Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

South and Southeast Asian Languages and Societies Commons™

Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Series

Discipline
Institution
Keyword
Publication Year
Publication

Articles 1 - 30 of 249

Full-Text Articles in South and Southeast Asian Languages and Societies

Codenames For Language Courses, Jeffrey Nolan Mcculley, Chloe Bennett Mar 2026

Codenames For Language Courses, Jeffrey Nolan Mcculley, Chloe Bennett

UTA Libraries Staff Publications - Archive

In this lesson, students deepen their proficiency in the target language by designing and implementing a foreign-language edition of the game Codenames. Drawing on their understanding of vocabulary, semantics, and cultural nuance, students adapt game components and rules to account for language-specific challenges such as word ambiguity, cognates, homophones, and idiomatic meaning. Through collaborative gameplay, students actively apply linguistic knowledge in a communicative, problem-solving context that emphasizes precision and strategic language use. The lesson promotes critical thinking, intercultural competence, and authentic language practice while reinforcing vocabulary acquisition and comprehension in an engaging, student-centered format.


Exploring Two Approaches Towards Gender Inclusive Language In The Philippines, Eduardo Victor J. Valdez Feb 2026

Exploring Two Approaches Towards Gender Inclusive Language In The Philippines, Eduardo Victor J. Valdez

Marketing and Law Faculty Publications

In this paper, we shall take a look at the role of the Philippine government in encouraging the use of gender-neutral Philippine-English. We shall also glimpse at Philippine gayspeak as a player in the development of the Filipino language game. We endeavor to learn if a top to bottom program for language inclusivity from the government down to the citizenry is effective in promoting inclusivity in Philippine-English. On the other hand, a minority to majority development was the route that Philippine gayspeak took in adding their form of life into the gender-neutral Filipino language.


The Formation And Dynamics Of Colonial “Lived Spaces” : Urban Space And Society In Colonial Hanoi, 1883–1916, Nam Khanh Hoang '25 Dec 2025

The Formation And Dynamics Of Colonial “Lived Spaces” : Urban Space And Society In Colonial Hanoi, 1883–1916, Nam Khanh Hoang '25

Student Research

This study examines the nuanced experiences and perceptions of urban space among different social groups in colonial Hanoi in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries by analyzing the French colonial agendas, as reflected through modern urban planning and practices, and its reception among the colonial urban inhabitants, as suggested through their responses to the Statue of Liberty—a colonial urban monument. While existing scholarship has often framed colonial cities as stages for consolidating imperial power, introducing Western ideals of modernity, and forming systems of oppression and exploitation against colonial subjects, it has often overlooked the perceptions and experiences of colonial …


Working Around Public Policy Towards A Grounded, Filipinized Philosophy Education, Ysabella Margarette M. Zureta Dec 2025

Working Around Public Policy Towards A Grounded, Filipinized Philosophy Education, Ysabella Margarette M. Zureta

Philosophy Department Faculty Publications

Amidst a backdrop of highly Westernized philosophy education in the Philippines and the continuous disregard of Filipino philosophy as philosophy, FPA Demeterio III relegates the question and debate of the existence of Filipino philosophy as “retrogressive.” He instead creates a grand taxonomy of Filipino philosophy that enumerates twelve forms of the discipline, which he whittles down to five forms with highly developmental potentials for both scholars and teachers alike to dedicate their study to. My study then attempts to answer the following research question: Is the present state-recommended undergraduate philosophy curriculum in the Philippines capable of developing Demeterio’s articulation of …


From Ghorer Golpo To Global Voices: Digital Storytelling As A Decolonial Pedagogy For English Language Learning In Bangladesh, Tamanna Sharmin Kabir Dec 2025

From Ghorer Golpo To Global Voices: Digital Storytelling As A Decolonial Pedagogy For English Language Learning In Bangladesh, Tamanna Sharmin Kabir

Dissertations and Doctoral Documents, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2023–

From Ghorer Golpo to Global Voices: Digital Storytelling as a Decolonial Pedagogy for English Language Learning in Bangladesh highlights how Digital Storytelling operates as a culturally sustaining and technologically supported approach within Bangladeshi undergraduate English education. Informed by my own navigation of Western and South Asian narrative traditions, the study responds to a longstanding challenge in English instruction: exam-focused, Eurocentric pedagogies often marginalize learners’ cultural identities and lived experiences. The research investigates how participants engaged with Digital Storytelling as a multimodal, technology-enhanced practice that supports language development, identity expression, and intercultural communication.

