Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Institution
-
- Rhode Island School of Design (928)
- Montclair State University (289)
- Cal Poly Humboldt (55)
- Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School (54)
- Seton Hall University (39)
-
- Southern Illinois University Carbondale (37)
- University of Northern Iowa (31)
- Western Kentucky University (28)
- City University of New York (CUNY) (24)
- Claremont Colleges (22)
- College of DuPage (19)
- Old Dominion University (19)
- Walden University (17)
- Nova Southeastern University (15)
- Virginia Commonwealth University (15)
- San Jose State University (14)
- Dordt University (13)
- Fordham University (13)
- Marquette University (13)
- Portland State University (13)
- University of Texas at El Paso (13)
- Antioch University (12)
- Gettysburg College (12)
- University of Louisville (12)
- University of Nebraska - Lincoln (12)
- Technological University Dublin (11)
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas (11)
- University of South Florida (11)
- Bowling Green State University (10)
- College of the Holy Cross (10)
- Keyword
-
- Art school (901)
- RISD (901)
- Art college (900)
- Student newspapers (796)
- Student Life (582)
-
- Campus Events (555)
- Student Creative Work (554)
- Student Organizations (463)
- Exhibitions (Museum/Faculty/Student) (433)
- Curriculum and Academic Department News (383)
- Community Engagement (318)
- Visiting Artists/Speakers (258)
- Comics (253)
- Student publications (249)
- Governance and RISD Administration (225)
- Music (Performances/Criticism) (222)
- Sports Teams (216)
- Philosophy for children (169)
- Politics (US and World) (169)
- Education (147)
- Campus Planning (143)
- RISD Museum (116)
- Journalism (98)
- Take-A-Break Weekend (TAB) (98)
- Activism/Protest (90)
- Health and Wellness (86)
- Philosophy (82)
- Community/Apathy on Campus (76)
- Ethics (72)
- RISD Alumni (67)
- Publication Year
- Publication
-
- All Student Newspapers (901)
- Picture Books (73)
- The International Journal of Ecopsychology (IJE) (53)
- Artizein: Arts and Teaching Journal (37)
- Department of Religion Publications (37)
-
- First-Gen Voices: Creative and Critical Narratives on the First-Generation College Experience (30)
- Collected Papers of David Kennedy (25)
- Collected Papers of Peter Shea (22)
- Philosophy Faculty Publications (22)
- Collected Papers of Ann Margaret Sharp (21)
- Collected Papers of Philip C. Guin (21)
- Collected Papers of Laurance J. Splitter (20)
- Early Elementary School Curriculum (20)
- Philosophy Scholarship (19)
- Articles (17)
- Monsoon: South Asian Studies Association Journal (16)
- Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies (16)
- Ethics Conference (15)
- Collected Papers of Maughn Rollins Gregory (13)
- Publications and Research (13)
- WKU Administration Documents (13)
- Antioch University Dissertations & Theses (12)
- Bachelors’ Theses (12)
- Comparative Philosophy (12)
- Middle Grades Books (12)
- The Qualitative Report (12)
- Pro Rege (11)
- Graduate Research Papers (10)
- Humanistic Mathematics Network Journal (10)
- Theses and Dissertations (10)
- Publication Type
- File Type
Articles 61 - 90 of 2121
Full-Text Articles in Philosophy
Coming Home: A Hopi Resistance Story (2024) Coming Home: A Hopi Resistance Story, Maughn Rollins Gregory
Coming Home: A Hopi Resistance Story (2024) Coming Home: A Hopi Resistance Story, Maughn Rollins Gregory
Picture Books
In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries American and Canadian government agencies and Christian churches established Indian residential schools where hundreds of thousands of children were “reeducated” in English and Christianity. They were not allowed to use their native languages or given names, to practice their religions, or to communicate with their siblings or parents. They were made to work in crop fields, kitchens, laundries, and industrial workshops. Many were physically and sexually abused. Many never saw their families again. The nine picture books reviewed here are accounts of survivors of residential schools from eight different Indigenous nations. In addition to …
Secret Pocket (2023) By Peggy Janicki, Maughn Rollins Gregory
Secret Pocket (2023) By Peggy Janicki, Maughn Rollins Gregory
Picture Books
In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries American and Canadian government agencies and Christian churches established Indian residential schools where hundreds of thousands of children were “reeducated” in English and Christianity. They were not allowed to use their native languages or given names, to practice their religions, or to communicate with their siblings or parents. They were made to work in crop fields, kitchens, laundries, and industrial workshops. Many were physically and sexually abused. Many never saw their families again. The nine picture books reviewed here are accounts of survivors of residential schools from eight different Indigenous nations. In addition to …
