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Articles 1111 - 1140 of 1238
Full-Text Articles in Business
Resource Allocation To Interrelated R & D Activities, Milton E.F. Schoeman
Resource Allocation To Interrelated R & D Activities, Milton E.F. Schoeman
Research Reports from the Department of Operations
The organizational problem of allocating resources to systems, components, and projects in an R&D network with interrelated elements is investigated. Four mathematical programming models are formulated and analyzed - two static and two dynamic. Essentially, the distinction between the models is based on the assumptions made concerning the nature of the network interrelationships and the form of the project cost-risk functions. Extensive use is made of concepts and developments in convex programming, integer linear programming and dynamic programming. Attention in each case is directed both towards a characterization of the optimal budgeting strategy and towards the construction of an algorithm …
Multiple R And D Project Scheduling With Limited Resources, Burton D. Corwin
Multiple R And D Project Scheduling With Limited Resources, Burton D. Corwin
Research Reports from the Department of Operations
This article considers the application of a heuristic scheduling model for multiple project scheduling with limited resources to R and D projects. The basic operation of the model and its underlying heuristics are described. The use of this scheduling model for multiple R and D project scheduling is discussed.
A Mathematical Theory For The Exploitation And Control Of Biological Populations, Stuart H. Mann
A Mathematical Theory For The Exploitation And Control Of Biological Populations, Stuart H. Mann
Research Reports from the Department of Operations
Three types of biological populations are considered in which members of the population are harvested either for their own value or to protect the value of another element of the ecosystem. A revenue and cost structure is defined for each of these systems and population growth rates are assumed to be random variables. Operating policies are described that maximize the expected economic gain to be realized, in the duration of time during which management of the system is anticipated.
Queueing Systems With Balking And Heterogeneous Servers, Vijendra P. Singh
Queueing Systems With Balking And Heterogeneous Servers, Vijendra P. Singh
Research Reports from the Department of Operations
A Markovian queueing system with balking and the heterogeneous servers, where the service rates are arranged in a decreasing sequence, is first studied. Conditions which show the efficiency of the heterogeneous systems and the optimal sequences of the service rates which yield the minimum values of the average characteristics of the heterogeneous system are found in two and three server cases. Various tables and graphs representing the average characteristics of both the homogeneous and the heterogeneous systems are given. The case where service depends upon queue length and there is a cost associated with both the servers and the waiting …
The Design Of Markovian Congestion Systems, Hillel Jeremy Kumin
The Design Of Markovian Congestion Systems, Hillel Jeremy Kumin
Research Reports from the Department of Operations
An algorithm is proposed for the design of a class of Markovian congestion systems. The class is characterized by almost triangular transition matrices. A feature of the algorithm is that it does not utilize closed-form expressions for the steady-state behavior of the system. Convergence is discussed, and the results of numerical experimentation are provided. A behavioral result is also obtained for this class of systems.
Primal Decomposition Of Mathematical Programs By Resource Allocation, Gary Jay Silverman
Primal Decomposition Of Mathematical Programs By Resource Allocation, Gary Jay Silverman
Research Reports from the Department of Operations
A new method to solve convex separable programs is developed; with the added consideration of having a feasible solution available at all times. This is done in a context of resource allocation where the optimal return from any given allocation is made a function of the amount of resource allocated. The main research problem involves the properties of this function, which is not generally differentiable, and its directional derivatives. These are explored and a method is constructed using their properties. A linear program called the reallocation problem provides either optimality conditions or a best direction in which to reallocate at …
Allocation Of Resources For Basic Research In A Mission Oriented Governmental Agency, Burton V. Dean, Samuel J. Mantel Jr., Melvin Brown, Donald C. Friedel, David Huettner
Allocation Of Resources For Basic Research In A Mission Oriented Governmental Agency, Burton V. Dean, Samuel J. Mantel Jr., Melvin Brown, Donald C. Friedel, David Huettner
Research Reports from the Department of Operations
A study is made of the process by which basic research is funded in a mission-oriented agency of the federal government, with particular attention to the Office of Naval Research. To provide a rationale for improved funding procedures, a model is developed to associate a value with a research portfolio. Two models are developed, the first in the case where funding is made on the basis of supporting science per se, the second corresponds to the case where funding is made on the basis of mission-relatedness. An optimum portfolio would maximize the combined value of mission oriented and science oriented …
Optimality Of (S,S) Policies When Setup Costs Vary, Richard V. Evans
Optimality Of (S,S) Policies When Setup Costs Vary, Richard V. Evans
Research Reports from the Department of Operations
This paper considers several analyses of the dynamic programming problem associated with an inventory system in which there is a setup cost which is a decreasing function of the inventory before ordering. Conditions are given under which the optimal policy is of the (s,S) form.