The study employed an arts-informed case study design …


Findings On Dwelling In A Touristic Transit Space In Maligcong, Bontoc, Karl Eli Reyno Alconis Nov 2025

Findings On Dwelling In A Touristic Transit Space In Maligcong, Bontoc, Karl Eli Reyno Alconis

Institute of Philippine Culture (IPC)

Structure, Agency, and Culture: Examining the Influence of Organizational Culture in Succession Planning in Higher Education Institutions Conference: The Asian Conference on Education (ACE2025) Title: Structure, Agency, and Culture: Examining the Influence of Organizational Culture in Succession Planning in Higher Education Institutions Submission Number: 96492 Date Submitted: May 22, 2025 Stream: Educational Policy, Leadership, Management & Administration Presentation Type: Oral Presentation Current Status: Accepted Authors: Ferdinand Rellorosa, Ateneo De Manila University, Philippines Abstract: Succession planning (SP) is vital for leadership continuity and institutional sustainability (Ahmad et al., 2020; Rothwell, 2005). While largely studied in corporate settings, its application in higher …


Ang Dalumat Ng Gunaw: Mito, Metonimiya, At Pagkabagay, John Carlo S. Gloria Sep 2025

Ang Dalumat Ng Gunaw: Mito, Metonimiya, At Pagkabagay, John Carlo S. Gloria

Filipino Faculty Publications

“Asolarse la tierra anegrandose” o “magunaw ang lupa dahil sa pagbaha.” Ganito binibigyang-kahulugan ng Vocabulario de la lengua tagala ang salitang “gunaw.” Nagiging indikatibo ito, sa isang banda, ng kaugnayan ng penomenon sa iba pang mga sakunang likha ng kalikasan at maging ng tao. Pagsasalikop ng mga pangyayari sa lupa ang tinuturan ng salita kaya’t posibleng mapaglimian ang konsepto ng winawaring katapusan sa pamamagitan ng pilolohikal na pagsipat sa iba’t ibang diksiyonaryo at pagkakawing nito sa ipinasisilay na ekolohiya ng mga salita gaya ng unos, bagyo, sigwa, delubyo, deliryo, atbp. Bukod sa pag-uugnay ng mga salita, tinatangka ng pag-aaral na …


The Improvement Regime: Public Trusts, Real Estates, And India’S Urban Futurities, Anwesha Ghosh Jun 2025

The Improvement Regime: Public Trusts, Real Estates, And India’S Urban Futurities, Anwesha Ghosh

Articles

Over the last two decades, since scholarly writing on India witnessed an “urban turn,” numerous historians have analyzed the role of the improvement trust in the redevelopment of Indian cities in the twentieth century, most specifically those of Bombay, Calcutta, and Delhi. This paper revisits and reassesses some of their key arguments to suggest that rather than studying the “failures” of the individual trusts to foster sanitary built environments, we should pay attention to the contingent workings of the city trusts that were constitutively designed for such failures. Using a comparative analysis of the Bombay and Calcutta improvement trusts, this …


Hearing Caste: Dalit Resistance Through Folk Music In West Bengal, India, Antara Bhattacharyay May 2025

Hearing Caste: Dalit Resistance Through Folk Music In West Bengal, India, Antara Bhattacharyay

Music Honors Projects

Caste—a graded structure of hierarchy—has historically shaped identities in South Asia and persists to this day. In opposition, Dalits (caste-marginalized communities) have utilized diverse mediums to communicate their resistance. In this thesis, I analyze the role of music in Bengali Dalit resistance through the work of Dalit singer-songwriter Smritikana Howlader (b. 1960). Based on ethnographic research, I investigate how folk music becomes a mode of Dalit historiography. In particular, I explore how Howlader aims to transcend caste boundaries through song, evoking shared humanity. I argue that Howlader’s performances combat dominant caste discourse and Dalit erasure, furthering Bengali Dalit resistance.


