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Articles 1 - 30 of 39
Full-Text Articles in History of Philosophy
Human Rights In Chinese Tradition, Stephen C. Angle
Human Rights In Chinese Tradition, Stephen C. Angle
Stephen C. Angle
This chapter in Sarah Biddulph and Joshua Rosenzweig, eds., Handbook on human rights in China (Edward Elgar, 2019) -- examines three different approaches: the Chinese tradition is (1) an obstacle to human rights, (2) an alternative to human rights, or (3) a source of human rights. While some scholars have insisted on one or another of these approaches, I will argue here that there is truth in all of them. Nothing about the Chinese tradition determines, once-and-for-all, what modern Chinese must think about human rights, but there is no question that it has had, and will continue to have, varying …
Buddhism And Zhu Xi’S Epistemology, Stephen C. Angle
Buddhism And Zhu Xi’S Epistemology, Stephen C. Angle
Stephen C. Angle
There are at least superficial reasons for thinking that Zhu Xi’s epistemology is significantly influenced by Chinese Buddhism. For one thing, in his youth Zhu studied with Kaishan Daoqian 開善道謙 (d. 1150?), a leading disciple of the most influential Chan teacher of the era, Dahui Zonggao大慧宗杲 (1089-1163). For another, his discussions of epistemology lean heavily on terms like “genuine knowing 真知” that also figure significantly in Buddhist discussions. As is well known, subsequent critics of the Daoxue movement with which Zhu was centrally associated regularly accused it of being strongly colored by Buddhism. Finally, modern scholars have also …
Tian As Cosmos In Zhu Xi's Neo-Confucianism, Stephen C. Angle
Tian As Cosmos In Zhu Xi's Neo-Confucianism, Stephen C. Angle
Stephen C. Angle
“Tian” is central to the metaphysics, cosmology, and ethics of the eight-hundred-year-long Chinese philosophical tradition we call “Neo-Confucianism,” but there is considerable confusion over what tian means—confusion which is exacerbated by its standard translation into English as “Heaven.” This essay analyzes the meaning of tian in the works of the most influential Neo-Confucian, Zhu Xi (1130-1200), presents a coherent interpretation that unifies the disparate aspects of the term’s meaning, and argues that “cosmos” does an excellent job of capturing this meaning, and therefore should be adopted as our translation of tian.
Building Bridges To Distant Shores, Stephen C. Angle
Building Bridges To Distant Shores, Stephen C. Angle
Stephen C. Angle
Late in 1987, having graduated from college and headed to Taiwan to study more Chinese, I decided to attend an international conference on Confucianism. At lunchtime on the first day I was sitting by myself, intimidated by the luminaries all around, when a smiling scholar sat down across from me, introduced himself as Roger Ames, and immediately made me feel at home. (Although he did question the wisdom of my intention to attend a graduate school other than Hawaii.) 1987 also saw the publication of Thinking Through Confucius, Roger’s seminal collaboration with David Hall; shortly after I met Roger …
Building Bridges To Distant Shores, Stephen C. Angle
Building Bridges To Distant Shores, Stephen C. Angle
Stephen C. Angle
Late in 1987, having graduated from college and headed to Taiwan to study more Chinese, I decided to attend an international conference on Confucianism. At lunchtime on the first day I was sitting by myself, intimidated by the luminaries all around, when a smiling scholar sat down across from me, introduced himself as Roger Ames, and immediately made me feel at home. (Although he did question the wisdom of my intention to attend a graduate school other than Hawaii.) 1987 also saw the publication of Thinking Through Confucius, Roger’s seminal collaboration with David Hall; shortly after I met Roger …
Comparative Philosophy: Reviewing The State Of The Art, Stephen C. Angle
Comparative Philosophy: Reviewing The State Of The Art, Stephen C. Angle
Stephen C. Angle
Comparative Philosophy: Reviewing the State of the Art
Table of Contents
0. Introduction — Stephen C. Angle 1
Part 1: Pairs
1. Transcending Tradition through Virtue Ethics — Daniel J. Lemieux 7
A Review of Jiyuan Yu, The Ethics of Confucius and Aristotle: Mirrors of Virtue
2. Understanding a New Type of Religion — Gwendolyn R. Pastor 15
A Review of Ge Ling Shang, Liberation as Affirmation: The Religiosity of Zhuangzi and Nietzsche
3. Work Hard, Study Hard, Practice Hard — Jennie He 25
A Review of Aaron Stalnaker, Overcoming Our Evil: Human …
美国儒学：在传统与普世价值之间 [American Confucianism: Between Tradition And Universal Values], Stephen C. Angle
美国儒学：在传统与普世价值之间 [American Confucianism: Between Tradition And Universal Values], Stephen C. Angle
Stephen C. Angle
“美国儒教”的说法矛盾吗?是否儒教与中国或中华文化紧密相连,以至于 美国儒教这个概念本身就自相矛盾?当然,在美国有研究儒教的学者和学习儒教 的学生,但美国儒教似乎还需要更多的东西支撑。貌似合理的是,若要使美国儒 教的说法有意义,那在美国就必须有可能存在儒教,而不单单存在儒教研究者。 1再进一步思考是,如果存在美国儒教,那它是否可能会某种方式与众不同。如 果真的如此,我们或许就能将“在美国的儒教”(Confucians in America)与“美 国儒教”(American Confucians)区分开来。尽管儒教与中国存在历史联系,但 只要稍做思考,人们就会对“美国儒教”之说自相矛盾的观点产生疑问。毕竟, 儒教在日本和韩国都已有重要而独具特色的发展。更广一点说,我们不妨想一想 其他一些始于一种文化背景,而后在其他文化背景中生根发芽的传统,比如中国 的佛教或罗马的斯多葛派。事实上,美国佛教现已成为美国发展最快的宗教之一。 儒教也会这样吗?
