Business Commons^™

Outcomes Of Adaptive Sports And Recreation Participation Among Veterans Returning From Combat With Acquired Disability, Neil Lundberg, Jessie Bennett, Shauna Smith

Faculty Publications

The purpose of this study was to examine changes in quality of life, mood states, and sports related competence for veterans of Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom who participated in a therapeutic adaptive sports and recreation program. The researchers hypothesized that participation would lead to increases in physical, psychological, social, and environmental QoL, increases in sports related competence, and reductions in mood disturbances such as depression and anger. A total of 18 veterans participated in one of three week-long therapeutic and adaptive sports programs in Sun Valley Idaho. Veterans responded on a pretest and posttest questionnaire. Because no …

Conceptual Modeling Foundations For A Web Of Knowledge, David W. Embley, Stephen W. Liddle, Deryle W. Lonsdale

Faculty Publications

The semantic web purports to be a web of knowledge that can answer our questions, help us reason about everyday problems as well as scientific endeavors, and service many of our wants and needs. Researchers and others expound various views about exactly what this means. Here we propose an answer with conceptual modeling as its foundation. We define a web of knowledge as a collection of interconnected knowledge bundles superimposed over a web of documents. Knowledge bundles are conceptual model instances augmented with facilities that provide for both extensional and intensional facts, for linking between knowledge bundles yielding a web …

When Constraints Bind, Karl B. Diether, Ingrid M. Werner

Faculty Publications

We create proxies for constrained supply of lendable shares by combining unique data on loan fees, stock lending activity, and failures to deliver to examine how contrarian short-sale strategies are affected by constraints. Constraints affect roughly one-third of the cross- section of stocks and result in a significant reduction in the contrarian response of short sellers to past returns. When short sellers’ contrarian strategies are constrained, the market is significantly less efficient. Furthermore, the previously documented relation between short selling activity and future returns breaks down for the most constrained stocks.

Knowledge Sourcing And Knowledge Consumption In Computer- Mediated Complex Decision Making, Nathan W. Twyman, Jeffrey L. Jenkins, Jay F. Nunamaker Jr., Katherine Carl

Faculty Publications

Individuals are turning increasingly toward web-based information sources as input for complex decisions. Gathering and evaluating decision criteria in an online context is enticing because of information availability and increased control over the process, but how do these factors impact performance? This study shows how an interaction effect between Social Comparison and Social Facilitation predicts and explains how decision making performance is influenced differently by an information consumption-only approach versus a consumeand- contribute approach. Results from an empirical evaluation indicate that publishing decision criteria and reasoning (e.g. in a forum, blog, or knowledge base) plays an important role in improving …

Australian Family Leisure: Modelling Parent And Youth Data, Raymond A. Poff, Ramon Zabriskie, Jasmine A. Townsend

Faculty Publications

The purpose of this study was to test a recently developed broad structural model which examines the relationships between family leisure involvement, family functioning, family communication, family leisure satisfaction, and satisfaction with family life among a large sample of families from Australia (n = 1014). participating families provided responses to family variables from both a parent (n = 902) and an adolescent child (n = 810) in the household. Structural equation modelling was employed and the fit indices from the parent and youth structural equation models were quite similar to each other, with both exhibiting a reasonable fit of the …

How Does Simplifi Ed Disclosure Affect Individuals’ Mutual Fund Choices?, John Beshears, James J. Choi, David Laibson, Brigitte C. Madrian

Faculty Publications

Some regulators believe that the average investor has a hard time reading the statutory prospectuses mutual funds distribute. In the words of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), “Prospectuses are often long . . . Too frequently, the language of prospectuses is complex and legalistic, and the presentation formats make little use of graphic design techniques that would contribute to readability.”1 Partly as a result, two- thirds of investors do not read the prospectus before purchasing mutual fund shares (Investment Company Institute 2006).