Modeling Literary Connections: Exploring Transregional Resistance In Dalit Poetry, Antara Bhattacharyay May 2025

Modeling Literary Connections: Exploring Transregional Resistance In Dalit Poetry, Antara Bhattacharyay

Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science Honors Projects

Structuring socio-political identities, the caste system (a graded form of hierarchy) remains entrenched in contemporary Indian society. Dalits, marginalized by the caste system, have expressed their resistance through literature, envisioning substantive equality and social change. In this thesis, I draw on digital humanities methods to examine regional variation in translated Dalit poetry from Bengali, Hindi/Urdu, Marathi, and Tamil languages. I utilize topic modeling—a machine learning algorithm that detects latent semantic structures in a text—as a point of departure for poetry analysis. I observe how topic modeling enables newer readings of the poems, revealing regionally resonant and broader Dalit themes.


Painting Stories And Filming Change, Coralynn V. Davis Apr 2025

Painting Stories And Filming Change, Coralynn V. Davis

Faculty Contributions to Books

Mithila Art has helped illuminate various aspects of the relationship between gendered Maithil social roles and Maithil women’s narratives in connection with a feminist participatory action research project conducted primarily in 2016-2017 in and around the northern Bihari town of Madhubani. While participatory action research philosophically and methodologically attends to process as much as product, Mithila Art played a role in the process and product of making a documentary film and in our capacity to understand and communicate with varied audiences about shifting Maithil gender norms. The research and filmic project provided insight into the complex relationship among the stories …


An Analytical Review Of Preprocessing Techniques In Bengali Natural Language Processing, Sovon Chakraborty, Protiva Das, Shakib Mahmud Dipto, Md Aktaruzzaman Pramanik, Jannatun Noor Jan 2025

An Analytical Review Of Preprocessing Techniques In Bengali Natural Language Processing, Sovon Chakraborty, Protiva Das, Shakib Mahmud Dipto, Md Aktaruzzaman Pramanik, Jannatun Noor

Computer Science Faculty Publications

Research in Bengali Natural Language Processing (BNLP) is rapidly expanding. Despite being one of the most widely spoken languages in the world, BNLP research remains insufficient, particularly in Bengali speech recognition. The languages rich morphology, agglutinative structure, and diverse dialects make text and speech processing especially challenging. However, these challenges can be addressed with effective preprocessing techniques. Various organizations in Bangladesh and West Bengal are integrating Natural Language Processing (NLP) into their services, but without a thorough understanding of preprocessing, these implementations remain incomplete. Applying proper preprocessing techniques to the Bengali language will serve as a foundation for developing robust …


Chasing The Albino Pygmy Giraffe, Charles H. Haddad Nov 2024

Chasing The Albino Pygmy Giraffe, Charles H. Haddad

School of Communication and Journalism Faculty Publications


It's never a good sign when someone is knocking on the door of your hotel room at seven in the morning. That's especially true if you have been schlepping eight college students across Western China, as I had been for the past week. I now heard in this soft rapping the death knell of my fledgling professorial career. Wrapping a ratty, threadbare pillow around my head, I tried to shut out the insistent rapping. Of course, that didn't work. Bad news has a way of butting in.

So begins my novel “Chasing the Albino Pygmy Giraffe.” It is a laugh-aloud …


In Conversation: Patricia Irene Dacudao On Abaca Frontier: The Socioeconomic And Cultural Transformation Of Davao, 1898–1941, Patricia Irene N. Dacudao, Philip Gooding Oct 2024

In Conversation: Patricia Irene Dacudao On Abaca Frontier: The Socioeconomic And Cultural Transformation Of Davao, 1898–1941, Patricia Irene N. Dacudao, Philip Gooding

History Department Faculty Publications

In this interview, Patricia Irene Dacudao discusses her book Abaca Frontier: The Socioeconomic and Cultural Transformation of Davao, 1898-1941, which was published by Ateneo de Manila Press in 2023.