美国儒学：在传统与普世价值之间 [American Confucianism: Between Tradition And Universal Values], Stephen C. Angle
美国儒学：在传统与普世价值之间 [American Confucianism: Between Tradition And Universal Values], Stephen C. Angle
Stephen C. Angle
“美国儒教”的说法矛盾吗?是否儒教与中国或中华文化紧密相连,以至于 美国儒教这个概念本身就自相矛盾?当然,在美国有研究儒教的学者和学习儒教 的学生,但美国儒教似乎还需要更多的东西支撑。貌似合理的是,若要使美国儒 教的说法有意义,那在美国就必须有可能存在儒教,而不单单存在儒教研究者。 1再进一步思考是,如果存在美国儒教,那它是否可能会某种方式与众不同。如 果真的如此,我们或许就能将“在美国的儒教”(Confucians in America)与“美 国儒教”(American Confucians)区分开来。尽管儒教与中国存在历史联系,但 只要稍做思考,人们就会对“美国儒教”之说自相矛盾的观点产生疑问。毕竟, 儒教在日本和韩国都已有重要而独具特色的发展。更广一点说,我们不妨想一想 其他一些始于一种文化背景,而后在其他文化背景中生根发芽的传统,比如中国 的佛教或罗马的斯多葛派。事实上,美国佛教现已成为美国发展最快的宗教之一。 儒教也会这样吗?
Virtue Ethics, Rule Of Law, And Self-Restriction, Stephen C. Angle
Virtue Ethics, Rule Of Law, And Self-Restriction, Stephen C. Angle
Stephen C. Angle
It is a provocative coincidence that 1958 saw the publication of both Elizabeth Anscombe’s “Modern Moral Philosophy,” an essay widely seen as initiating the revival of Western philosophical interest in virtue ethics, and the “Manifesto to the World’s People on Behalf of Chinese Culture,” a jointly-authored argument that Confucianism was still alive and had much to offer to the world. A great deal of research and debate has flowed from each of these sources over the last half-century, but so far there has been very little dialogue between modern Western virtue ethics and modern Confucianism.1 Scholars of ancient Confucianism …
Mou Zongsan And His Nineteen Lectures On Chinese Philosophy, Stephen C. Angle
Mou Zongsan And His Nineteen Lectures On Chinese Philosophy, Stephen C. Angle
Stephen C. Angle
Mou Zongsan (1909-95) was a philosophical giant whose legacy looms large over Chinese-speaking regions of the world, and who is in the process of being discovered by non- Sinophone thinkers. Faced with many challenges to earlier Chinese self-understandings, Mou and his contemporaries undertook sustained, critical engagement with philosophical thought from outside their native traditions. In the twenty-first century, philosophers in the Western world are slowly beginning to follow suit. Some are motivated by worries about the narrowness or unsustainability of present Western trends; others are prompted by worries about the rise of China; and some are simply attracted to the …
Mou Zongsan And His Nineteen Lectures On Chinese Philosophy, Stephen C. Angle
Mou Zongsan And His Nineteen Lectures On Chinese Philosophy, Stephen C. Angle
Stephen C. Angle
Mou Zongsan (1909-95) was a philosophical giant whose legacy looms large over Chinese-speaking regions of the world, and who is in the process of being discovered by non- Sinophone thinkers. Faced with many challenges to earlier Chinese self-understandings, Mou and his contemporaries undertook sustained, critical engagement with philosophical thought from outside their native traditions. In the twenty-first century, philosophers in the Western world are slowly beginning to follow suit. Some are motivated by worries about the narrowness or unsustainability of present Western trends; others are prompted by worries about the rise of China; and some are simply attracted to the …
Review Of Makeham: Learning To Emulate The Wise, Stephen C. Angle
Review Of Makeham: Learning To Emulate The Wise, Stephen C. Angle
Stephen C. Angle
Not long ago, twentieth-century Chinese philosophy was little studied and poorly understood in non-Sinophone countries. Thanks in no small part to the energies of one person, John Makeham, this situation is improving rapidly. In less than a decade, Makeham has edited and contributed two chapters to New Confucianism: A Critical Examination, published Lost Soul: "Confucianism" in Contemporary Chinese Academic Discourse, inaugurated the “Modern Chinese Philosophy” series at Brill, and now edited Learning to Emulate the Wise, to which he contributes both introduction and epilogue as well as three chapters. As is well-known, the term “zhexue” …
Is Conscientiousness A Virtue? Confucian Responses, Stephen C. Angle
Is Conscientiousness A Virtue? Confucian Responses, Stephen C. Angle
Stephen C. Angle
