Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Business Administration, Management, and Operations (490)
- Accounting (479)
- Finance and Financial Management (429)
- Social and Behavioral Sciences (356)
- Management Information Systems (254)
-
- Nonprofit Administration and Management (183)
- Sociology (178)
- Civic and Community Engagement (171)
- Political Science (163)
- International Relations (159)
- Business and Corporate Communications (155)
- Entrepreneurial and Small Business Operations (155)
- Economics (149)
- Recreation Business (64)
- Marketing (59)
- Human Resources Management (28)
- Psychology (17)
- Technology and Innovation (17)
- Medicine and Health Sciences (16)
- Education (15)
- Engineering (15)
- Nonprofit Studies (13)
- Physical Sciences and Mathematics (13)
- Law (12)
- Organizational Behavior and Theory (12)
- Arts and Humanities (11)
- Business Law, Public Responsibility, and Ethics (11)
- Business Intelligence (10)
- Communication (10)
- Keyword
-
- Family leisure (31)
- Family functioning (23)
- Trust (20)
- Artificial intelligence (19)
- Business (18)
-
- Management (18)
- Nonprofit (17)
- Nonprofits (17)
- Leisure (16)
- Audit quality (15)
- Entrepreneurship (15)
- Leadership (15)
- Internal audit (14)
- Corporate social responsibility (13)
- Ethics (13)
- Innovation (13)
- Communication (12)
- Human capital (12)
- NeuroIS (12)
- Social media (12)
- Technology (12)
- Corporate governance (11)
- Culture (11)
- Experience design (11)
- Marital satisfaction (11)
- Automatic enrollment (10)
- Deception detection (10)
- Design science (10)
- Earnings management (10)
- Family recreation (10)
- Publication Year
- Publication
- Publication Type
- File Type
Articles 1261 - 1290 of 1947
Full-Text Articles in Business
Summary Of Research On Attachment Disorder In Romanian Orphanages, Kendra Driggs, Daniel Ferguson
Summary Of Research On Attachment Disorder In Romanian Orphanages, Kendra Driggs, Daniel Ferguson
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Attachment is an enduring connection established between a child and caregiver in the first several years of life. During this sensitive period, attachment influences every component of the human condition, including, mind, body, emotions, relationship, and values. It has been observed that attachment is a physiological, emotional, cognitive and social phenomenon. Attachment is something that a child and caregiver create together. Attachment disorder results when children fail to develop normal, healthy, and secure attachments to loving, protective caregivers.
Establishing A Foundation For The Testing And Evaluation Of Effective Scenario Elicitation Tools, Benjamin Dunford, Dr. Douglas Dean
Establishing A Foundation For The Testing And Evaluation Of Effective Scenario Elicitation Tools, Benjamin Dunford, Dr. Douglas Dean
Journal of Undergraduate Research
In system development, no other phase is as fraught with difficulties as determining what exactly the system “should do” for a proposed project. These difficulties arise through a divergence in how the end user envisions the system should operate and how the analyst or developer perceives the user would like the system to operate. The search for a common language that both analyst and end user could use to effectively communicate what a system “should do”, or the system requirements, gave rise to the use of scenarios. Scenarios are textual narratives of how the system should operate in a given …
Social Processes Of Organizational Formation, Scott Ashton, Dr. Teppo Felin
Social Processes Of Organizational Formation, Scott Ashton, Dr. Teppo Felin
Journal of Undergraduate Research
When I applied for an ORCA grant one year ago, the stated purpose of my study was to “design, develop, and write the code for an agent based computer simulation which will explicitly attempt to model the social processes by which nascent firms and their entrepreneurial founders are matched with workers to thereby create an organization.” Once the simulation was completed, I hoped to be able to publish the results in a joint publication with my faculty mentor. Of these two goals – first creating a simulation, and then publishing the results – I have successfully accomplished the first but …
Stock Price Reactions To Announcements Of U.S. Gaap/Ifrs Convergence, Lorien Stice, Dr. Ted Christensen
Stock Price Reactions To Announcements Of U.S. Gaap/Ifrs Convergence, Lorien Stice, Dr. Ted Christensen
Journal of Undergraduate Research