Walking Together (2023) By Elder Albert Marshall And Louise Zimanyi, Maughn Rollins Gregory
Walking Together (2023) By Elder Albert Marshall And Louise Zimanyi, Maughn Rollins Gregory
Picture Books
In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries American and Canadian government agencies and Christian churches established Indian residential schools where hundreds of thousands of children were “reeducated” in English and Christianity. They were not allowed to use their native languages or given names, to practice their religions, or to communicate with their siblings or parents. They were made to work in crop fields, kitchens, laundries, and industrial workshops. Many were physically and sexually abused. Many never saw their families again. The nine picture books reviewed here are accounts of survivors of residential schools from eight different Indigenous nations. In addition to …
Muinji’J Asks Why (2022) By Shanika Maceachern And Breighlynn Maceachern, Maughn Rollins Gregory
Muinji’J Asks Why (2022) By Shanika Maceachern And Breighlynn Maceachern, Maughn Rollins Gregory
Picture Books
In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries American and Canadian government agencies and Christian churches established Indian residential schools where hundreds of thousands of children were “reeducated” in English and Christianity. They were not allowed to use their native languages or given names, to practice their religions, or to communicate with their siblings or parents. They were made to work in crop fields, kitchens, laundries, and industrial workshops. Many were physically and sexually abused. Many never saw their families again. The nine picture books reviewed here are accounts of survivors of residential schools from eight different Indigenous nations. In addition to …
I Am Not A Number (2019) By Jenny Kay Dupuis And Kathy Kacer, Maughn Rollins Gregory
I Am Not A Number (2019) By Jenny Kay Dupuis And Kathy Kacer, Maughn Rollins Gregory
Picture Books
In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries American and Canadian government agencies and Christian churches established Indian residential schools where hundreds of thousands of children were “reeducated” in English and Christianity. They were not allowed to use their native languages or given names, to practice their religions, or to communicate with their siblings or parents. They were made to work in crop fields, kitchens, laundries, and industrial workshops. Many were physically and sexually abused. Many never saw their families again. The nine picture books reviewed here are accounts of survivors of residential schools from eight different Indigenous nations. In addition to …
Red Bird Sings: The Story Of Zitkala-Ša (2011) By Gina Capaldi, Maughn Rollins Gregory
Red Bird Sings: The Story Of Zitkala-Ša (2011) By Gina Capaldi, Maughn Rollins Gregory
Picture Books
In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries American and Canadian government agencies and Christian churches established Indian residential schools where hundreds of thousands of children were “reeducated” in English and Christianity. They were not allowed to use their native languages or given names, to practice their religions, or to communicate with their siblings or parents. They were made to work in crop fields, kitchens, laundries, and industrial workshops. Many were physically and sexually abused. Many never saw their families again. The nine picture books reviewed here are accounts of survivors of residential schools from eight different Indigenous nations. In addition to …
I Know A Lady (1986) By Charlotte Zolotow, Gareth B. Matthews
I Know A Lady (1986) By Charlotte Zolotow, Gareth B. Matthews
Picture Books
“On our block, there is a lady who lives alone.” That line begins young Sally’s reflection on a neighbor friend, an elderly woman who is a comforting presence to the neighborhood. I Know a Lady gives us a model of a mutually supportive inter-generational friendship. Near the end of the story, Sally wonders “if some old lady she knew had a garden and cooked and smiled and patted dogs and fed cats and knew her name.” Sally’s thought includes a realization hard for children and adults to manage: that old people were once children. Sally then thinks that if she …
Shrek! (1990) By William Steig, Gareth B. Matthews
Shrek! (1990) By William Steig, Gareth B. Matthews
Picture Books
Shrek is a revoltingly ugly and repulsive ogre who, after a series of adventures, falls in love with an equally ugly princess. Many children have delighted in William Steig’s story of incredible ugliness and vulgar behavior--striking a blow for their own liberation against oppressive adult expectations. Why not actually discuss with them the way they (and many of us!) become fascinated with ugliness? Steig’s story also raises an important philosophical question about whether there can be anything genuinely attractive, even beautiful, that is also extremely ugly.