Using A Positive Lens To Complicate The Positive In Identity Research, Jane Dutton, Laura Morgan Roberts, Jeffrey Bednar

Faculty Publications

We appreciate the opportunity to respond to Learmonth and Humphreys’ commentary on our article, “Pathways for Positive Identity Construction at Work: Four Types of Positive Identity and the Building of Social Resources” (2010). In this rejoinder we clarify our motivation for studying positive identity, make explicit our a priori assumptions, and engage our colleagues’ ideas about employee resistance to demonstrate how our typology of positive identities enriches understanding of identity-based mechanisms in organizational research. We hope this exchange will stimulate discussion and open new pathways for future research.

Lost In Translation: The Effects Of Incentive Compensation On Strategy Surrogation, Jongwoon Choi, Gary Hecht, William B. Tayler

Faculty Publications

To facilitate managers’ decision-making, firms develop strategic performance measurement systems that translate strategy into performance measures. Ideally, managers see measures for what they are: imperfect proxies for intangible strategic constructs. However, managers may fail to fully appreciate the fact that measures are merely representations of the strategic constructs, and act as though the measures were the construct of interest – a phenomenon we label surrogation. In this paper, we investigate whether and how the use of strategically-linked performance measures for compensation purposes affects managers’ propensity to exhibit surrogation. In accordance with the attribute substitution framework (Kahneman and Frederick 2002), we …

Reconciling Archival And Experimental Research: Does Internal Audit Contribution Affect The External Audit Fee?, Douglas F. Prawitt, Nathan Y. Sharp, David A. Wood

Faculty Publications

Consistent with guidelines from external auditing standards, a large body of experimental and survey research suggests that an internal audit function (IAF) can contribute in ways that lead to decreased external audit fees; however, research using archival methodologies generally finds either no relation or a positive relation between proxies for IAF contribution and external audit fees. In this paper, we provide new evidence using a unique and previously unavailable data set to develop archival proxies of internal audit contribution. We find that SAS No. 65-based proxies for the contribution of internal audit are associated with lower unexpected external audit fees. …

The Relationship Between Family Recreation And Relatedness In Children And Their Families, Kristen Berrett

Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this study was to provide insight into the factors contributing to relatedness in children, specifically family recreation, and to look at relatedness between family members (family relatedness), and whether or not family recreation makes a contribution to this construct. Two instruments were used to collect data for this study. The Family Leisure Activity Profile (FLAP) measured family recreation involvement and satisfaction, and the Activity-Feelings States Scales (AFS) measured child and family relatedness. The sample included elementary school children between the ages of 6 years and 12 years (n1=405), and the parents of those children (n2=405). The data …

Fortifying Leisure: A Qualitative Investigation Of Family Leisure In Uganda, Rachel Adams Mcgovern

Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this study was to examine leisure patterns and meanings of leisure among families in the developing East African nation of Uganda, in response to recent calls for more non-Western leisure studies (Chick, 1998; Iwasaki, Nishino, Onda & Bowling, 2007). The three focus questions answered in this study were: (a) what do Ugandans from the Mukono District think leisure is? (b) how is family leisure, in their terms, happening? and (c) in what ways do they think family leisure is important? This study utilized a grounded theory methodology (Glaser & Strauss, 1978) with qualitative data analysis methods. Sixty-eight …

Addressing Posttraumatic Stress Among Iraq And Afghanistan Veterans And Their Significant Others: An Intervention Utilizing Sport And Recreation, Jessie L. Bennett

Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of the study was to provide evidence-based outcomes related to a couples adaptive sports event intended to facilitate posttraumatic growth, increase marital satisfaction, leisure satisfaction, feelings of competence in sports, and reduce symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) for veterans with PTSD and their significant others. The sample consisted of three groups of couples, experimental Group A had five couples, experimental Group B had six couples, and the Control Group had six couples. ANCOVA analysis indicated significant differences between Group A and the Control Group for overall PTSD and the subscale of hyperarousal. There were also significant increases …

The Relationship Between Identity Development And Family History Knowledge, Clive Gordon Haydon