This research investigates investors’ perceptions of the expected impact of adopting international accounting standards on U.S. companies. Since these rules differ from current U.S. standards, some speculate that the costs to convert companies’ reporting systems to conform to international standards will have significantly negative effects on their profitability. My project explores stock price reactions to SEC announcements which indicate an increased or decreased probability that U.S. firms will soon be required to switch to International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). I hypothesize that expected conversion costs will be higher for companies that are not already operating in foreign countries because more …
The Effect Of Internal Control And Framing On Employee Process Improvement Suggestions, Scott Emett, Dr. David Wood
The Effect Of Internal Control And Framing On Employee Process Improvement Suggestions, Scott Emett, Dr. David Wood
Journal of Undergraduate Research
After a few months of developing my original ORCA proposal topic entitled “The Effect of Internal Control and Framing on Employee Process Improvement Suggestions”, I learned an invaluable lesson about academic research: many promising research ideas do not turn out to be as promising from a research perspective as originally thought. After running into several problems with the experimental operationalization of this research idea as well as problems with the theoretical contributions that the project would make, my mentor and I decided to abandon this research idea and pursue other research ideas that seemed more promising. Over the past year, …
Audit Quality And Subsidiary Audits, Jeremiah Bentley, Dr. Steven Glover
Audit Quality And Subsidiary Audits, Jeremiah Bentley, Dr. Steven Glover
Journal of Undergraduate Research
International and national accounting standard setters have spent significant amounts of time discussing and making rules about the consolidation of company’s financial statements (ASB 2009; PCAOB 2008, 2010; IAASB 2007; FASB 2010). One of the focuses of these discussions is how auditors should respond to the consolidation process when performing group audits (Glover et al. 2008). A group audit is an audit performed on an entity with multiple locations or components, with separately audited financial information included in consolidated or group financial statements (Glover et al. 2008). While previous research has examined how the consolidation process affects the financial statement …
Effect Of Fraud Risk Assessments On Auditors’ Evidence Evaluation, Jace Garrett, Dr. Doug Prawitt
Effect Of Fraud Risk Assessments On Auditors’ Evidence Evaluation, Jace Garrett, Dr. Doug Prawitt
Journal of Undergraduate Research
My original project idea was to research how supervisors’ views affect subordinates’ judgments in an audit setting. While this was a good idea, my mentor and I came up with another research idea that seemed even more interesting. Since fraud has been a hot topic in accounting research, we thought our idea was particularly timely. The idea we had was to research the effect of preliminary fraud risk assessments on auditors’ evaluation of evidence. We believe that making the preliminary fraud risk assessments creates a bias when auditors later evaluate evidence. Specifically, we believe that when auditors assess the likelihood …
Social Norms And Internal Controls: When Tone From The Bottom Matters, Jeffrey Pickerd, Dr. Scott Summers
Social Norms And Internal Controls: When Tone From The Bottom Matters, Jeffrey Pickerd, Dr. Scott Summers
Journal of Undergraduate Research
The control environment–the actions, policies, and beliefs of an organization–is an important part of the COSO Framework and helps to encourage individuals to follow internal controls. Current accounting literature has extensively examined the influence of the CEOs and other top executives and their ability to influence the control environment to create a culture of compliance with internal controls. However, no research has been to done to see whether or not peers and colleagues influence the control environment.
Repairing Workplace Relationships: The Salience Of Accounts And Circumstantial Moderators, Brian Reschke, Dr. Kristen B. Detienne
Repairing Workplace Relationships: The Salience Of Accounts And Circumstantial Moderators, Brian Reschke, Dr. Kristen B. Detienne
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Misunderstandings, breaches of trust, and unmet expectations are frequent in the workplace. Accounts, or explanations of behavior, are often deployed by alleged offenders to reshape others‟ attributions regarding conduct. In recent years, scholars have returned to the question of how rifts in workplace relationships are ameliorated through accounts such as apologies, excuses, and denials. This area is identified with the relationship repair research domain (Dirks, Lewicki, & Zaheer, 2009).
