Race, Ethnicity and Post-Colonial Studies Commons^™

Ohio River Distances, Portsmouth Daily Times

Indian Head Rock Project

Indian Head Rock mentioned in the Portsmouth Times on June 4, 1887.

An Act To Provide For The Allotment Of Lands In Severalty To Indians On The Various Reservations (General Allotment Act Or Dawes Act), Henry L. Dawes

US Government Documents Related to Indigenous Nations

This Act, passed on February 8, 1887, authorized the US government to break up reservations and tribal lands, previously held in common, into individual plots. Aimed at assimilating Indigenous people into white society, this act promoted agriculture and grazing by allotting tribal members or families who registered a portion of reservation land outlined in the document. Furthermore, this document granted American citizenship to those who accepted the division of tribal lands.

Rules Governing The Court Of Indian Offenses, Hiram Price

US Government Documents Related to Indigenous Nations

This transcribed document, dated March 30, 1883, contains a letter from Henry M. Teller of the United States (US) Department of the Interior to Hiram Price of the US Office of Indian Affairs outlining perceived problems among Indigenous tribes in the US. This letter is followed by a set of rules written in response to the expressed concerns. These rules are commonly referred to as The Code of Indian Offenses. Teller expressed concern about religious practices among Indigenous tribes, including sacred dances and the leadership of medicine men. He was also concerned about plural marriage and practices surrounding property …

President Hayes's Executive Order, 1880, Rutherford B. Hayes

US Government Documents Related to Indigenous Nations

This Executive Order, issued by President Rutherford B. Hayes on July 13, 1880, significantly reduced the size of the Fort Berthold Reservation. Created at the behest of the Northern Pacific Railroad, this executive order resulted in a critical loss of Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara homelands, hunting grounds, and sacred sites.

The Traditional Indian Rock, Wheeling Daily Intelligencer

Indian Head Rock Project

Article published in the Wheeling Daily Intelligencer on the Indian Head Rock from October 15, 1879.

On A Bar In The Ohio River, Wheeling Daily Intelligencer

Indian Head Rock Project

An article published in the Wheeling Daily Intelligencer on July 7, 1876 referring to the Indian Head Rock as "extracts from a river pilot's diary."

Ua96/3 Southern Normal School - Class Lists, Southern Normal School

WKU Administration Documents

Class lists for Southern Normal School and early Bowling Green Business University 1876-1910. These lists are incomplete and are part of UA96 Southern Normal School Records. Check KenCat for extant corresponding class portraits.

A Profile Of The Bed Of The Ohio River, Portsmouth Daily Times

Indian Head Rock Project

An Article in the Portsmouth Daily Times on the Indian Head Rock from September 12, 1874.

Collin's Historical Sketches Of Kentucky: History Of Kentucky, Richard H. Collins, Lewis Collins

Indian Head Rock Project

Entry in Richard H. Collins' History of Kentucky on the Indian Head Rock from September 14, 1854.

River News, Portsmouth Times

Indian Head Rock Project

An article in the Portsmouth Times mentioning the Indian Head Rock from August 26, 1871.

Durfee & Peck. Letter From The Secretary Of The Interior, Inclosing An Account Of Messrs. Durfee & Peck, For Rent Of Agency Buildings At Fort Berthold. February 11, 1871, United States Congress, Us House Of Representatives, Us Department Of The Interior, Us Department Of The Interior, Office Of Indian Affairs

US Government Documents Related to Indigenous Nations

This letter, dated February 11, 1871 from United States (US) Secretary of the Interior Columbus Delano to Speaker of the US House of Representatives James G. Blaine, also known as US House of Representatives Executive Document 115, transmits communications from US Commissioner of Indian Affairs Ely S. Parker, Dakota Territory Governor and ex-officio Superintendent of Indian Affairs John A. Burbank, and D. W. Marsh, agent for the Leavenworth, Kansas firm of Durfee & Peck, from whom the Upper Missouri Indian Agency has been renting the Fort Berthold Agency buildings for the sum of $3,500 per year. The agent for Durfee …

Executive Order Of 1870, Ulysses S. Grant, George L. Hartstuff, Samuel A. Wainwright, Ely S. Parker, Jacob D. Cox

US Government Documents Related to Indigenous Nations

This Executive Order, issued by President Ulysses S. Grant on April 12, 1870, established the Fort Berthold Reservation. In addition to Grant’s Executive Order, this document includes a series of letters, proposals, and endorsements for the creation of a reservation for the Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara. Importantly, this document also contains the original map outlining the proposed boundaries and the president’s diagram which significantly reducing the size of the reservation.