Theses and Dissertations

The primary purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between identity development in late adolescent university students and family history knowledge. The relationship was examined within both the individual developmental and family systems theoretical frameworks. It was proposed that identity development involves achieving personal autonomy from the family of origin and at the same time maintaining positive relatedness to the family of origin. Identity development was examined using exploration, commitment, autonomy, and relatedness as dependent variables. It was proposed that late adolescent's personal exploration of and commitment to roles and values may be influenced by knowledge of parent …

Contributions Of Father Involvement In Family Leisure To Family Functioning, Lydia Anne Buswell

Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this study was to examine to the contribution of fathers' involvement in family leisure to aspects of family functioning. The sample consisted of 647 families of fathers and a youth from throughout the United States. The Family Leisure Activity Profile (FLAP) was used to measure family leisure involvement. FACES II was used to measure family functioning. Results from the father and youth perspective indicated significant relationships between father involvement in both core and balance family leisure to various aspects of family functioning. Core family leisure involvement was the only family leisure involvement variable related to family adaptability …

Influences On Active Family Leisure And Its Relationship To Obesity, Shallie Marlene Taylor

Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this study was to examine how attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control influence adolescents' intent to participate in active family leisure and furthermore to explore the nature of the relationship between active family leisure and body mass index (BMI) among adolescents. Adolescents (N = 472) completed an online questionnaire assessing the theory of planned behavior (TPB) variables, active family leisure, individual active leisure, and BMI. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. Tests of direct paths of attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control to intent indicated these variables were significant predictors of intent …

A Consumer-Based Evaluation Of A Family Camp, Christine Davis Covey

Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this study was to evaluate a family camp's performance from a consumer (parent) perspective. An Importance-Performance Analysis was used. Responses averages were plotted on a grid of importance versus performance with the overall means used as cross-hairs to create an action grid of four quadrants: keep-up-the-good-work (high importance/high performance), concentrate-here (high importance/low performance), possible-overkill (low importance/high performance), and low-priority (low importance/low performance). Findings indicated that parents are in large part receiving good performance on the factors that are important to them. Findings identified factors that were important to parents including some factors that camp directors were not …

Procter & Gamble’S Pur Purifier Of Water: How Global Corporate Philanthropy Builds Shareholder Value, Lisa Jones Christensen, Carol Seagle

Faculty Publications

“When are you going to change this Children’s Safe Drinking Water program and make money for your company? Surely Procter & Gamble wants you to profit on the water purification technology—you can’t sustain your program as a non-profit!”

Greg Allgood sighed internally at this question, as it seemed to surface frequently despite the continued and rapid growth of the Children’s Safe Drinking Water (CSDW) program at P&G. Allgood (Director of the CSDW program) was not actually frustrated with the query, as he had an easy answer ready. Rather, he wished that people could more easily see how his team’s non-profit …

Design Dna Sequencing: A Set Of Methodological Artifacts For Sequencing Socio-Technical Design Routines, James Gaskin, Kalle Lyytinen, Veeresh Thummadi, Douglas Schutz, Youngjin Yoo, Aaron Weiss, Nicholas Berente

Faculty Publications

With the introduction of new digital and physical tools into the workplace, the process of design has dramatically changed over the past few decades. Thus, design processes have evolved into many forms which vary, not only between organizations, but within organizations, and even within teams over time. These myriad “mutations” of the design process call for a new method to identify patterns of design activity and their change in order to deeply understand the design process. In this paper we suggest a new method for identifying patterns of activity in design teams. Such activity involves composites of distributed interactions – …

List Prices, Sale Prices And Marketing Time: An Application To U.S. Housing Markets, Donald R. Haurin, Jessica L. Haurin, Taylor Nadauld, Anthony Sanders