Game-Based Learning For Asynchronous Ai Literacy Course: Approach To Improve Students' Cognitive, Behavioural, Affective, And Ethical Learning Of Ai, Jinhee Kim, Guang Yang, Wing Sha Chan, Xi Lin, Yukyeong Song
Game-Based Learning For Asynchronous Ai Literacy Course: Approach To Improve Students' Cognitive, Behavioural, Affective, And Ethical Learning Of Ai, Jinhee Kim, Guang Yang, Wing Sha Chan, Xi Lin, Yukyeong Song
STEMPS Faculty Publications
Educators in higher education face persistent challenges in scaling AI literacy across disciplines and helping novice learners understand abstract AI concepts. Although research on game-based learning (GBL) reports mixed outcomes, few studies have examined its large-scale use in mandatory, asynchronous AI literacy courses for diverse undergraduate populations. Addressing this gap, this study investigates a scalable GBL-based AI literacy course delivered to 4898 first-year undergraduates across disciplines. Using a mixed-methods design with 311 valid pre- and post-survey responses and 20 interviews, the study evaluates students' cognitive, behavioural, affective, and ethical learning of AI. Quantitative results show significant improvements in overall AI …
The Obverse-Turing Test: Rethinking Authorship, Trust, And Time In An Accelerated Age, Michael J. Miller, Chatgpt (Ai~Nesbo+)
The Obverse-Turing Test: Rethinking Authorship, Trust, And Time In An Accelerated Age, Michael J. Miller, Chatgpt (Ai~Nesbo+)
Psychology
In this paper, we propose a new test for scientific accountability in the era of artificial intelligence: the Obverse Turing Test for Authorship. While the traditional Turing test focuses on a machine's ability to mimic human intelligence, our test addresses the question: when should a scientific contribution involving artificial intelligence be attributed joint authorship? We argue that more and more authors are using AI in the idea generation and elaboration stages of their work, but rarely acknowledge this use explicitly. To examine this gap, we analyze examples of human–AI interactions across fields and propose a new approach to authorship based …
Models Of Emulation: Representations Of Foreign, Indigenous, And Accented Speech In Early American Literature, Elaina A. Frulla
Models Of Emulation: Representations Of Foreign, Indigenous, And Accented Speech In Early American Literature, Elaina A. Frulla
Electronic Theses & Dissertations (2024 - present)
“Models of Emulation: Representations of Foreign, Indigenous, and Accented Speech in Early American Literature” explores how American writers used depictions of “nonstandard” English and accented English language speech, traditionally described as “literary dialect,” as a way to negotiate identity, power, and political belonging in the formative years of nation building after the American Revolution. Beginning with Noah Webster’s mission to establish a standardized pronunciation of the English language that would simplify and purify spoken American-English and definitively differentiate it from what he saw as the corrupted, cosmopolitan British-English model, each of the three chapters examines literary representations of nonstandard emulated …
2026 Iapc Residential Summer Course Flyer, Maughn Rollins Gregory
2026 Iapc Residential Summer Course Flyer, Maughn Rollins Gregory
Documentation
No abstract provided.
2026 Iapc Residential Summer Course Schedule, Maughn Rollins Gregory
2026 Iapc Residential Summer Course Schedule, Maughn Rollins Gregory
Documentation
No abstract provided.
