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Articles 1 - 30 of 193
Full-Text Articles in Political History
The Mississippi Monument Project, Syeda Haider Shah
The Mississippi Monument Project, Syeda Haider Shah
CAFE Symposium 2026
The Mississippi State Monument at Gettysburg National Military Park, inaugurated in 1973, demonstrates how Civil War memory was transformed throughout the post–Civil Rights era. Although commemorating Mississippi soldiers who engaged in the 1863 battle, the monument was erected amid ongoing controversies over race, history, and historical interpretation. Its imagery and inscription are significantly influenced by Lost Cause ideology, emphasizing valor, sacrifice, and a "righteous cause" while omitting the central role of slavery in Confederate secession. This project investigates the ways in which Mississippi utilized public memory to assert Southern identity, resist changing national narratives, and project a selective version of …
From The League Of Nations To Pearl Harbor: Measuring Isolationism In The Interwar Period 1918-1939, David K. Bendlin
From The League Of Nations To Pearl Harbor: Measuring Isolationism In The Interwar Period 1918-1939, David K. Bendlin
GLI MA in American History Student Works
The complicated and contradictory task of balancing the isolationist foreign policy backed by public-opinion and political pressures, while remaining influential and involvement in international affairs, is best exemplified in the early years of Franklin D. Roosevelt’s presidency. In his first few months in office, Roosevelt positioned himself as an internationalist and moved to expand American influence overseas. In 1933, Roosevelt recognized the Soviet Union and pushed for arms embargos on aggressor nations. In 1934, Roosevelt passed the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act to boost international trade. In 1935, Roosevelt pushed for the US to join the World Court to extend American …
Bargains From Baltimore: Presidential Politics And The National Union Convention, Harold S. Post
Bargains From Baltimore: Presidential Politics And The National Union Convention, Harold S. Post
GLI MA in American History Student Works
This paper examines the complex political dynamics leading to the National Union Convention of 1864 and the pivotal decisions surrounding Abraham Lincoln's renomination for president and Andrew Johnson's unexpected vice-presidential nomination. It explores how the internal fractures within the Republican Party, including tensions with Radical Republicans and War Democrats, shaped the convention's outcomes. By analyzing the interplay of political pragmatism, regional allegiances, and the wartime context, this study reevaluates the historiographical debate on Lincoln's role in Johnson's nomination. Drawing from primary and secondary sources, it challenges the notion of Johnson's selection as merely a "nomination of circumstance," instead framing it …
40 Years Of Withholding Syphilis Treatment In Tuskegee, Emily Hill
40 Years Of Withholding Syphilis Treatment In Tuskegee, Emily Hill
CAFE Symposium 2025
This poster analyzes Bill Clinton's late given apology for the unethical nonconsensual syphilis study done on a group of African American men in secret for years. It looks at what makes an apology successful and whether or not the apology given by former President Bill Clinton was enough. The poster also briefly talks about the aftermath of this experiment, which has lasting effects even today.
Dog Whistles And Division: Evolution Of Covert Language In The 2024 Election Cycle, Julia Lavine
Dog Whistles And Division: Evolution Of Covert Language In The 2024 Election Cycle, Julia Lavine
CAFE Symposium 2025
This project examines the existing roles of political dog whistles and compares them to how each candidate used them in the 2024 election cycle. It then examines how the candidates' different backgrounds influenced their rhetoric and use of dog whistles, especially through socioeconomic, racial, and gendered lenses.