The Provenance Of A Pali- And Thai-Language Manuscript At The Rollins College Library: A Buddhist Book Of Merit And Its Long Journey From Southeast Asia To America, Wenxian Zhang Oct 2024

The Provenance Of A Pali- And Thai-Language Manuscript At The Rollins College Library: A Buddhist Book Of Merit And Its Long Journey From Southeast Asia To America, Wenxian Zhang

Faculty Publications

Through researching the provenance of a Buddhist manuscript written in the Pali and Thai languages currently held at Rollins, this article seeks to answer the question of how a religious document created in Thailand ended up in a liberal arts college library in America. Regarded as an act of devotion by many Buddhist followers in Southeast Asia, the use of folding manuscripts (samut khoi) has been observed for centuries. The folding manuscripts served as handbooks and chanting manuals for Buddhist monks, who often recited in religious ceremonies while paying tributes to the deceased, with the hope of reincarnation in a …


Transformer-Based Joint Learning Approach For Text Normalization In Vietnamese Automatic Speech Recognition Systems, The Viet Bui, Tho Chi Luong, Oanh Thi Tran Oct 2024

Transformer-Based Joint Learning Approach For Text Normalization In Vietnamese Automatic Speech Recognition Systems, The Viet Bui, Tho Chi Luong, Oanh Thi Tran

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

In this article, we investigate the task of normalizing transcribed texts in Vietnamese Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) systems in order to improve user readability and the performance of downstream tasks. This task usually consists of two main sub-tasks: predicting and inserting punctuation (i.e., period, comma); and detecting and standardizing named entities (i.e., numbers, person names) from spoken forms to their appropriate written forms. To achieve these goals, we introduce a complete corpus including of 87,700 sentences and investigate conditional joint learning approaches which globally optimize two sub-tasks simultaneously. The experimental results are quite promising. Overall, the proposed architecture outperformed the …


Principal Agency 50 Years After The Lau Decision: Building And Sustaining Bilingual Education Programs For Asian Languages, Kevin M. Wong, Zhongfeng Tian Aug 2024

Principal Agency 50 Years After The Lau Decision: Building And Sustaining Bilingual Education Programs For Asian Languages, Kevin M. Wong, Zhongfeng Tian

Education Division Scholarship

This study examined how three champion principals of Asian language dual language bilingual education (DLBE) programs—Cantonese, Korean, and Mandarin—in California have navigated the oscillating language-in-education policies after the Lau decision. We explored principals' various roles through a lens of agency in a social justice leadership framework, specifically considering the opportunities and challenges for agentive leadership from three different phases: foregrounding and engaging, planning and implementing, and evaluating and sustaining. Findings demonstrate that the success of DLBE programs goes beyond the overarching language policies that supposedly enable bilingual education; rather it hinges on the bottom-up commitment, collaboration and resilience of principals, …


Ten Years As Boundary Object: The Search For Identity And Belonging As 'Hongkongers', John Lowe, Darlene Machell Espena, George Wong Aug 2024

Ten Years As Boundary Object: The Search For Identity And Belonging As 'Hongkongers', John Lowe, Darlene Machell Espena, George Wong

Research Collection College of Integrative Studies

This article examines the complex process of symbolic boundary-making of ‘Hongkonger’ cultural identities through the lens of the controversial 2015 film Ten Years, which is a celebrated omnibus production comprised of five short segments that picture a dystopic end to Hong Kong’s cherished way of life in the year 2025. The article is premised on an interdisciplinary approach engaging with cultural studies and film studies. On one hand, it explores how Ten Years functioned as a boundary object, a vast terrain within which cultural identities of what it means to be a Hongkonger are constructed, banished, imagined, and performed under …


Ang Posibilidad At Hanggahan Ng Ekosalin: Isang Pagbabalangkas At Paglalapat Ng Nababagong Teorya Sa Larangan Ng Pagsasalin, Claudette M. Ulit Jul 2024

Ang Posibilidad At Hanggahan Ng Ekosalin: Isang Pagbabalangkas At Paglalapat Ng Nababagong Teorya Sa Larangan Ng Pagsasalin, Claudette M. Ulit

Filipino Faculty Publications

Nakatuon ang pag-aaral na ito sa pagbubuo at paglalapat ng dulog pampagsasaling nakasentro sa kalikasan na tatawaging “ekosalin” na salig sa larangan ng eco-translation at ekolingguwistika. Ilalapat ang nabuong dulog o ang ekosalin sa mga pilíng artikulo sa Ingles na arawang lumabas sa pahayagang The Manila Times noong 1986-1989 — ang Halupi, partikular ang mga pumapaksa sa flora at fauna na ituturing sa pag-aaral na ito bílang mga stories-we-live-by o mga-kuwentong nakasanayan-na. Pangunahing hakbang ang paglalantad sa mga padron ng paggamit ng wika sa loob o kabuoan ng teksto, gayundin ang pagtatabi ng mga teksto sa inilatag na ekosopiya ng …


Bibliography For "Women's Fashion From India Display", Arianna Tillman, Isabella Piechota, Kalea Brown Feb 2024

Bibliography For "Women's Fashion From India Display", Arianna Tillman, Isabella Piechota, Kalea Brown

Library Displays and Bibliographies

A bibliography created to accompany a display about women's fashion from India in March 2024 at the Leatherby Libraries at Chapman University.


