationships Over Two Decades, Bart Wille, Joeri Hofmans, Filip Lievens, Mitja D. Back, Filip De Fruyt

Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business

Prior research demonstrated that narcissism fosters the attainment of higher managerial ranks in organizations. However, it is not known whether climbing the corporate ladder also fosters the development of narcissism over time. Whereas prior work consistently adopted a unidirectional perspective on narcissism and career attainment, this study presents and tests a bidirectional perspective, incorporating long-term development in narcissism in relation to and in response to long-term upward mobility. To this end, a cohort of highly educated professionals was assessed three times over a 22-year time frame. Extended latent difference score modeling showed that, over the entire interval, within-person changes in …


Leader Mindfulness And Employee Performance: A Sequential Mediation Model Of Lmx Quality, Interpersonal Justice, And Employee Stress, Jochen Reb, Sankalp Chaturvedi, Jayanth Narayanan, Ravi S. Kudesia Dec 2019

Leader Mindfulness And Employee Performance: A Sequential Mediation Model Of Lmx Quality, Interpersonal Justice, And Employee Stress, Jochen Reb, Sankalp Chaturvedi, Jayanth Narayanan, Ravi S. Kudesia

Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business

In the present research, we examine the relation between leader mindfulness and employee performance through the lenses of organizational justice and leader-member relations. We hypothesize that employees of more mindful leaders view their relations as being of higher leader-member exchange (LMX) quality. We further hypothesize two mediating mechanisms of this relation: increased interpersonal justice and reduced employee stress. In other words, we posit that employees of more mindful leaders feel treated with greater respect and experience less stress. Finally, we predict that LMX quality serves as a mediator linking leader mindfulness to employee performance—defined in terms of both in-role and …


Lifelong Learning: A Tri-Sector Responsibility For Ensuring Relevance, Richard Raymond Smith Dec 2019

Lifelong Learning: A Tri-Sector Responsibility For Ensuring Relevance, Richard Raymond Smith

Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business

When changes cause reduction or elimination of skilled employees, the impact on the business, employees, and local community can be significant. How do we work toward preventing these situations and who is responsible?


2019 Asia Insights: Building A Great Place To Work For All: The Untapped Power Of Gender Diversity In Asia, Richard Raymond Smith, Evelyn Kwek, Tyler Thorpe Nov 2019

2019 Asia Insights: Building A Great Place To Work For All: The Untapped Power Of Gender Diversity In Asia, Richard Raymond Smith, Evelyn Kwek, Tyler Thorpe

Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business

Through this study, we hope to increase understanding of the context, considerations and practices to leverage the amazing diversity of our region. We hope to learn more about what makes a strong workplace culture, particularly in Asia. We turn our attention to the topic of diversity and inclusion, with a focus on gender diversity in the Asian workplace. This is one of the largest studies in Asia to highlight gender differences and evaluate how psychological safety, inclusion and belonging result in strong teamwork which in turn contributes to building high performing great workplaces.


What Do Consistency And Personableness In The Interview Signal To Applicants? Investigating Indirect Effects On Organizational Attractiveness Through Symbolic Organizational Attributes, Annika Wilhelmy, Martin Kleinmann, Klaus G. Melchers, Filip Lievens Oct 2019

What Do Consistency And Personableness In The Interview Signal To Applicants? Investigating Indirect Effects On Organizational Attractiveness Through Symbolic Organizational Attributes, Annika Wilhelmy, Martin Kleinmann, Klaus G. Melchers, Filip Lievens

Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business

Personnel selection research has recognized the importance of providing applicants with both standardized (i.e., “consistent”) and individualized (i.e., “personable”) treatment during interviews. However, research has yet to examine the mechanisms underlying the effects of perceived consistency and personableness in the interview on applicants’ attraction to organizations. Drawing from signaling theory, we investigate how interview consistency and personableness impact organizational attractiveness. To this end, we developed a conceptual model that proposes that applicants interpret perceived interview consistency and personableness as signals about what the organization is like in terms of symbolic organizational attributes (organizational competence and benevolence, Lievens and Highhouse 2003), …


Authentic Leadership In The Digital Age, Richard R. Smith Sep 2019

Authentic Leadership In The Digital Age, Richard R. Smith

Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business

Artificial intelligence algorithms are actively assessing our personality and behaviour based on our social media footprint with amazing accuracy – even after we have retired or died.


Taking Careful Stock Of The Chro Role, Richard Raymond Smith Aug 2019

Taking Careful Stock Of The Chro Role, Richard Raymond Smith

Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business

Professor Richard R. Smith, of Singapore Management University, reveals some key insights into the burgeoning Chief HR Officer role.


Being Sensitive To Positives Has Its Negatives: An Approach/Avoidance Perspective On Reactivity To Ostracism, Ferris D. Lance, Shereen Fatimah, Ming Yan, Lindie H. Liang, Huiwen Lian, Douglas J. Brown May 2019

Being Sensitive To Positives Has Its Negatives: An Approach/Avoidance Perspective On Reactivity To Ostracism, Ferris D. Lance, Shereen Fatimah, Ming Yan, Lindie H. Liang, Huiwen Lian, Douglas J. Brown

Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business

Workplace mistreatment is typically conceptualized as being exposed to a negative stimulus – for example, a threat, verbal abuse, or other forms of harassment. Consequently, we expect workplace mistreatment will have the greatest effect on individuals who are sensitive to the presence and absence of negative stimuli – or those with a strong avoidance temperament. Although this may be the rule for most mistreatment constructs, we argue that ostracism may be the exception. Using an approach/avoidance framework to highlight unique elements of ostracism, we build on the definition of ostracism as being the absence of an expected positive stimulus (i.e., …