Shin-Chi’S Canoe (2008) By Nicola Campbell, Maughn Rollins Gregory
Shin-Chi’S Canoe (2008) By Nicola Campbell, Maughn Rollins Gregory
Picture Books
In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries American and Canadian government agencies and Christian churches established Indian residential schools where hundreds of thousands of children were “reeducated” in English and Christianity. They were not allowed to use their native languages or given names, to practice their religions, or to communicate with their siblings or parents. They were made to work in crop fields, kitchens, laundries, and industrial workshops. Many were physically and sexually abused. Many never saw their families again. The nine picture books reviewed here are accounts of survivors of residential schools from eight different Indigenous nations. In addition to …
Not My Girl (2014) By Christy Jordan-Fenton And Margaret-Olemaun Pokiak-Fenton, Maughn Rollins Gregory
Not My Girl (2014) By Christy Jordan-Fenton And Margaret-Olemaun Pokiak-Fenton, Maughn Rollins Gregory
Picture Books
In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries American and Canadian government agencies and Christian churches established Indian residential schools where hundreds of thousands of children were “reeducated” in English and Christianity. They were not allowed to use their native languages or given names, to practice their religions, or to communicate with their siblings or parents. They were made to work in crop fields, kitchens, laundries, and industrial workshops. Many were physically and sexually abused. Many never saw their families again. The nine picture books reviewed here are accounts of survivors of residential schools from eight different Indigenous nations. In addition to …
Pig In The Spigot (2000) By Richard Wilbur, Peter Shea
Pig In The Spigot (2000) By Richard Wilbur, Peter Shea
Picture Books
The Pig in the Spigot informs the reader that a pig in the spigot is no big problem; a little extra water will flush him out. An ox in the phlox is more worrisome. The elf in the belfry has a problem; a belfry is too gloomy for an elf. And the rat on Ararat has no problems at all; he should go make friends with the lady rat. In short verses, the poet Richard Wilbur invites the reader to find friendly little words inside big words, and then to imagine why they’re there. These games are very good — …
2026 Iapc Residential Summer Course Roster, Maughn Rollins Gregory
2026 Iapc Residential Summer Course Roster, Maughn Rollins Gregory
Documentation
This year we had seven IAPC staff members, six participants (from Japan, the Philippines, Turkey, and the US), and four visitors from Hawai'i.
Epistemic Injustice In Physical Education And Sport: A Critical Disability Studies Perspective, Janine Coates, Justin A. Haegele, Anthony J. Maher, Maria Luiza Tanure Alves, Martin Giese, Sebastian Ruin, Lesley Sharpe
Epistemic Injustice In Physical Education And Sport: A Critical Disability Studies Perspective, Janine Coates, Justin A. Haegele, Anthony J. Maher, Maria Luiza Tanure Alves, Martin Giese, Sebastian Ruin, Lesley Sharpe
Human Movement Studies & Special Education Faculty Publications
This paper examines epistemic injustice as a valuable epistemological lens for critical disability studies (CDS) researchers examining issues of equity and social justice in physical education (PE) and sport. Drawing on the work of Miranda Fricker, we examine the ways in which knowledge production related to PE and sport for disabled youth may perpetuate injustices through affording excess credibility to those in positions of power who may have no lived, embodied experience of disability. We argue that disabled young people are frequently marginalised in knowledge production about PE and sport, with non-disabled adults often afforded greater epistemic authority. Building on …
Empowering Equity: Latinas In Leadership – Navigating Work-Life Balance In The Post-Pandemic Era, Teresa Excinia
Empowering Equity: Latinas In Leadership – Navigating Work-Life Balance In The Post-Pandemic Era, Teresa Excinia
University of the Pacific Theses and Dissertations
This dissertation explored the lived experiences of Latina leaders as they navigated how cultural expectations influenced work–life balance in the post-pandemic era. The COVID-19 pandemic reshaped workplace dynamics, blurring boundaries between professional responsibilities and personal life. For Latinas, these challenges were compounded by cultural expectations that shaped their roles both at home and in the workplace. The purpose of this study was to understand how Latina leaders managed the dual pressures of balancing career demands with cultural and familial obligations. Using Testimonio as the methodological framework, this study captured the voices and narratives of Latina leaders across industries, offering an …
Beauty Isn't Always Better: How Salesperson Attractiveness Affects Consumers' Approach Behaviors, Veronica L. Thomas, Stephanie M. Mangus, Dora E. Bock