Appropriations Indian Service -- Fort Berthold Agency. Letter From The Secretary Of The Interior Recommending An Appropriation To Pay Outstanding Indebtedness On Account Of The Indian Service At Fort Berthold Indian Agency. February 18, 1870. -- Referred To The Committee On Appropriations And Ordered To Be Printed, United States Congress

US Government Documents Related to Indigenous Nations

This Executive Document, dated February 18, 1870 consists of a letter from the United States Secretary of the Interior J. D. Cox recommending "An appropriation to pay outstanding indebtedness on account of the Indian Service at Fort Berthold Indian agency." The letter includes a communication from Commissioner of Indian Affairs Ely. S. Parker detailing "services rendered and supplies furnished for and on account of the Indian service at the Fort Berthold agency, Dakota Territory" totaling $63,203.05.

Also included is the text of two letters from US Indian Agent Mahlon Wilkinson in which he explains that, due to frequent attacks from …

A Singular Stone, Gallipolis Journal

Indian Head Rock Project

An article published in the Gallipolis Journal on an artifact found near the Indian Head Rock from November 26, 1868.

Treaty Of Fort Laramie 1868, Nathaniel G. Taylor, William T. Sherman, William S. Harney, John B. Sanborn, Samuel F. Tappan, Christopher C. Augur, Alfred H. Terry, John B. Henderson, Andrew Johnson

US Government Documents Related to Indigenous Nations

This treaty, signed on April 29, 1868, between the United States government and the Sioux and Arapaho Nations, established the Great Sioux Reservation, promised the Sioux would own the Black Hills in perpetuity, and set aside the country north of the North Platte River and east of the summits of the Big Horn Mountains as unceded Indian territory. Furthermore, the U.S. government pledged to close the Bozeman Trail forts and provide food, clothing, and annuities to the tribes, given that they agreed to relinquish all rights to live outside the reservation.

Indian Affairs In Dakota. Memorial And Resolution Of The Legislative Assembly Of The Territory Of Dakota Relative To Indian Affairs In Said Territory, United States House Of Representatives, Territory Of Dakota Legislative Assembly, Geo. I. Foster, A. J. Faulk, Enos Stutsman, P. H. Halnan

US Government Documents Related to Indigenous Nations

This "Memorial and Resolution" of the legislature of the Territory of Dakota, referred to the United States (US) House of Representatives Committee on Indian Affairs and ordered to be printed January 28, 1868, states the position of the Legislative Assembly of Dakota Territory regarding several matters involving relations and bureaucratic arrangement between the US government and local tribes and Dakota Territory and those tribes, and argues for Dakota Territory playing a greater role in the management of the tribal affairs and the administration of US obligations, including procurement and transportation of "Indian goods."

Among changes argued for in the document …

An Act To Secure Homesteads To Actual Settlers On The Public Domain, United States Congess

US Government Documents Related to Indigenous Nations

This Act, dated May 20, 1862 also known as United States (US) Public Law 37-64 and popularly known as the Homestead Act, the Homestead Act of 1862, and the Homestead Act of May 20, 1862, provides for adults who fulfill certain requirements to acquire title of up to a quarter section (160 acres) land from the public domain by registering and making certain "improvements" to the land.

Indians On The Upper Missouri. Message From The President Of The United States, Transmitting A Report In Regard To The Expedition Among The Indians On The Upper Missouri. March 24, 1856. -- Referred To The Committee On Indian Affairs And Ordered To Be Printed., United States Congress, Us House Of Representatives, President Of The United States, Department Of The Interior, Office Of Indian Affairs, Alfred Cumming, Franklin Pierce

US Government Documents Related to Indigenous Nations

This Executive Document, dated March 24, 1856, also known as United States (US) House of Representatives Executive Document No. 65, consists of a message from US President Franklin Pierce, in which Pierce transmits, "in obedience to [the US House of Representatives'] resolution of the 17th instant, a communication from the Secretary of the Interior, accompanied by a copy of the report of Superintendent [Alfred] Cumming, in regard to his late expedition among the tribes of the Indians on the Upper Missouri."

In his report, Cummings reports on his trip up the Missouri for the purpose of distributing "annuities" to local …

Old River Men Say..., Portsmouth Daily Evening Tribune

Indian Head Rock Project

An article in the Portsmouth Daily Evening Tribune from September 5, 1854 describing the Indian Head Rock and the low river levels from 1839 to 1854.

The River Is Now Within Three Inches If The Indian Head, Portsmouth Inquirer

Indian Head Rock Project

An article published in the Portsmouth Inquirer on the Indian Head Rock from September 26, 1851.