Faculty Publications

Many goods are marketed after first stating a list price, with the expectation that the eventual sales price will differ. In this article, we first present a simple model of search behavior that includes the seller setting a list price. Holding constant the mean of the buyers’ distribution of potential offers for a good, we assume that the greater the list price, the slower the arrival rate of offers but the greater is the maximal offer. This trade-off determines the optimal list price, which is set simultaneously with the seller’s reservation price. Comparative statics are derived through a set of …

Why Does The Law Of One Price Fail? An Experiment On Index Mutual Funds, James J. Choi, Xavier Gabaix, David Laibson, Brigitte C. Madrian

Faculty Publications

Experimental subjects review four S&P 500 index fund prospectuses and then allocate $10,000 across those funds. We randomly select subjects to be paid for their subsequent portfolio performance. Subjects cannot access any non-portfolio services such as financial advice from their selected funds. Nevertheless, they overwhelmingly fail to minimize their index fund fees. When we make fund fees salient and transparent, subjects’ portfolios shift towards lower-fee index funds, but over 80% still do not invest all of their money in the lowest-fee fund. When funds’ annualized returns since inception are made salient, portfolios shift towards index funds with higher returns since …

The Impact Of Socialization On Youth Program Outcomes: A Social Development Model Perspective, Mat D. Duerden, Peter A. Witt

Faculty Publications

This study employs a mixed-methods design and a social development model (SDM) to examine the role of socialization processes within an international immersion program for adolescents. Longitudinal data from 108 participant and 49 comparison group members are analyzed using structural equation modeling procedures. Qualitative data are also used to assess participants’ perceptions of these processes. The quantitative findings indicate that the SDM fits the data well and partially mediates the growth of observed recreation programoutcomes. The qualitative findings offer additional insights into the role of within program socialization processes.

The Desire To Acquire And Ipo Long-Run Underperformance, James C. Brau, Robert B. Couch, Ninon K. Sutton

Faculty Publications

We analyze a sample of 4,795 IPOs that went public between 1985 and 2003 to determine the impact of acquisition activity on long-run stock performance. After controlling for relevant factors, we find that IPOs that acquire within a year of going public significantly underperform for three-year holding periods following the first year, whereas non-acquiring IPOs do not significantly underperform over this time frame. In addition, firms that wait for more than a year after the IPO to become an acquirer do not underperform. Our event- and calendar-time results suggest that the acquisition activity of newly public firms plays a previously …

Modeling Family Leisure And Related Family Constructs: A National Study Of U.S. Parent And Youth Perspectives, Raymond A. Poff, Ramon Zabriskie, Jasmine A. Townsend

Faculty Publications

The purpose of this study was to begin the development of a broad model that could examine the structural relationships between family leisure involvement, family functioning, family communication, family leisure satisfaction, and satisfaction with family life among a large sample of families (n = 898) from the United States. Findings from both parent and youth perspectives were consistent with previous studies that examined the same variables individually and provided a possible picture of how these family variables might relate to one another in the broader context of family leisure. Slight differences between the parent and youth models added further insight …

A Stakeholder Identity Orientation Approach To Corporate Social Performance In Family Firms, John B. Bingham, W. Gibb Dyer Jr., Isaac Smith, Gregory L. Adams

Faculty Publications

Extending the dialogue on corporate social performance (CSP) as descriptive stakeholder management (Clarkson, Acad Manage Rev 20:92, 1995), we examine differences in CSP activity between family and nonfamily firms. We argue that CSP activity can be explained by the firm’s identity orientation toward stakeholders (Brickson, Admin Sci Quart 50:576, 2005; Acad Manage Rev 32:864, 2007). Specifically, individualistic, relational, or collectivistic identity orientations can describe a firm’s level of CSP activity toward certain stakeholders. Family firms, we suggest, adopt a more relational orientation toward their stakeholders than nonfamily firms, and thus engage in higher levels of CSP. Further, we invoke collectivistic …

Building Entrepreneurship In Subsistence Markets: Microfranchising As An Employment Incubator, Lisa Jones Christensen, Helen Parsons, Jason Fairbourne