Consumer Behavior In “Equilibrium”: How Experiencing Physical Balance Increases Compromise Choice, Jeff Larson, Darron M. Billeter
Consumer Behavior In “Equilibrium”: How Experiencing Physical Balance Increases Compromise Choice, Jeff Larson, Darron M. Billeter
Faculty Publications
The authors propose that the physical sensation of balance can affect consumer judgments and decisions. A series of six experiments demonstrates that certain consumer behaviors, such as leaning back in a chair while shopping online, can activate the concept of balance and thereby affect the consumer decision-making process. Specifically, consumers experiencing a heightened sense of balance are more likely to choose compromise options. The authors propose and show evidence for the mechanism underlying these effects: that the concept of balance is metaphorically linked in the mind to the concept of parity and that activating balance increases the accessibility of the …
I Tie Flies In My Sleep: An Autoethnographic Examination Of Recreation And Reintegration For A Veteran With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Warren D. Price
I Tie Flies In My Sleep: An Autoethnographic Examination Of Recreation And Reintegration For A Veteran With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Warren D. Price
Theses and Dissertations
This autoethnographic account details the author's ongoing struggle with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and how leisure was integral to his journey toward recovery. By showing the mental and emotional struggles of life with the disorder, this paper offers an alternative viewpoint from the traditional scientific studies of PTSD which bury soldier's voices under layers of analysis. The purpose of this paper is to deepen and expand an understanding of both combat-related PTSD and the power of leisure in an individual's recovery from combat trauma
European Emerging Adults In The Context Of Free Time And Leisure, Eric K. Layland
European Emerging Adults In The Context Of Free Time And Leisure, Eric K. Layland
Theses and Dissertations
Research on emerging adulthood has increased over the past decade, including further investigation of the five features of emerging adulthood: (a) exploring identity, (b) instability, (c) focus on self, (d) feeling in-between, and (e) possibilities (Arnett, 2004). Despite an increased focus on this age period (i.e., 18 -- 29 year olds), research has not addressed the context of free time and leisure. Trends among European emerging adults include increased delay of marriage, decreased childbirth, and general postponement of adult markers. Both the high cultural valuation of leisure and the apparent change in patterns of external markers (i.e., sustained low fertility …
The Contribution Of Family Leisure To Family Functioning And Family Satisfaction Among Urban Russian Families, Mikale N. Williamson
The Contribution Of Family Leisure To Family Functioning And Family Satisfaction Among Urban Russian Families, Mikale N. Williamson
Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between family leisure involvement and family leisure satisfaction to aspects of family functioning and satisfaction with family life among urban Russian families. Specifically, this study examined how both family leisure involvement (core and balance) and family leisure satisfaction contributed to the explanation of variance in family functioning and satisfaction with family life. The behavioral factor of family alcohol consumption was also included in the analysis. Furthermore, because the data were nested in families, and because most family leisure research has been limited to individual-level analyses, this study accounted for family-level …
Personality And Performance: An Examination Of Relationships Between Personality,Character Traits, And Performance Among Wilderness Field Guides, John David Bishoff
Personality And Performance: An Examination Of Relationships Between Personality,Character Traits, And Performance Among Wilderness Field Guides, John David Bishoff
Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between job performance of wilderness and adventure therapy (WAT) field guides and personality traits. Specifically, this study utilized the NEO-PI-R to assess personality and the Field Guide Performance Evaluation (FGPE) to assess job performance. Job performance was measured by managers, peers, and WAT participants. The sample consisted of 89 personality assessments, gathered from both the U.S. and Canada. Ordinary least squares regression analysis indicated there was a non-significant relationship between field guide job performance and personality. Findings provide implications for WAT practitioners seeking the most qualified field guides possible.