Treaty Of Fort Laramie With The Sioux, Etc., 1851, David D. Mitchell, Thomas Fitzpatrick

US Government Documents Related to Indigenous Nations

This treaty, signed on September 17, 1851, was an essential agreement between the United States government and representatives of the Lakota, Dakota, Cheyenne, Arapaho, Crow, Assiniboine, Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara Nations. In this treaty, the United States acknowledged that the area surveyed by the treaty was Indigenous land and recognized each nation's exclusive territorial rights over a portion defined by geographical boundaries. Equally, the tribes agreed that the US government had the right to establish roads and posts—military and other—within their territories. They also promised to abstain from hostilities against other tribes, pay for any wrongs committed by their people, …

Hanging Or Hieroglyphical Rock; Colossal Bust At Low Water Mark, Used As A Metre By The Aborigines, John J. Egan

Indian Head Rock Project

Scene three from the Panorama of the Monumental Grandeur of the Mississippi Valley painted by John J. Egan circa 1850. The original is owned by the Saint Louis Art Museum.

Hanging Or Hieroglyphical Rock; Colossal Bust At Low Water Mark, Used As A Metre By The Aborigines (Close Up Of Indian Head Rock), James J. Egan

Indian Head Rock Project

Close up of Indian Head Rock from scene three from the Panorama of the Monumental Grandeur of the Mississippi Valleypainted by John J. Egan circa 1850. The original is owned by the Saint Louis Art Museum.

Ancient Monuments Of The Mississippi Valley, Pages 299-300, E. G. Squier, E. H. Davis

Indian Head Rock Project

Pages 299 and 300 of E. G. Squire's and E. H. Davis' book Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley, published in 1848.

Portsmouth Works: At The Mouth Of The Scioto River, E. G. Squier

Indian Head Rock Project

Map of the Portsmouth, Ohio earthworks as drawn by E. G. Squier on December 31, 1845. Found in the book Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley.

Slave Trade Ledger Of William James Smith, 1844-1854, William James Smith

Local History

This ledger meticulously details the prices paid and received for scores of human beings (as slaves; only first names are recorded), as well as the expenses incurred by Smith in undertaking this business venture, such as feeding, clothing, sheltering, and nursing the people he purchased and sold. The details of the book illustrate that Smith took several "trips" between 1844 and 1854 to buy and sell slaves: detailed records of purchases and sales of "Negroes" exist for all of the years between 1844 and 1854. The listing of expenses for the year of 1844 (the most complete account) indicate that …

Ratified Indian Treaty 134: Belantse-Etoa Or Minitaree (Hidatsa), Henry Atkinson, Benjamin O'Fallon

US Government Documents Related to Indigenous Nations

This treaty, signed on July 30, 1825, was the first major treaty between the US Government and representatives of the Hidatsa Nation. Also known as the Atkinson and O'Fallon Trade and Intercourse Treaty of 1825, this document was part of a series of friendship treaties between Henry Atkinson and Benjamin O’Fallon’s Indian Peace Commission and the Indigenous Nations beyond the Mississippi River. In this treaty, the Hidatsa acknowledged the supremacy of the United States, which successively promised them peace, friendship, and protection. The Hidatsa also admitted that they resided within the territorial limits of the United States and that it …

Ratified Indian Treaty 135: Mandan, Henry Atkinson, Benjamin O'Fallon

US Government Documents Related to Indigenous Nations

This treaty, signed on July 30, 1825, was the first major treaty between the US Government and representatives of the Mandan Nation. Also known as the Atkinson and O'Fallon Trade and Intercourse Treaty of 1825, this document was part of a series of friendship treaties between Henry Atkinson and Benjamin O’Fallon’s Indian Peace Commission and the Indigenous Nations beyond the Mississippi River. In this treaty, the Mandan acknowledged the supremacy of the United States, which successively promised them peace, friendship, and protection. The Mandan also admitted that they resided within the territorial limits of the United States and that it …

Ratified Indian Treaty 133: Arikara (Ricara) - Arikara Village, July 18, 1825, Henry Atkinson, Benjamin O'Fallon

US Government Documents Related to Indigenous Nations

This treaty, signed on July 18, 1825, was the first major treaty between the US Government and representatives of the Arikara Nation. Also known as the Atkinson and O'Fallon Trade and Intercourse Treaty of 1825, this document was part of a series of friendship treaties between Henry Atkinson and Benjamin O’Fallon’s Indian Peace Commission and the Indigenous Nations beyond the Mississippi River. In this treaty, the Arikara acknowledged the supremacy of the United States, which successively promised them peace, friendship, and protection. The Arikara also admitted that they resided within the territorial limits of the United States and that it …

Letter In Which Daniel Morgan Refuses Henry Knox's Request For Assistance In Fighting Native Americans. 1792., Daniel Morgan

Broadus R. Littlejohn, Jr. Manuscript and Ephemera Collection

In this letter Daniel Morgan, a Virginian famous for his victory at Cowpens, S.C. duing the American Revolution, replies to Secretary of War Henry Knox's request for assistance in fighting Native American. Morgan demures, citing the qualities of the U.S. officer corps and the "peculiar" nature of fighting Native Americans.`