Beauty Isn't Always Better: How Salesperson Attractiveness Affects Consumers' Approach Behaviors, Veronica L. Thomas, Stephanie M. Mangus, Dora E. Bock
Marketing Faculty Publications
This research examines how a consumer's committed romantic relationship influences their decision to approach an attractive salesperson in a retail environment. To date, the majority of research espouses the benefits of salesperson attractiveness in enhancing consumers' perceptions of the salesperson and the represented retailer. This is problematic because it creates a managerial bias toward attractive salespeople and, as we propose, provides an incomplete view of the effect of salesperson attractiveness on consumers' behavior. Drawing on the interpersonal relationship literature on commitment, we propose that consumers in committed relationships activate relationship-maintenance motives that override the beauty bias when a salesperson's attractiveness …
Against Audiepistemic Injustice: Claiming Deaf Futurity, Pamela R. Conley
Against Audiepistemic Injustice: Claiming Deaf Futurity, Pamela R. Conley
Antioch University Dissertations & Theses
This dissertation proposes a new theoretical framework: Audiepistemic Injustice (AEI). Expanding upon existing theories of epistemic injustice (EI), I identify AEI as the systemic marginalization and dismissal of deaf ways of knowing. AEI is a multidimensional phenomenon rooted in the nineteenth century, when auditory and linguistic biases became codified across education, law, and literature. This interdisciplinary study interrogates three nineteenth-century literary narratives as primary case studies to examine AEI: (1) Ivan Turgenev’s “Mumu,” (2) Guy de Maupassant’s “The Deaf Mute,” and (3) Abigail Bradley Hyde’s “The Deaf and Dumb Child: A True Narrative.” I synthesize these literary works with legal …
Wilhelm Von Humboldt And The Idea Of The Modern University: The Unity Of Bildung And Wissenschaft, Ken Udas
Wilhelm Von Humboldt And The Idea Of The Modern University: The Unity Of Bildung And Wissenschaft, Ken Udas
Graduate Masters Theses
Wilhelm von Humboldt and the Idea of the Modern University examines Wilhelm von Humboldt’s contribution to shaping a philosophical ideal that has profoundly influenced the concept and identity of the modern research university for over two centuries. It highlights Humboldt’s position as a key figure in the Prussian reform movement and as the founder of the University of Berlin. Specifically, it addresses a question raised in the late twentieth century as part of the Mythos Humboldt revision: why has the Humboldtian Ideal maintained such lasting influence over the German university system, even as its practical realities have increasingly strayed from …
“A Leader Or A Teacher”: A Latent Theory Of Transformative Education In James Macgregor Burns’S Transforming-Transactional Leadership Paradigm, Evan Rw Dutmer
“A Leader Or A Teacher”: A Latent Theory Of Transformative Education In James Macgregor Burns’S Transforming-Transactional Leadership Paradigm, Evan Rw Dutmer
Interdisciplinary Journal of Leadership Studies
The purpose of this paper is to uncover a latent theory of transformative teaching and learning to be found in James MacGregor Burns’s account of transforming leadership and place it in interdisciplinary conversation with transformative education. The importance of this interdisciplinary exploration consists in this: Burns’s view that good leadership and good teaching are nearly indistinguishable has powerful implications that have been too little recognized. For, if right, teachers ought to view their work as exemplifying leadership (of a mutually beneficial, elevating sort); similarly, leaders across organizations ought to look to transformative teachers as paradigmatic models of good leadership. Expanding …
Atmospheres Create Interest: Experiencing And Utilizing Shared Situations, Andreas Rauh
Atmospheres Create Interest: Experiencing And Utilizing Shared Situations, Andreas Rauh
Duquesne Studies in Phenomenology
Even though atmospheres are usually only subtly perceived in the manner of a felt body in everyday life, they possess a specific efficacy. They hold the potential to address people in their felt-bodily constitution and to arouse interest in the shared situation. In the following, the phenomenon of atmosphere is explored through case analyses from an art education project and defined as a shared situation in contrast to affect and mood. This is followed by an examination of the fundamental importance of atmosphere for learning environments. With a focus on pedagogical relationships, the role of atmospheres in educational contexts and …
'That All May Be One’: Incarnation, Solidarity, And Anti-Racism In Jesuit Education, Yancy Hughes Dominick
'That All May Be One’: Incarnation, Solidarity, And Anti-Racism In Jesuit Education, Yancy Hughes Dominick
Jesuit Higher Education: A Journal