Bibliography For "Vietnamese Culture Display", Arianna Tillman, Isabella Piechota, Kalea Brown Feb 2024

Bibliography For "Vietnamese Culture Display", Arianna Tillman, Isabella Piechota, Kalea Brown

Library Displays and Bibliographies

A bibliography created to accompany a display about Vietnamese culture and Tết in February 2024 at the Leatherby Libraries at Chapman University.


Queen Victoria, The Sultan And The Adventurer: Weaving Strands Of The History Of The Kashmir Shawl, Joan Hart Jan 2024

Queen Victoria, The Sultan And The Adventurer: Weaving Strands Of The History Of The Kashmir Shawl, Joan Hart

Textile Society of America: Symposium Proceedings

Tipu Sultan, William Moorcroft, and Queen Victoria owned Kashmir shawls from Kashmir, India dating from 1780 to 1880. Rare provenance for these shawls reveals the troubled strands of Kashmir production and the shifting political fate of the Kashmiri people.

Tipu Sultan is a hero in India, having conducted successful military campaigns against the British East India Company (1782-1799). Tipu gave a valuable Kashmir shawl to a captive British surgeon in 1784, probably the earliest shawl to enter Britain. Revealing a rare moment when the fate of India was not yet sealed for the British, Tipu still had empathy by honoring …


Dreams Intertwined In Strands Of Silver And Gold: Hidden Stories Of Home-Based Women Zardozi Artisans Of Bhopal, India, Meeta Siddhu, Anjali Karolia Jan 2024

Dreams Intertwined In Strands Of Silver And Gold: Hidden Stories Of Home-Based Women Zardozi Artisans Of Bhopal, India, Meeta Siddhu, Anjali Karolia

Textile Society of America: Symposium Proceedings

This paper examines the experiences of home-based women zardozi artisans in Bhopal, India, who use traditional embroidery skills to create fashionable products. It highlights the role of the traditional craft sector in promoting women's empowerment, enhancing economic well-being, and supporting sustainable development in the Global South. Through ethnographic research, including literature review and interviews, the study reveals the resilience of these artisans, many of whom come from low-income backgrounds with limited education. Despite modest earnings, their craft contributes to their families' status and elevates women's roles within households. The findings suggest that the handicraft sector can provide viable economic opportunities …


Forgetting Stories From The Islands, Jeju And Calauit, Raymon D. Ritumban Jan 2024

Forgetting Stories From The Islands, Jeju And Calauit, Raymon D. Ritumban

English Faculty Publications

The traumatic experiences of people from peripheral islands are susceptible to mnemocide. Such erasure of memory is facilitated by “defensive and complicit forgetting,” which, according to Aleida Assmann, leads to “protection of perpetrators.” My paper reflects on the vulnerability of traumas from the islands to mnemocide by looking into [1] the massacre of communists and civilians on Jeju Island, South Korea in 1948 as described in Hyun-Kil Un’s short story “Dead Silence” (2017; English trans.) and [2] the eviction of residents and indigenous people from Calauit Island, Philippines for the creation of a safari in 1976 as imagined in Annette …


Research Bibliography For Philippine English (2008–2023), Kingsley Bolton, Priscilla T. Cruz, Isabel P. Martin Jan 2024

Research Bibliography For Philippine English (2008–2023), Kingsley Bolton, Priscilla T. Cruz, Isabel P. Martin

English Faculty Publications

The research bibliography presented here is intended to complement the earlier research bibliographies from Bautista on Philippine English (Bautista, 2004; Bautista & Bolton, 2008a). It includes 11 sections dealing with book-length studies of Philippine English, as well as book chapters and journal articles on such topics as code-switching, code-mixing and linguistic hybridization; critical linguistics; discourse analysis; language attitudes and intelligibility; sociolinguistic description; language policies; multilingualism and multilingual education; Philippine literature in English; Philippine English features; and summative perspectives. While the bibliography is essentially contemporary in orientation, this article also emphasizes the foundational contributions of earlier scholars in the field.