How Global Conflict Affected The Portrayal Of Candidates In The 2024 Election, Bryce Graver
How Global Conflict Affected The Portrayal Of Candidates In The 2024 Election, Bryce Graver
CAFE Symposium 2025
Conflict is an inevitable outcome stemming from disagreements and differing desires among the human species. As philosophers such as Locke, Hobbes, and Rousseau recognize, the state exists to prevent man from committing violence against each other and to keep public order. As states evolved into the territorially large organizations they are today, conflict has increased in scale. During the USA 2024 Presidential election the two candidates Donald Trump and Kamala Harris sought to control how the ongoing global conflicts affected their portrayal to the American voters. My research was how the ongoing global conflicts in Ukraine and Gaza affected the …
"Virginia To Her Sons At Gettysburg:" An Analysis Of The Virginia Monument At Gettysburg, Ava Prickman
"Virginia To Her Sons At Gettysburg:" An Analysis Of The Virginia Monument At Gettysburg, Ava Prickman
CAFE Symposium 2025
On June 8th, 1917, United States flags fell from the Virginia Monument at Gettysburg, revealing to the public eye for the first time the famous equestrian statue of Lee. But while battlefield monuments may appear stately and precise, behind every monument is a messy story where the message of the monument outweighs its historical accuracy. The story of the Virginia Monument, unveiled just months after U.S. involvement in WWI, is no exception as two monument commissions fought to control the narrative of the Civil War on the field of its bloodiest battle.
Art And Propaganda :The Formation Of Habsburg Absolutism, Emily B. Suter
Art And Propaganda :The Formation Of Habsburg Absolutism, Emily B. Suter
Student Publications
Habsburgian propaganda is most often understood within the context of the 17th and 18th centuries, during the monarchy's period of baroque absolutism, causing earlier attempts at propaganda and centralization to be seen as ineffective in comparison. However, through analyzing royal, propagandistic art in the 16th century empire, produced by monarchs beginning as early as Maximilian I, it becomes clear that a unified foundation of an absolutist policy was developed and fostered within this era, one which was a necessity in the success of the absolutist ideologies two centuries later. Through analyzing trends of royal, propagandistic art in the 16th century …
Fatally Flawed: D.D. Kosambi’S Grave Missteps In The Study Of Indian History, Vivek K. Rallabandi
Fatally Flawed: D.D. Kosambi’S Grave Missteps In The Study Of Indian History, Vivek K. Rallabandi
Student Publications
D.D. Kosambi, a multifaceted historian in late colonial and post-colonial India, has been acclaimed for his scholarship. However, this paper argues that Kosambi's Marxist ideology caused him to interpret Indian history in a way that conformed with his ideological presuppositions. Such an approach, this paper posits, led to critical historical inaccuracies in Kosambi's work.
The Struggle For Empire In The Old Northwest Territory: The Fur Trade And Alliances On The Middle Ground, Richard W. Rowe Jr.
The Struggle For Empire In The Old Northwest Territory: The Fur Trade And Alliances On The Middle Ground, Richard W. Rowe Jr.
GLI MA in American History Student Works
The Old Northwest Territory is a uniquely underserved area of American history. It stood at the intersection of several empires, each of whom often viewed it as something desirable only when hoping to keep it from falling into the hands of their rivals. Indigenous and creole people lived and died in those spaces, using the fur trade as a means for survival while they navigated between Imperial overlords. This work endeavors to build on existing academic scholarship, fill some gaps therein regarding where this topic fits into the bigger picture, and hopefully inspire others’ interest in doing further research. This …
The Troubles On The Brink Of Recurrence: Northern Ireland In A Post-Brexit World, Emma K. Bohner
The Troubles On The Brink Of Recurrence: Northern Ireland In A Post-Brexit World, Emma K. Bohner
Student Publications
The Troubles were a difficult and trying time for Northern Ireland beginning in the 1960s. The subsequent decades were filled with turmoil and violence, mainly centered in Belfast amongst the Protestant and Catholic groups. In 1998, peaceful means to ending the Troubles were accomplished through the Good Friday Agreement. The accord established peace primarily through implementing a new power sharing government, ending direct rule by the British, disarming the paramilitary groups and creating a soft border between Ireland and Northern Ireland. The European Union was a critical asset in negotiating terms for peace. The aid of the European Union helped …
Utilization Of Propaganda Throughout The Great War: A Revolutionary Experience, Andrew R. Thibaudeau
Utilization Of Propaganda Throughout The Great War: A Revolutionary Experience, Andrew R. Thibaudeau
CAFE Symposium 2023
This project delves into the impact of propaganda on countries and citizens throughout World War I. It shows how the impacts of this bloodless revolution still resonate in society today, and how it has changed the world eternally, especially with the modern usage of the internet.
A Historical And Philosophical Comparison: Joseph De Maistre & Edmund Burke, Carl J. Demarco Jr.