Jesuit colleges and universities in the US have been striving to become anti-racist. This work is often tied to mission and to a shared commitment to Jesuit and Catholic values like a faith that does justice and the dignity of all persons. At the same time, however, many Jesuit institutions frame their commitment to anti-racism in language that does not appeal to specific aspects of Jesuit tradition; likewise, mission and Jesuit identity is often described in ways that make no overt reference to anti-racism. A robust anti-racism, I argue, arises necessarily out of Jesuit Catholic thought, and fully realized Jesuit …
An Impact Study Of Young Women's Leadership Development: A Case Study Of Kosovo, Linda Gjergji
An Impact Study Of Young Women's Leadership Development: A Case Study Of Kosovo, Linda Gjergji
Theses & Dissertations
This study explores the leadership development trajectories of young women in Kosovo engaged in a global leadership program, offering significant insights into their capabilities, aspirations, and the barriers they face in pursuit of leadership roles. Using a qualitative instrumental case study approach, this study examines how participation in global leadership initiatives fosters skill development, self-awareness, and civic engagement among young women in a traditionally male-dominated society. The conceptual framework of the study is comprised of Erikson's theory of Psychosocial Development (Erikson, 1968) and Positive Youth Development (Lerner, 2005). Data was collected through online semi-structured interviews and an arts-based method, revealing …
Working Around Public Policy Towards A Grounded, Filipinized Philosophy Education, Ysabella Margarette M. Zureta
Working Around Public Policy Towards A Grounded, Filipinized Philosophy Education, Ysabella Margarette M. Zureta
Philosophy Department Faculty Publications
Amidst a backdrop of highly Westernized philosophy education in the Philippines and the continuous disregard of Filipino philosophy as philosophy, FPA Demeterio III relegates the question and debate of the existence of Filipino philosophy as “retrogressive.” He instead creates a grand taxonomy of Filipino philosophy that enumerates twelve forms of the discipline, which he whittles down to five forms with highly developmental potentials for both scholars and teachers alike to dedicate their study to. My study then attempts to answer the following research question: Is the present state-recommended undergraduate philosophy curriculum in the Philippines capable of developing Demeterio’s articulation of …
On Consciousness And Death: In Conversation With Allan Leslie Combs—A Posthumous Study Of An Influential Thinker’S Perspectives, Leila A. Kincaid
On Consciousness And Death: In Conversation With Allan Leslie Combs—A Posthumous Study Of An Influential Thinker’S Perspectives, Leila A. Kincaid
Journal of Conscious Evolution
The following is a summary of key findings from my analysis of the unconventional interviews that I posthumously conducted with Dr. Allan Leslie Combs in a creative take on qualitative interviews. This study is based on my viewing of several of his recorded interviews and talks and on reading two of his books, The Radiance of Being and Consciousness Explained Better. From these sources, I created a synthesis of theoretical responses from Combs to my interview questions for the purposes of this study. These findings include insights gained from my textual coding process and their relationship to emergent themes in …
Pedagogical Escapism And Western Performativity: A Psycho-Aesthetic Critique Of Belly-Dance Adaption Symbolics, Maryam Farahani
Pedagogical Escapism And Western Performativity: A Psycho-Aesthetic Critique Of Belly-Dance Adaption Symbolics, Maryam Farahani
Comparative Woman
This paper addresses positionality misreading in Western pedagogical adaptions of belly dancing. Raqs Sharqi, known in the West as belly dancing, is a predominantly West Asian and North African discipline and performance art with multimodal varieties, globally taught and practiced while crossing sport, narratology, and story-telling boundaries. As a unique performance activity, it portrays a dynamic entertainment space to connect one’s multiple identities. I argue that Raqs Sharqi, not only as an aesthetic-educational art form but also, perhaps unwittingly, reiterated as an Orientalist communication trope in belly dancing, has forged East-West performativity models. However, the historical education-literature for Western women …
The Game Of Chance, Alieth Caceres
The Game Of Chance, Alieth Caceres
First-Gen Voices: Creative and Critical Narratives on the First-Generation College Experience
Through my first semester at college, I was faced with the capability of not coming back due to being from a low-income family. Being a first-gen, I didn’t have anyone to guide me and I went from place to place begging for something to hold on to. My biggest goal for my family and I is to graduate from college and it is unfair that this opportunity will come short only because of financial problems. In some moments I felt all was lost, some telling me that I couldn’t and should just give up. All the connections I had reached …