Among contemporary philosophers sympathetic to the theoretical centrality of virtue, there is little agreement on the status of conscientiousness. Indeed, there is little agreement even on what the word “conscientiousness” means; for the time being, let us take it to mean consciously ensuring that one does one’s duty. Adams and Wallace both take conscientiousness to be a virtue, whereas Roberts calls it a “quasi-virtue” and Slote argues that it is both different from and inferior to virtue.The landscape becomes still more complicated when we add in the vexed concept of “continence,” which we can initially gloss as forcing oneself to …
The Analects And Moral Theory, Stephen C. Angle
The Analects And Moral Theory, Stephen C. Angle
Stephen C. Angle
Over the last century, scholars both within China and without have considered how the Analects relates to modern, Western philosophy. Should we think of the Analects—or the early Confucian tradition more broadly—as “philosophy,” and if so, should we seek to analyze its contents in terms of Western philosophical categories? With regard to the ethical teachings in the text, a more specific concern has also been raised: does it make sense to think of the Analects as engaging in “moral” theory, or is its framework adequately different from modern Western moral philosophy that a different set of categories are necessary?1 …
The Analects And Moral Theory, Stephen C. Angle
The Analects And Moral Theory, Stephen C. Angle
Stephen C. Angle
Over the last century, scholars both within China and without have considered how the Analects relates to modern, Western philosophy. Should we think of the Analects—or the early Confucian tradition more broadly—as “philosophy,” and if so, should we seek to analyze its contents in terms of Western philosophical categories? With regard to the ethical teachings in the text, a more specific concern has also been raised: does it make sense to think of the Analects as engaging in “moral” theory, or is its framework adequately different from modern Western moral philosophy that a different set of categories are necessary?1 …
Is Conscientiousness A Virtue? Confucian Responses, Stephen C. Angle
Is Conscientiousness A Virtue? Confucian Responses, Stephen C. Angle
Stephen C. Angle
Among contemporary philosophers sympathetic to the theoretical centrality of virtue, there is little agreement on the status of conscientiousness. Indeed, there is little agreement even on what the word “conscientiousness” means; for the time being, let us take it to mean consciously ensuring that one does one’s duty. Adams and Wallace both take conscientiousness to be a virtue, whereas Roberts calls it a “quasi-virtue” and Slote argues that it is both different from and inferior to virtue.The landscape becomes still more complicated when we add in the vexed concept of “continence,” which we can initially gloss as forcing oneself to …
Review Of Dallmayr And Zhao :Contemporary Chinese Political Thought, Stephen C. Angle
Review Of Dallmayr And Zhao :Contemporary Chinese Political Thought, Stephen C. Angle
Stephen C. Angle
Judging by its contents, Contemporary Chinese Political Thought has two, somewhat different goals. On the one hand, it seeks to offer a broad, accessible introduction to the diversity of current Chinese political thinking. On the other hand, it also wants to give readers the opportunity to delve more deeply into some of the contested issues; in this way, the volume aims to display examples of the most innovative current thinking. The result is a somewhat uneven collection that succeeds partially at each goal. There is certainly much to recommend here, as I will explain, and even the volume’s shortcomings are …
Review Of Zhang, Kleinman, And Tu: Governance In Life In Chinese Moral Experience, Stephen C. Angle
Review Of Zhang, Kleinman, And Tu: Governance In Life In Chinese Moral Experience, Stephen C. Angle
Stephen C. Angle
The goal of the volume under review is to articulate the ways in which the governance of life in China has transformed over the last three decades. Under Mao, power was deployed toward the twin goals of maintaining “sovereignty” (i.e., Mao as ruler) and achieving utopian revolution; in the subsequent reform era, power has been increasingly exercised as “governmentality,” whereby the regime seeks to control and enhance the state’s population. The volume’s authors tend to agree that under the new configuration of power, citizens’ achievements of “adequate lives” has come to be valued as it was not under Mao. The …