Faculty Publications

Scholars indicate significant interest in business models that support entrepreneurial behavior in developing markets [Wankel C., editor. Alleviating Poverty through Business Strategy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan 2008]—particularly as they relate to job creation. This research introduces microfranchising as a business model adaptation that helps low-income individuals overcome non credit-related barriers to entry in obtaining employment. This study reveals a clear challenge for researchers—to better understand microfranchising and the extent to which the practice creates employment and enables individual business success. Largely unanswered questions concern the profiles of typical microfranchisees as well as the impacts of microfranchising on low-income individuals in …

Dual-Track Versus Single-Track Sell-Outs: An Empirical Analysis Of Competing Harvest Strategies, James C. Brau, Ninon K. Sutton, Nile W. Hatch

Faculty Publications

We investigate two non-traditional harvest strategies for selling a privately-held company. Dual-track private firms file for an IPO while also courting acquirers. These firms withdraw the IPO to be taken over. Dual-track public firms complete an IPO and are taken over shortly thereafter. Examining 679 takeovers from 1995–2004, we find private dual-track sell-outs earn a 22–26% higher premium and dual-track public sell-outs earn an 18–21% higher premium than single-track sell-outs. Larger, VC-backed, prestigious underwritten, and bubble-year firms have a higher propensity to take the dual-track path. The implication is that entrepreneurs may increase their harvest value by using a dual-track …

Regulatory Reform And Convergence In Banking: The Case Of China, James C. Brau, Drew Dahl, Hongjing Zhang, Mingming Zhou

Faculty Publications

We examine the effect of regulatory reform on the asset allocation and capitalization of Chinese banks, 2002 to 2007, a period following China’s entry into the World Trade Organization (WTO). Our empirical evidence rejects the hypothesis that banks in the Big Four, majority state, majority private, and majority foreign categories have common targeted levels of loans and capital in relation to assets. With respect to rates of adjustment towards those targets, our evidence is mixed. Domestic banks exhibit convergence in behavior toward each other but remain distinct from majority foreign banks. Overall, our findings provide evidence that, while the structure …

The Ethics Of Technology, David J. Cherrington

Faculty Publications

Earlier today, I used my credit card to pay for a purchase. As I handed my card to the merchant, he asked if I had used my card to purchase gas recently. When I said yes, he warned me that I should never do it again. He explained that technology experts have developed something that fits inside the credit card reader and copies your credit card information. Another customer overhearing our conversation nodded in agreement. The merchant acknowledged that carrying cash to make gas purchases was much less convenient, but he cautioned me that I should never again use a …

Entity-Level Controls: The Internal Auditor's Assessment Of Management Tone At The Top, James Hansen, Nathaniel M. Stephens, David A. Wood

Faculty Publications

The internal audit function’s (IAF) regular interaction with management and continual presence within the organization place it in a unique position to monitor the organization. Although the IAF has significant potential to evaluate and improve corporate governance, research has yet to explore how internal auditors assess an important component of corporate governance— management tone at the top. This paper reports survey evidence of 578 practicing internal auditors related to (1) current internal auditing practices regarding assessing management’s tone, (2) internal auditor’s current assessments of management’s tone, and (3) potential future practices internal auditor’s could perform to improve management’s tone. In …

Entrepreneurial Success: Differing Perceptions Of Entrepreneurs And Venture Capitalists, Ervin L. Black, F. Greg Burton, David A. Wood, Aaron F. Zimbelman

Faculty Publications

The recent credit crisis has made it more difficult for entrepreneurs to find funding. It is increasingly important for entrepreneurs to know what is important to venture capitalists (VCs) when they make their funding decisions. We interview entrepreneurs and VCs to determine traits these groups perceive as necessary for entrepreneurial success. We find that entrepreneurs cite traits inherent to their nature significantly more than VCs. Additionally, entrepreneurs who do not have previous VC funding experience differ significantly from VCs in identifying important factors for VC funding. In contrast, entrepreneurs with previous VC funding experience did not differ from VCs in …