Operations Research In R & D Management, Burton V. Dean
Operations Research In R & D Management, Burton V. Dean
Research Reports from the Department of Operations
This paper has indicated the impact and growth of R&D in our national economy and in our industrial organizations. The concept of R & D as a managed, productive process responsible for the application of science and technology to achieve economic goals of the firm, has provided an impetus for development of an R&D management science.
A Controlled Transportation Queueing Process, U. Narayan Bhat
A Controlled Transportation Queueing Process, U. Narayan Bhat
Research Reports from the Department of Operations
A transportation queueing process in which taxis arrive in a Poisson process and customers arrive as a renewal process independent of taxi-arrival process is controlled by calling extra taxis whenever the total number of customers lost to the system reaches a certain predetermined number. Transient and steady state behavior of this process is studied using renewal theoretic arguments. The optimum value of the control variable is also obtained so as to minimize the total cost to the system due to the waiting taxis and lost customers.
On The Budget Decrement Problem, T.S. Chidambaram
On The Budget Decrement Problem, T.S. Chidambaram
Research Reports from the Department of Operations
A model for dealing with the Army budget decrement problem is proposed. A simple algorithm is developed based on the assumption that the original allocation is optimal. Kuhn-Tucker theory in non-linear programming is used to show that this algorithm reaches the revised optimal solution in a finite number of iterations.
R & D Budgeting Allocation For New Product Development, Warren L. Balinsky, Melvin Brown, Donald C. Friedel, Milton E.F. Schoeman
R & D Budgeting Allocation For New Product Development, Warren L. Balinsky, Melvin Brown, Donald C. Friedel, Milton E.F. Schoeman
Research Reports from the Department of Operations
A brief study is made of the problem of budgeting for new product R & D, when a key budgeting decision is whether to perform the necessary research in-house or whether to acquire available research companies with the required capabilities. Three mathematical models are developed, of increasing complexity, and solution techniques are obtained. Several extensions are formulated, as possible suggestions for future studies.
Some Queueing Systems With Mixed Disciplines, U. Narayan Bhat
Some Queueing Systems With Mixed Disciplines, U. Narayan Bhat
Research Reports from the Department of Operations
Queue length and waiting time processes in transient and steady states are studied in the following single server queueing models: customers arrive in a Poisson process, register in the order of their arrival and form groups of a constant size, say k. (1) customers are selected for service at random from the group at the head of the queue and the service times have a general distribution. (2) customers belonging to a group are ordered according to the length of service they demand and served in this order starting with the one with the shortest service (or with the longest …
Some Aspects Of Queueing Theory And Its Applications, U. Narayan Bhat
Some Aspects Of Queueing Theory And Its Applications, U. Narayan Bhat
Research Reports from the Department of Operations
This paper examines the state of queueing theory research, inspired by Saaty’s 1966 critique of the field’s lack of practical application despite substantial theoretical advancements. Acknowledging the limited progression in applied queueing solutions since Morse’s foundational work in 1958, the discussion attributes this gap to insufficient communication between theoretical researchers and applied scientists. The study organizes its review into three critical problem areas: behavioral, statistical, and optimization aspects of queueing systems. Each area is explored with historical context, highlighting trends, contributions, and deficiencies in the literature. Exceptions where optimization and simulation approaches have advanced practical applications are noted. The paper …
An Inventory Problem With Obsolescence, William P. Pierskalla
An Inventory Problem With Obsolescence, William P. Pierskalla
Research Reports from the Department of Operations
A stochastic single product convex cost inventory problem is considered in which there is a probability, πj, that the product will become obsolete in the future period j. In an interesting paper Barankin and Denny essentially formulate the model but do not describe some of its interesting and relevant ramifications. This paper is written not only to bring out some of these ramifications but also to describe some computational results using this model. The computational results show that if obsolescence is a distinct possibility in the near future, it is quite important that the probabilities of obsolescence be incorporated into …
Annotated Bibliography On Methods For Evaluating Basic Research Projects, J. Bruce Davis
Annotated Bibliography On Methods For Evaluating Basic Research Projects, J. Bruce Davis
Research Reports from the Department of Operations
This document is an annotated bibliography on literature about evaluating basic research projects.
An Annotated Bibliography: Cost Analysis, Donald C. Friedel
An Annotated Bibliography: Cost Analysis, Donald C. Friedel
Research Reports from the Department of Operations
This document provides a summary of cost analysis and an annotated bibliography on cost analysis literature.