Recruiting Internal Auditors: The Effects Of Using The Internal Audit Function As A Management Training Ground And Performing Consulting Services, Matthew Stripliper, Dr. David Wood
Recruiting Internal Auditors: The Effects Of Using The Internal Audit Function As A Management Training Ground And Performing Consulting Services, Matthew Stripliper, Dr. David Wood
Journal of Undergraduate Research
A critical component of high quality corporate governance is attracting well-qualified job candidates into the internal audit function (IAF). Yet, IAFs face significant challenges in hiring a sufficient number of qualified professionals to perform their worki. Given this challenge, it is important to understand factors that can affect the ability of the IAF to attract a large pool of talent2. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to investigate three specific questions: (1) To what extent are job applicants deterred by negative stereotypes of working in internal auditing?; (2) How do different job structure factors, namely using the …
The Impact Of Describing Products In Sensorial Ways On Variety- Seeking Behavior, Lidan Xu, Dr. Ryan Elder
The Impact Of Describing Products In Sensorial Ways On Variety- Seeking Behavior, Lidan Xu, Dr. Ryan Elder
Journal of Undergraduate Research
This project is to examine how describing the sensory attributes (vs. non-sensory) of a product impacts variety-seeking behaviors of consumers. It is important to understand when and why consumers seek variety as companies seek to maintain customer loyalty. Prior studies have showed that variety seeking is increased within sensory domains, such as food (Inman, 2001). This current project seeks to understand variety-seeking behaviors within non-sensory product domain. Sensory characteristics lead to quicker satiety than non-sensory characteristics (Inman, 2001). Using the same product over and over again increases the desire for a change. This desire for change, and consequent variety seeking, …
Vocal Artifacts: A Video-Based Study Of The Appropriation And Articulation Of Material Objects Within Employment Interviews, Emily Warren, Dr. Lebaron Curtis
Vocal Artifacts: A Video-Based Study Of The Appropriation And Articulation Of Material Objects Within Employment Interviews, Emily Warren, Dr. Lebaron Curtis
Journal of Undergraduate Research
The goal of this project was to examine how material objects and texts (e.g., resumes, letters, application files, etc.) may be appropriated and articulated during employment interviews. While past research focused on the verbal and discursive features of employment interviews, using research methods such as content analysis, discourse analysis, and conversation analysis, this was a multimodal study that highlighted the pervasive but taken-for-granted material and embodied aspects of employment interviews that have been largely overlooked. Our research findings have contributed to the growing awareness and understanding of socio-materiality in organizations and organizational routines. This research was presented as the National …
The Effect Of Relational Self-Construal In Dispute Resolutions And Negotiations, Aubri Robinson, Dr. Sheli Sillito
The Effect Of Relational Self-Construal In Dispute Resolutions And Negotiations, Aubri Robinson, Dr. Sheli Sillito
Journal of Undergraduate Research
The purpose of our research project was to determine the influence of managerial fairness in the context of dispute resolution and negotiation. We aimed to identify whether managers’ relational self-construal (RSC), whether they define themselves in terms of their close relationships with others, leads to more positive outcomes in social contexts, including higher fairness ratings from subordinates and higher self-perceived fairness. Through our studies, we explored potential moderators (e.g., context) and mediators (e.g., affect) of the RSC-fairness relationship within organizations and manager-employee relationships. Our findings expected to inform research on negotiation improvement and organizational fairness. Through our study of negotiations …
Sec Comment Letters: Investors’ Response To Accounting Disclosure Scrutiny, Kurt Gee, Dr. Jeffrey Wilks
Sec Comment Letters: Investors’ Response To Accounting Disclosure Scrutiny, Kurt Gee, Dr. Jeffrey Wilks
Journal of Undergraduate Research
This project gave me a wonderful opportunity to experience the research process first-hand. The purpose of our study was to assess how investors in corporations respond to oversight by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) into the corporations’ accounting and disclosure practices.