Queer Tropical Gothic: Parody, Failure, Space In Nick Joaquin’S “Gotita De Dragon”, Raymon D. Ritumban Jan 2024

Queer Tropical Gothic: Parody, Failure, Space In Nick Joaquin’S “Gotita De Dragon”, Raymon D. Ritumban

English Faculty Publications

The stories for children by Filipino literary master Nick Joaquin (1917-2004), when compared to his famous works, have received scant attention even though they are as masterfully written and thematically sophisticated. Out of Joaquin’s fifteen children’s stories produced between 1972 and 1983, “Gotita de Dragon” stands out for its queer tropical gothic turn. The piece is a parody of a pious legend about Saint Martha, where the titular character is on a quest to become “as big as a gothic dragon,” which subsequently renders him “in search of a virgin.” The narrative is built upon the failures of its masculine …


A Construção Da Guerra Civil Através De Dois Discursos Na Farsália, De Lucano, Leni Ribeiro Leite, Thayrynne De Faria Coutinho Jan 2024

A Construção Da Guerra Civil Através De Dois Discursos Na Farsália, De Lucano, Leni Ribeiro Leite, Thayrynne De Faria Coutinho

Modern and Classical Languages, Literatures and Cultures Faculty Publications

O presente trabalho analisa a construção da Guerra Civil nos cantos II e IV da Farsália, do poeta Lucano, por meio da caracterização e dos discursos de duas personagens: a mãe e o soldado. Em uma épica em que o confronto entre membros de um mesmo povo é central, defendemos que Lucano, ao apresentar essas duas personagens, apresenta dois pontos de vista romanos em relação a dinâmica da guerra. Para essa análise, tomamos como base a concepção de Dominique Maingueneau (1995, 2008) de ethos e elementos retóricos da Antiguidade apresentados, em especial, na Institutio Oratoria, de Quintiliano.


From East To West: Exploring The Mental Health Of Punjabi Immigrants Residing In British Columbia, Jasleen Kaur Jan 2024

From East To West: Exploring The Mental Health Of Punjabi Immigrants Residing In British Columbia, Jasleen Kaur

Antioch University Dissertations & Theses

Mental health has been a topic that is slowly gaining more acknowledgement and awareness over time. However, despite the elevation in awareness, there are many cultures where mental health issues remain subject to stigma, which discourages an individual from seeking, or even acknowledging, mental health treatment and services. This study focuses upon varying perceptions of mental health by exploring in-depth the perception of mental health within the Punjabi community and how Punjabi culture affects such perceptions. Specifically, this research study examines how young adults who immigrated from Punjab, India to British Columbia (B.C.) perceive and respond to mental health concerns. …


Theology In Service Of An Ideology: A Polemic Against Peniel Rajkumar’S Dalit Theology And Dalit Liberation, Vivek K. Rallabandi Oct 2023

Theology In Service Of An Ideology: A Polemic Against Peniel Rajkumar’S Dalit Theology And Dalit Liberation, Vivek K. Rallabandi

Student Publications

This paper examines Dalit (a marginalized group in India) Christian theology as articulated through Peniel Rajkumar's 2010 book, Dalit Theology and Dalit Liberation: Problems, Paradigms, and Possibilities. The paper criticizes Rajkumar's book, arguing that he errs in offering Christianity as the sole panacea to Dalits' spiritual ailments.


The Philippine Economy During The Japanese Occupation, Jasper Lem Sep 2023

The Philippine Economy During The Japanese Occupation, Jasper Lem

Asian Studies: Student Scholarship & Creative Works

The economy of the Philippines was derailed by the Japanese occupation during World War II. As an American colony before World War II, the Philippines had close amicable ties with the United States highlighted by promises of independence on July 4th, 1946. The Philippines also maintained a beneficial economic relationship with the States at this time through extensive foreign trade. However, because of the Japanese invasion, the Philippine economy was robbed of this profitable foreign trade and the promise of independence, severely crippling the island nation and her morale. The first policies implemented by Japan were designed to control the …