The Multidimensional Assignment Problem, William P. Pierskalla
The Multidimensional Assignment Problem, William P. Pierskalla
Research Reports from the Department of Operations
The multidimensional assignment problem is a higher dimensional version of the standard (two-dimensional) assignment problem in the literature. The higher dimensions can be thought of as time or space dimensions or both. An algorithm is proposed for the solution of the multi-index assignment problem. The algorithm is based on a tree search technique of the branch-and-bound variety. It uses dual subproblems to provide easily computed bounds for the primal assignment problem.
An Annotated Bibliography On The Management Of Research And Development, Jon L. Bushnell, Chandrasekhar Das, Alfred R. Michenzi, Allan L. Service
An Annotated Bibliography On The Management Of Research And Development, Jon L. Bushnell, Chandrasekhar Das, Alfred R. Michenzi, Allan L. Service
Research Reports from the Department of Operations
The Bibliography was prepared as a part of the Case Western Reserve University Program of Research on Research Management. The Program is a joint effort of the School of Management and the Division of Special Interdisciplinary Studies and is supported by the Department of Defense as a part of Project Themis. In this work, emphasis has been placed on currently useful methods of R & D management, particularly cost-effectiveness and systems analysis. Other methods have also been considered, but the Bibliography is not designed to be comprehensive. It was decided, however, that since the Program is a continuing one, a …
Analysis Of A Multistage Inventory Task -- Comments On A Paper Of Amnon Rapoport, William P. Pierskalla
Analysis Of A Multistage Inventory Task -- Comments On A Paper Of Amnon Rapoport, William P. Pierskalla
Research Reports from the Department of Operations
In an interesting paper in Behavioral Science, Volume 12 (1967) Professor Amnon Rapoport reported on his tests of the dynamic decision making capabilities of a group of students. He found that the students did not perform well relative to the normative results predicted by two quantitative inventory models he had chosen. It is the purpose of this paper to point out that the wrong normative models were chosen and that if the appropriate inventory model is picked, the students actually performed reasonably well.
Optimality Of Full-Funding Strategies In R & D Allocation Problems, T. S. Chidambaram
Optimality Of Full-Funding Strategies In R & D Allocation Problems, T. S. Chidambaram
Research Reports from the Department of Operations
$C is to be allocated among n "approaches" such that the expected probability of successful completion of at least one of the n approaches is maximized. The ith approach involves a cost ci which is a random variable with probability density function $\i_ and has a probability P_i(c_i) of success. Faced with this uncertainty in cost, the R & D manager can either: a) Choose a large number of approaches to support but allocate to them small amount of money or b) Choose a small number of approaches to support but allocate to them large amount of money. This allocation …
Parking Space Allocation And Long Range Planning, Burton V. Dean, Stuart H. Mann, Fu-Tong Hsu, Murray Davidson, Alfred R. Michenzi, Chandrasekhar Das
Parking Space Allocation And Long Range Planning, Burton V. Dean, Stuart H. Mann, Fu-Tong Hsu, Murray Davidson, Alfred R. Michenzi, Chandrasekhar Das
Research Reports from the Department of Operations
This study presents an analysis of parking system characteristics at twenty-eight institutions that are comparable in size and scope to that of Case Western Reserve University and the University Hospitals. The question of whether universities charge for parking, the magnitude of such fees for permit holders and visitors, and the use of variable fee policies are investigated. The comparative performance of university parking systems are tabulated in terms of the relative number of permits issued for off- street parking, the relative number of parking spaces that are provided, and the utilization of parking spaces by permit holders. Finally, development costs …
Queuing Systems With Enforced Idle Time, Bruce A. Powell, Benjamin Avi-Itzhak
Queuing Systems With Enforced Idle Time, Bruce A. Powell, Benjamin Avi-Itzhak
Research Reports from the Department of Operations
Enforced idle time occurs in any queuing system in which it is possible for the server to be idle and the queue length to be nonzero simultaneously. This paper examines queuing systems in which the server is conktrained to start service only at fixed intervals of time, with arrivals of customers and service completions occurring continuously. The GIIM/N, GI/D/N, M/D/N,and GI/G/1 queuing systems with enforced idle time are studied and some closed form steady-state results are presented. An application to railroad cfir pool systems is suggested.