A Historical And Philosophical Comparison: Joseph De Maistre & Edmund Burke, Carl J. Demarco Jr.
The Gettysburg Historical Journal
Most historians have focused on the British thinker and statesman Edmund Burke, when discussing the development of Conservatism. He is often considered the “Father of Conservatism” as his principal work Reflections on the Revolution in France inspired generations of conservative thinkers. However, another conservative thinker was writing during the same period as Burke and has been relatively lost to history. Joseph de Maistre, was developing conservative thought at the same time as Burke, but has received little to no credit for the influence he held. The aim of this paper is to show that Maistre was just as influential in …
Thatcherism's Triumph: How Margaret Thatcher’S Neoliberal Policies Brought Prosperity To Britain, Carl J. Demarco Jr.
Thatcherism's Triumph: How Margaret Thatcher’S Neoliberal Policies Brought Prosperity To Britain, Carl J. Demarco Jr.
Student Publications
By 1979, the British economy was in complete and utter disarray. Inflation was at record highs along with unemployment. The post-world war consensus was built off the idea of embedded liberalism, which stressed that the government must play a large and active role in regulating the markets and that it was in the government's interest to keep unemployment at its natural low. Similar to the United States, since the Great Depression the welfare state in Great Britain had been expanding. The post-war consensus proclaimed and exhausted the economic theories of John Maynard Keynes who believed in embedded liberalism and the …
Covert Imperialism: The Eisenhower Administration And Cuba, Patrick R. Sullivan
Covert Imperialism: The Eisenhower Administration And Cuba, Patrick R. Sullivan
Student Publications
This paper tracks the Eisenhower Administration’s shifting policy towards Cuba and its use of covert imperialism to obtain its objectives. The policy considerations of the United States centered around a convenience for American interests. The support for the Batista regime, despite its oppression, exacerbated anti-American sentiments in the Cuban Revolution and put it on a collision course with American interests. As engagement failed, Cuba nationalized, and tensions escalated, the Eisenhower Administration initiated a campaign of covert imperialism that sought a government more in line with its interests. The covert operations implemented included economic and political sabotage, assassination attempts, and the …
Eisenhower And The Interstate, Brian H. Berry
Eisenhower And The Interstate, Brian H. Berry
Student Publications
By passing the Federal Highway Act of 1956, 34th U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower would go down in history as the father of the American Interstate Highway System. It was Ike’s determination to execute his ‘Grand Plan’ for a modernized road network that initiated the monumental effort to produce the roads we as Americans use every day. However, today’s highway network is a far cry from what Ike had in mind when he first envisioned the plan. Congressional dissent and special interests did much to undermine the success of Ike’s ‘Grand Plan,’ forcing him to compromise significantly on the issue. …
David Alfaro Siqueiros And “Los Vehículos De La Pintura Dialéctico-Subversiva:” Four Principles To Create Revolutionary Artwork, Joy Zanghi
Student Publications
As one of the most distinguished Mexican muralists, David Alfaro Siqueiros played an important role in Mexican political and artistic history in the twentieth century. Despite the violence that took place in the first half of 1900s in Mexico, art flourished during this period. Inspired by the democratization that characterized the revolution, political art became common during the early twentieth century, and as Mexicans grappled with post-revolutionary identities, many artists, including Siqueiros, turned to communism as the way forward. In his speech “Los vehículos de la pintura dialéctico-subversiva,” delivered in 1932, Siqueiros delineated how to meld revolutionary ideology with the …
Economies Of Security: Foucault And The Genealogy Of Neoliberal Reason, Marshall Scheider
Economies Of Security: Foucault And The Genealogy Of Neoliberal Reason, Marshall Scheider
Gettysburg Social Sciences Review
Michel Foucault is well-known for his theorizations of institutional power, normativity, and biopolitics. Less well-known is the fact that Foucault developed his analysis of biopolitics in and through his historical investigation of neoliberalism. Today, while critique of neoliberalism has become a commonplace of humanities discourse, and popular resistance to neoliberalization rocks the southern hemisphere, it remains unclear that the historical specificity of neoliberalism is well-understood. In particular, the relation between classical liberalism and neoliberal governance remains murky in popular debate. As Foucault powerfully illustrates, this relation is far from clear-cut, and neoliberalism is not reducible to a simple extension of …