人权与中国思想的中文版序 ［Preface To The Chinese Edition Of Human Rights And Chinese Thought］, Stephen C. Angle
人权与中国思想的中文版序 ［Preface To The Chinese Edition Of Human Rights And Chinese Thought］, Stephen C. Angle
Stephen C. Angle
自本书首次出版以来的这些年中,东西方的学者和普通公民仍在继续探讨人权的普遍性 与历史和文化特殊性之间的关系问题。中国在经济和政治实力方面的不断崛起无疑也增加了 中国人希望看到中国价值观崛起的渴望:一个拥有五千年文明历史的国家当然可以给当代世 界的贡献很多东西。近几年来,中国在“普适价值观”的倡导者与“中国模式”的支持者之 间掀起了一场广泛的争论。当然,人权并非是此场争论的唯一主题,争论也涵盖了经济和政 治组织、自由和福利之类的一般价值观,以及全世界是否或应否趋向一套单一的价值观等问 题。也许从此争论中可以得到的一个启示是,无论是对“普适价值观”还是对单纯“中国模 式”的单一理解而言,没有一个答案会适用于所有这些不同领域。
牟宗三论自我坎陷: 诠释与辩护, Stephen C. Angle
A Productive Dialogue: Contemporary Moral Education And Zhu Xi's Neo-Confucian Ethics, Stephen C. Angle
A Productive Dialogue: Contemporary Moral Education And Zhu Xi's Neo-Confucian Ethics, Stephen C. Angle
Stephen C. Angle
The essay asks whether contemporary Western empirical studies of moral education, as exemplified in the distinctive research programs of Lawrence Kohlberg and Martin Hoffman, can enter into productive dialogue with the Neo-Confucian theories of Zhu Xi (1130-1200). The proposed dialogue proceeds in two stages. I begin with Zhu’s notion of “lesser learning” and the role therein of ritual, and consider their relations to Kohlberg’s ideas about the construction of moral rules and Hoffman’s findings concerning parental discipline (and particularly “induction”). The second stage turns to Zhu’s “greater learning” and its central concept of reverence, which I explain is best understood …
Review Of Kurtz: The Discovery Of Chinese Logic, Stephen C. Angle
Review Of Kurtz: The Discovery Of Chinese Logic, Stephen C. Angle
Stephen C. Angle
At the heart of Joachim Kurtz’s new book is the remarkable fact that up until 1898, no Chinese or foreign scholar had so much as claimed that the Chinese tradition contained explicit concern with logic; and yet scarcely a decade later, it was broadly accepted in Chinese scholarly circles that early China had seen sophisticated developments in logic. Within another few decades, in fact, a consensus was emerging that China had a two- millennia-long tradition of logical thought. How was this possible? What meanings did “logic” have for the various actors in this “discovery of Chinese logic”? What does this …
Review Of Zhang, Kleinman, And Tu: Governance In Life In Chinese Moral Experience, Stephen C. Angle
Review Of Zhang, Kleinman, And Tu: Governance In Life In Chinese Moral Experience, Stephen C. Angle
Stephen C. Angle
The goal of the volume under review is to articulate the ways in which the governance of life in China has transformed over the last three decades. Under Mao, power was deployed toward the twin goals of maintaining “sovereignty” (i.e., Mao as ruler) and achieving utopian revolution; in the subsequent reform era, power has been increasingly exercised as “governmentality,” whereby the regime seeks to control and enhance the state’s population. The volume’s authors tend to agree that under the new configuration of power, citizens’ achievements of “adequate lives” has come to be valued as it was not under Mao. The …
Review Of Zhang, Kleinman, And Tu: Governance In Life In Chinese Moral Experience, Stephen C. Angle
Review Of Zhang, Kleinman, And Tu: Governance In Life In Chinese Moral Experience, Stephen C. Angle
Stephen C. Angle
The goal of the volume under review is to articulate the ways in which the governance of life in China has transformed over the last three decades. Under Mao, power was deployed toward the twin goals of maintaining “sovereignty” (i.e., Mao as ruler) and achieving utopian revolution; in the subsequent reform era, power has been increasingly exercised as “governmentality,” whereby the regime seeks to control and enhance the state’s population. The volume’s authors tend to agree that under the new configuration of power, citizens’ achievements of “adequate lives” has come to be valued as it was not under Mao. The …
Review Of Kurtz: The Discovery Of Chinese Logic, Stephen C. Angle
Review Of Kurtz: The Discovery Of Chinese Logic, Stephen C. Angle
Stephen C. Angle