The Mediating Effects Of Autonomy, Competence, And Relatedness During Couple Leisure On The Relationship Between Total Couple Leisure Satisfaction And Marital Satisfaction, Miriam Puerta Amato
The Mediating Effects Of Autonomy, Competence, And Relatedness During Couple Leisure On The Relationship Between Total Couple Leisure Satisfaction And Marital Satisfaction, Miriam Puerta Amato
Theses and Dissertations
This study tested Self-Determination Theory as a possible explanatory framework to understand the relationship between total couple leisure satisfaction and marital satisfaction. The three psychological needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness-fundamental components of Self-Determination Theory-were measured through the Fulfillment of Psychological Needs during Couple Leisure (FPNL) scale and were tested as mediators. The analysis of five structural equation models confirmed the relevance of the Self-Determination Theory in explaining the relationship between couple leisure satisfaction and marital satisfaction. Although autonomy and competence were significant mediators, relatedness consistently appeared as the strongest mediator suggesting that the fulfillment of this psychological need is …
The School Based Family: Coaches And Teachers As Parental Figures For Orphans And Vulnerable Children In Ugandan Schools, Dr. Stacy Taniguchi
The School Based Family: Coaches And Teachers As Parental Figures For Orphans And Vulnerable Children In Ugandan Schools, Dr. Stacy Taniguchi
Journal of Undergraduate Research
The purpose of this study was to qualitatively examine the possible formation of surrogate families within Ugandan schools to potentially provide a context for positive development experiences, especially for orphans who lack positive development opportunities provided by parents. The sample for this study consisted of 66 Ugandan Secondary School students from eight schools the Mukono district of Uganda. In 1994, the United Nations declared families are the basic unit of society and require special attention (Bowen & McKechnie, 2001). However, the failure of the biological family is seen on a mass scale in Uganda due in large part to the …
Meaningful Learning Experiences: The Influence Of Group-Based Adventure Recreation On Behavioral Addiction Treatment, Robert Levon Henderson
Meaningful Learning Experiences: The Influence Of Group-Based Adventure Recreation On Behavioral Addiction Treatment, Robert Levon Henderson
Theses and Dissertations
Adventure recreation (AR) has been found to supplement addiction treatment and recovery in valuable ways. However, questions about the components and processes of AR and its influence on behavioral addiction specifically, e.g., gambling, video gaming, pornography, etc., still remain. Using the Meaningful Learning Experiences Model (an AR-based framework) and a quasi-experimental pre-post design, the present study examined AR's influence on three therapeutic principles (authenticity, social network support, and therapeutic engagement) that have been found to significantly influence addiction recovery. Seventy-five participants with sexually related addictions, namely pornography addicts, supplemented their 12-Steps recovery meetings with a Meaningful Learning Experience and scuba …
Location-Allocation Optimization Of Supply Chain Distribution Networks: A Case Study, Mark Nicholas Helberg
Location-Allocation Optimization Of Supply Chain Distribution Networks: A Case Study, Mark Nicholas Helberg
Theses and Dissertations
The location of distribution centers is an important strategic decision in supply chain design, particularly as it relates to service quality, productivity, and profitability of the firm. There has been extensive research performed on distribution location models which require the use of complex algorithms and assumptions that make use of these models difficult in practice for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) that have limited capital and resources. Studies have also failed to capture and quantify potential business results of using more sophisticated methods. In this study, a deterministic and static location-allocation model is designed using a prototype software tool. The …
The Impact Of Securitization On The Expansion Of Subprime Credit, Taylor Nadauld, Shane M. Sherlund
The Impact Of Securitization On The Expansion Of Subprime Credit, Taylor Nadauld, Shane M. Sherlund
Faculty Publications
This paper investigates the relationship between securitization activity and the extension of subprime credit. The analysis is motivated by two sets of compelling empirical facts. First, the origination of subprime mortgages exploded between the years 2003 and 2005. Second, the securitization of subprime loans increased substantially over the same time period, driven primarily by the five largest independent broker/dealer investment banks. We argue that the relative shift in the securitization activity of investment banks was driven by forces exogenous to factors impacting lending decisions in the primary mortgage market and resulted in lower ZIP code denial rates, higher subprime origination …
Service-Oriented Methodology For Systems Development, Mark Keith, Haluk Demirkan, Michael Goul
Service-Oriented Methodology For Systems Development, Mark Keith, Haluk Demirkan, Michael Goul
Faculty Publications