The Great Wave: Margaret Thatcher, The Neo-Liberal Age, And The Transformation Of Modern Britain, John M. Zak
The Great Wave: Margaret Thatcher, The Neo-Liberal Age, And The Transformation Of Modern Britain, John M. Zak
Student Publications
Margaret Thatcher was Prime Minister of Great Britain from 1979-1990. During this period she implemented policies that profoundly changed British society, politics, and its economy through neoliberal policies. This work seeks to analyze those policies and its impact on Great Britain. From Thatcher’s economic policies of neoliberalism, social policies toward the unemployed, and her foreign policy of national reinvigoration, this work seeks to provide a panoramic analysis of Thatcher’s premiership and its long term impact on Britain.This work will also seek to argue that Thatcher and her policies were both revolutionary in their thinking and contributed to realigning British political …
The Komsomol Experience Under Stalin, Grace E. Gallagher
The Komsomol Experience Under Stalin, Grace E. Gallagher
Student Publications
Founded in 1918, the Communist Youth Organization, more commonly known as the Komsomol, was used as a method for political socialization for Soviet youth by providing a sense of community, activities, and a sense of identity. The organization was also used as a way to bolster the Soviet military and generate propaganda. The Komsomol was at its height during the Stalinist period. Members played substantial roles in the major highlights of Stalin’s political career, including the Five-Year Plans, the Purges, and World War II, giving them the political experience necessary to rise as a new generation of party leaders.
"Moses In Retirement": Andrew Johnson, 1869-1876, Evan Rothera
"Moses In Retirement": Andrew Johnson, 1869-1876, Evan Rothera
The Gettysburg Historical Journal
On March 4, 1869, a tailor from Greeneville, Tennessee, who began his political life as an alderman and then mayor of Greeneville, who served in both houses of the State Legislature and both Houses of Congress, who served as the Governor of Tennessee and later the wartime Governor of Tennessee, who was elected to the vice-presidency of the United States, and, by the bullet of an assassin, made President of the United States, gave his Farewell Address. A few days later, he slunk out of Washington, D.C., and began his long journey home. Henry H. Ingersoll wrote to Johnson on …
Gettysburg Historical Journal 2008
Gettysburg Historical Journal 2008
The Gettysburg Historical Journal
Complete issue of The Gettysburg Historical Journal 2008.
Political Gridlock:The Ongoing Threat To American Democracy, Jalen A. Campbell
Political Gridlock:The Ongoing Threat To American Democracy, Jalen A. Campbell
Gettysburg Social Sciences Review
My paper answers the question: What are the origins of extreme political gridlock in the United States government and how can it be solved? I use quantitative research in order to measure the exact periods of split government and I note its effect on the probability of enacting legislation. The qualitative research highlights the key factors that leading to the increase of political gridlock from 1964-2016. From my case study, I argue political gridlock has increased because of ideological shifts in voters and politicians between 1980 and 1992, voting system imbalances, and critical political and economic events. I conclude with …
“Youth Of The World, Unite So That You May Live": The World Youth Congress Movement, 1936-1939, Kevin Lavery
“Youth Of The World, Unite So That You May Live": The World Youth Congress Movement, 1936-1939, Kevin Lavery
Friday Forum
Although the World Youth Congress Movement (1936-1939) was established by liberal internationalists as an umbrella movement for youth organizations interested in advancing peace and international cooperation, it drew suspicion from conservatives, Catholics, and fascists over its inclusion of avowed communists and because of allegations—later verified—of covert communist influence among the movement’s youth leadership. Despite this, treating the WYCM exclusively as a communist front organization ignores the significance of the ideological accommodation that took place within the WYCM as both liberals and communists sought new allies and opportunities to bolster their causes at a turbulent time. Mutual accommodation was above all …
Atlantic Lives: A Comparative Approach To Early America, Timothy J. Shannon
Atlantic Lives: A Comparative Approach To Early America, Timothy J. Shannon
Gettysburg College Faculty Books