At the heart of Joachim Kurtz’s new book is the remarkable fact that up until 1898, no Chinese or foreign scholar had so much as claimed that the Chinese tradition contained explicit concern with logic; and yet scarcely a decade later, it was broadly accepted in Chinese scholarly circles that early China had seen sophisticated developments in logic. Within another few decades, in fact, a consensus was emerging that China had a two- millennia-long tradition of logical thought. How was this possible? What meanings did “logic” have for the various actors in this “discovery of Chinese logic”? What does this …
A Productive Dialogue: Contemporary Moral Education And Zhu Xi's Neo-Confucian Ethics, Stephen C. Angle
A Productive Dialogue: Contemporary Moral Education And Zhu Xi's Neo-Confucian Ethics, Stephen C. Angle
Stephen C. Angle
The essay asks whether contemporary Western empirical studies of moral education, as exemplified in the distinctive research programs of Lawrence Kohlberg and Martin Hoffman, can enter into productive dialogue with the Neo-Confucian theories of Zhu Xi (1130-1200). The proposed dialogue proceeds in two stages. I begin with Zhu’s notion of “lesser learning” and the role therein of ritual, and consider their relations to Kohlberg’s ideas about the construction of moral rules and Hoffman’s findings concerning parental discipline (and particularly “induction”). The second stage turns to Zhu’s “greater learning” and its central concept of reverence, which I explain is best understood …
Review Of Zhang, Kleinman, And Tu: Governance In Life In Chinese Moral Experience, Stephen C. Angle
Review Of Zhang, Kleinman, And Tu: Governance In Life In Chinese Moral Experience, Stephen C. Angle
Stephen C. Angle
The goal of the volume under review is to articulate the ways in which the governance of life in China has transformed over the last three decades. Under Mao, power was deployed toward the twin goals of maintaining “sovereignty” (i.e., Mao as ruler) and achieving utopian revolution; in the subsequent reform era, power has been increasingly exercised as “governmentality,” whereby the regime seeks to control and enhance the state’s population. The volume’s authors tend to agree that under the new configuration of power, citizens’ achievements of “adequate lives” has come to be valued as it was not under Mao. The …
Translating And Interpreting The Mengzi: Virtue, Obligation, And Discretion, Stephen C. Angle
Translating And Interpreting The Mengzi: Virtue, Obligation, And Discretion, Stephen C. Angle
Stephen C. Angle
The essay focuses on two aspects of the translation and interpretation of Mengzi in Bryan Van Norden’s new translation. First, I argue that Van Norden’s explanation of virtues in terms of obligations is potentially problematic, and show instances in which this unusual understanding of virtue influences the translation itself. Second, I highlight the ways in which Van Norden’s translation and commentary have effectively thematized the role of “discretion (quan 權)” in Mengzi’s text, and make some suggestions for how we can arrive at an even deeper understanding of this important concept.
A Reply To Ruiping Fan, Stephen C. Angle
A Reply To Ruiping Fan, Stephen C. Angle
Stephen C. Angle
I have been offered the chance for a brief reply to Professor FAN’s response to my review, and would like to make just two points. In the penultimate paragraph of his response, Professor FAN raises the question of the efficacy of Confucian moral commitments in contemporary China, and suggests that we can get evidence of this efficacy by comparing China with Eastern Europe. I agree that such a comparison may be very helpful, but suggest that it cannot be undertaken in a superficial way. For one thing, the differences between the two regions are more complicated than …
Confucianism On The Comeback: Current Trends In Culture, Values, Politics, And Economy, Stephen C. Angle
Confucianism On The Comeback: Current Trends In Culture, Values, Politics, And Economy, Stephen C. Angle
Stephen C. Angle
There is ample evidence that Confucianism is undergoing a multi-faceted revival in contemporary China. We see this in government slogans, in a runaway best-seller on the Analects, in educational experiments, and in academic activities. There are many motivations for the renewed interest in Confucianism and many different ways that self- avowed proponents of Confucianism understand their ultimate goals. As we seek to understand and teach about China, we need to keep these complexities in mind as we convey the multiple sides of a rapidly changing society.