Despite advances in software development practices, organizations struggle to implement methodologies that match the risk in a project environment with needed coordination capabilities. Plan-driven and agile software development methodologies each have strengths and risks. However, most project environments cannot be classified as entirely “risky” or “stable,” suggesting the need for hybrid approaches. We leverage a design science approach to implement a novel hybrid methodology based on concepts from the service-oriented paradigm. We motivate the approach using theory on interdependence and coordination, and design the methodology using theory on modularity and service-dominant logic. We also examine the effects of its adoption …
Legislating Stock Prices, Lauren Cohen, Karl B. Diether, Christopher Malloy
Legislating Stock Prices, Lauren Cohen, Karl B. Diether, Christopher Malloy
Faculty Publications
We demonstrate that legislation has a simple, yet previously undetected, impact on stock prices. Exploiting the voting record of legislators whose constituents are the affected industries, we show that the votes of these “interested” legislators capture important information seemingly ignored by the market. A long-short portfolio based on these legislators' views earns abnormal returns of over 90 basis points per month following the passage of legislation. Industries that we classify as beneficiaries of legislation experience significantly more positive earnings surprises and positive analyst revisions in the months following passage of the bill, as well as significantly higher future sales and …
Information Disclosure On Mobile Devices: Re-Examining Privacy Calculus With Actual User Behavior, Mark J. Keith, Samuel C. Thompson, Joanne Hale, Paul Benjamin Lowry, Chapman Greer
Information Disclosure On Mobile Devices: Re-Examining Privacy Calculus With Actual User Behavior, Mark J. Keith, Samuel C. Thompson, Joanne Hale, Paul Benjamin Lowry, Chapman Greer
Faculty Publications
The use of mobile applications continues to experience exponential growth. Using mobile apps typically requires the disclosure of location data, which often accompanies requests for various other forms of private information. Existing research on information privacy has implied that consumers are willing to accept privacy risks for relatively negligible benefits, and the offerings of mobile apps based on locationbased services (LBS) appear to be no different. However, until now, researchers have struggled to replicate realistic privacy risks within experimental methodologies designed to manipulate independent variables. Moreover, minimal research has successfully captured actual information disclosure over mobile devices based on realistic …
Planning Prompts As A Means Of Increasing Preventive Screening Rates, Katherine L. Milkman, John Beshears, James J. Choi, David Laibson, Brigitte C. Madrian
Planning Prompts As A Means Of Increasing Preventive Screening Rates, Katherine L. Milkman, John Beshears, James J. Choi, David Laibson, Brigitte C. Madrian
Faculty Publications
In the U.S., 18,800 lives could be saved annually if those advised to obtain colorectal screenings based on national guidelines complied (Zauber et al., 2012). Subtle suggestions embedded in a decision-making environment can change people's choices (Thaler and Sunstein, 2008). Past research has shown that prompting people to form plans about where and when they will complete an intended behavior increases engagement in activities ranging from voting to vaccination (Gollwitzer and Sheeran, 2006; Milkman et al., 2011; Nickerson and Rogers, 2010). When plans are formed, they link intended behaviors with a concrete future moment and course of action, creating cues …
Taking “Fun And Games” Seriously: Proposing The Hedonic-Motivation System Adoption Model (Hmsam), Paul Benjamin Lowry, Bryan Hammer, James Eric Gaskin, Tom L. Roberts, Nathan W. Twyman
Taking “Fun And Games” Seriously: Proposing The Hedonic-Motivation System Adoption Model (Hmsam), Paul Benjamin Lowry, Bryan Hammer, James Eric Gaskin, Tom L. Roberts, Nathan W. Twyman
Faculty Publications
Hedonic-motivation systems (HMS)—systems used primarily to fulfill users’ intrinsic motivations—are the elephant in the room for IS research. Growth in HMS sales has outperformed utilitarian-motivation systems (UMS) sales for more than a decade, generating billions in revenue annually; yet IS research focuses mostly on UMS. In this study, we explain the role of intrinsic motivations in systems use and propose the hedonic-motivation system adoption model (HMSAM) to improve the understanding of HMS adoption. Instead of a minor, general TAM extension, HMSAM is an HMS-specific system acceptance model based on an alternative theoretical perspective, which is in turn grounded in flow-based …
Exploring The Effect Of Arousal And Valence On Mouse Interaction, G. Mark Grimes, Jeffrey L. Jenkins, Joseph S. Valacich
Exploring The Effect Of Arousal And Valence On Mouse Interaction, G. Mark Grimes, Jeffrey L. Jenkins, Joseph S. Valacich
Faculty Publications
Determining a user’s affective state can be an important element when trying to understand human-computer interactions. Accurately assessing affect during system use, however, can be very difficult, especially in a non-laboratory setting. Extensive previous research in neuroscience has shown that arousal and valence influence motor control. In this research, the prior relevant neuroscience findings inform the investigation of mouse movement behavior under conditions of low and high arousal as well as positive and negative valence. A controlled laboratory experiment was conducted, providing support for hypotheses predicting that arousal and valence may be inferred by monitoring for differences in the distance, …