Atlantic Lives offers insight into the lived experiences of a range of actors in the early modern Atlantic World. Organized thematically, each chapter features primary source selections from a variety of non-traditional sources, including travel narratives from West Africa, the Caribbean, and Latin America. The fully-revised and expanded second edition goes into even greater depth in exploring the diverse roles and experiences of women, Native Americans, and Africans, as well as the critical theme of emerging capitalism and New World slavery. New chapters also address captivity experiences, intercultural religious encounters, and interracial sexuality and marriage.With classroom-focused discussion questions and suggested …
A Divided Generation: How Anti-Vietnam War Student Activists Overcame Internal And External Divisions To End The War In Vietnam, Jeffrey L. Lauck
A Divided Generation: How Anti-Vietnam War Student Activists Overcame Internal And External Divisions To End The War In Vietnam, Jeffrey L. Lauck
The Gettysburg Historical Journal
Far too often, student protest movements and organizations of the 1960s and 1970s are treated as monolithic in their ideologies, goals, and membership. This paper dives into the many divides within groups like Students for a Democratic Society and Young Americans for Freedom during their heyday in the Vietnam War Era. Based on original primary source research on the “Radical Pamphlets Collection” in Musselman Library Special Collections, Gettysburg College, this study shows how these various student activist groups both overcame these differences and were torn apart by them. The paper concludes with a discussion about what made the Vietnam War …
Reconstruction: A Concise History, Allen C. Guelzo
Reconstruction: A Concise History, Allen C. Guelzo
Gettysburg College Faculty Books
The era known as Reconstruction is one of the unhappiest times in American history. It succeeded in reuniting the nation politically after the Civil War but in little else. Conflict shifted from the battlefield to the Capitol as Congress warred with President Andrew Johnson over just what to do with the South. Johnson's plan of Presidential Reconstruction, which was sympathetic to the former Confederacy and allowed repressive measures such as the "black codes," would ultimately lead to his impeachment and the institution of Radical Reconstruction. While Reconstruction saw the ratification of the 14th and 15th Amendments, expanding the rights and …
The Battle Fdr Lost:The Failed Nomination Of Boss Ed Flynn As Minister To Australia, Michael J. Birkner
The Battle Fdr Lost:The Failed Nomination Of Boss Ed Flynn As Minister To Australia, Michael J. Birkner
History Faculty Publications
Shortly after Christmas in 1942, the U.S. minister to Australia, Nelson Trusler Johnson, decided the time was right for a break from his wartime duties. Johnson and his wife, Jane, agreed that a seaside vacation with their young children was in order. The Johnson family duly motored to Narooma, about 150 miles southeast of Canberra, for what they expected to be a three-week holiday during the peak of the Australian summer. They chose the spot for its beauty—and because the children would be able to swim without worrying about sharks.The Johnsons’ holiday was cut short on January 8, when wire …
The Virginia Monument’S Meaning In Memory, Jonathan Tracey
The Virginia Monument’S Meaning In Memory, Jonathan Tracey
Student Publications
In the early 1900s, many people began to advocate for Confederate monuments on the battlefield at Gettysburg. However, different motivations were present. Many Northerners saw Confederate monuments as a way to further unity, while Southerners instead used the monuments to preserve a separate identity. The Virginia Memorial is a clear case of this.
Gender Quotas And Women’S Political Participation In Slovenia And Croatia: When Similar Historical Developments And Homogeneity Of Design Yield Different Outcomes, Colin J. J. Yandam
Gender Quotas And Women’S Political Participation In Slovenia And Croatia: When Similar Historical Developments And Homogeneity Of Design Yield Different Outcomes, Colin J. J. Yandam
Student Publications
This paper aims at summarizing the knowledge surrounding gender quotas – which are a quick gate-way to women’s political participation – and at assessing the efficacy of their different means of implementation. Through the cross-national study of Slovenia and Croatia (two countries similar on almost every political, social, and historical development except for women’s political representation) and in tandem with an extensive review of previous works in the literature, this paper sheds some light on the techniques the civil society and feminist/women’s movements could use to maximize their political impact and overall gender-quota effectiveness. Indeed, this paper finds that by …