Mathematical Programming With Increasing Constraint Functions, William P. Pierskalla
Mathematical Programming With Increasing Constraint Functions, William P. Pierskalla
Research Reports from the Department of Operations
The mathematical programming problem--find a non-negative n-vector x which maximizes f(x) subject to the constraints gᵢ(x) ≥ 0, i = 1,...,m — is investigated where f(x) is assumed to be concave or pseudo-concave and the gᵢ(x) are increasing functions. It is shown that under certain conditions on gᵢ(x), the Kuhn-Tucker-Lagrange conditions are necessary and sufficient for the optimality of x*. It is also shown that the gᵢ(x) are a useful class of functions since, among other properties, they are closed under non-negative addition, under the addition of any scalar, and under multiplication of non-negative members of the class. Examples of …
Optimal Policies For Two Product Inventory Systems With Negotiable Lead Times, Gordon P. Wright
Optimal Policies For Two Product Inventory Systems With Negotiable Lead Times, Gordon P. Wright
Research Reports from the Department of Operations
Two product periodic review dynamic inventory models are considered. At the start of each period two decisions are made for each product. How much to "normal order" with a lead time of λn periods and how much to "emergency order" with a lead time of λe periods, where λe < λn. It is assumed that the emergency ordering costs are higher than the normal ordering costs for each product. Demands in the periods are independent vector random variables with known probability density functions. Demands for individual products within a period are assumed to be non-negative, but they need not be independent. Whenever demand exceeds inventory, their difference is backordered rather than lost. The optimal ordering policy is characterized for three models. The first model is one that incorporates two revenue functions; that is, a salvage return function and a credit function. Also, a linear constraint is imposed on both products which restricts the amount that can be obtained by emergency ordering. The second model considers the case where there is a linear resource constraint which limits the total amount that can be produced or ordered for both products, both normal and emergency, during the normal lead time. The third model is one which is representative of inventory systems having limited storage capacities. There is a linear constraint on the total amount that can be stored for both products during the normal replenishment period. The second and third models discussed do not incorporate a salvage gain function or a credit function.
Priority Problems In Inventory Control, Bruce A. Powell
Priority Problems In Inventory Control, Bruce A. Powell
Research Reports from the Department of Operations
A priority problem exists whenever a system differentiates between distinct classes of customers. Some dynamic, stochastic, periodic review inventory models are developed and analyzed under the assumption that a single customer will accept delivery of an order only if the order can be filled from on-hand inventory. Optimal policies are studied, and conditions under which the form of the optimal dynamic policy is a nondecreasing sequence of single critical numbers are presented. An extensive set of numerical examples suggest that the major factor in determining the form of the optimal policy is the function ~~(~) where ~ is the demand …
An Annotated Bibliography: Applications Of Operations Research To Educational Systems, Warren L. Balinsky
An Annotated Bibliography: Applications Of Operations Research To Educational Systems, Warren L. Balinsky
Research Reports from the Department of Operations
This document is an annotated bibliography on applications of operations research to educational systems.
Analysis Of Job Shop Scheduling Research Alternatives, Yoshiro Kuratani, Burton D. Corwin
Analysis Of Job Shop Scheduling Research Alternatives, Yoshiro Kuratani, Burton D. Corwin
Research Reports from the Department of Operations
This technical memorandum is prepared as a report on the job shop scheduling research activities conducted for the Babcock and Wilcox Company (B & W) during the period from March, 1967, to May 31, 1967, by Yoshiro Kuratani and Burton Corwin under the contract number 342-1533 and also on the activities by Burton Corwin during the summer, 1967, while he was employed at the B & W’s Research Center, Alliance, Ohio. The activities center around (1) a survey of the literature, (2) interviews with experts, (3) presentation of a seminar, (4) construction of a job shop model and validation of …
Estimation Of Research Contract Awards, Burton V. Dean, Stuart H. Mann
Estimation Of Research Contract Awards, Burton V. Dean, Stuart H. Mann
Research Reports from the Department of Operations
Decision problems in R and D management need to be investigated in order to improve the existing methods in this field. Through the construction and solution of mathematical models we may translate management objectives and constraints into policies that involve optimal decisions. It is the intention of the authors to present in this paper the results of a study conducted to improve the decision making capabilities of R and D management in the area of contract awards. This technical memorandum is intended for companion use with "A Management Control System for Estimating Research and Development Manpower Requirements", Case Institute of …
The Multi-Dimensional Assignment And Quadratic Assignment Problems, William P. Pierskalla
The Multi-Dimensional Assignment And Quadratic Assignment Problems, William P. Pierskalla
Research Reports from the Department of Operations
The multi-dimensional assignment problem is a higher dimensional version of the standard (two-dimensional) assignment problem in the literature. The higher dimensions can be though of as time or space dimensions or both. An algorithm is proposed for the solution of the multi-index assignment problem. The algorithm is based on a tree search technique of the branch and bound variety. It uses dual subproblems to provide easily computed bounds for the primal assignment problem. The same algorithm with appropriate modifications is used to find an optimal solution to the multi-dimensional quadratic assignment problem.