Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- United States History (12865)
- Social History (11980)
- Social and Behavioral Sciences (8257)
- Political Science (5551)
- American Politics (5370)
-
- Education (3970)
- Higher Education (3526)
- Liberal Studies (3410)
- American Studies (1685)
- Other History (1515)
- Race, Ethnicity and Post-Colonial Studies (1466)
- Business (1420)
- Public History (1356)
- Religion (1181)
- Women's History (1123)
- Communication (1116)
- Journalism Studies (880)
- African American Studies (877)
- History of Religion (877)
- Sports Studies (842)
- Anthropology (831)
- Sports Management (820)
- American Material Culture (731)
- European History (659)
- Oral History (641)
- Political History (625)
- Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies (574)
- Institution
-
- Ursinus College (9176)
- University of Central Florida (918)
- Technological University Dublin (647)
- Mississippi State University (581)
- Western Kentucky University (545)
-
- University of Southern Maine (543)
- Gettysburg College (401)
- University of Nebraska - Lincoln (367)
- Otterbein University (351)
- SUNY Buffalo State University (322)
- Morehead State University (285)
- Chulalongkorn University (187)
- Chapman University (171)
- City University of New York (CUNY) (171)
- Johnson & Wales University (134)
- California State University, San Bernardino (109)
- College of the Holy Cross (109)
- Fordham University (101)
- Linfield University (92)
- Columbia College Chicago (84)
- Harding University (75)
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas (70)
- University of New England (66)
- Brigham Young University - Hawaii (61)
- Brigham Young University (60)
- Calvin University (60)
- Cleveland State University (59)
- Liberty University (55)
- Wofford College (55)
- Claremont Colleges (54)
- Keyword
-
- Pennsylvania (8873)
- Collegeville (8699)
- Newspaper (8505)
- Montgomery County (5318)
- Trappe (5318)
-
- Norristown (4318)
- Ursinus College (3404)
- YMCA (1531)
- YWCA (1251)
- Football (1169)
- Basketball (1096)
- Freeland (997)
- Baseball (890)
- Student government (781)
- Schaff Literary Society (747)
- Field hockey (725)
- Zwinglian Literary Society (724)
- Soccer (577)
- Track team (517)
- Wrestling (511)
- Tennis (503)
- Debate team (442)
- Sororities (438)
- Curtain Club (437)
- Fraternities (407)
- History (403)
- Swimming (371)
- Cornell Collection (322)
- Lacrosse (294)
- Cross country (292)
- Publication Year
- Publication
-
- The Independent Newspaper, 1898-1952 (2730)
- Ursinus Weekly Newspaper, 1902-1978 (2124)
- The Independent and Montgomery Transcript Newspaper, 1952-1984 (1599)
- Ursinus College Grizzly Newspaper, 1978 to Present (1069)
- Providence Independent Newspaper, 1875-1898 (977)
-
- On Sport and Society (913)
- Historic Natchez Foundation (580)
- Menus of the 21st Century (413)
- The Lucinda Lenore Merriss Cornell Collection: Ephemera (350)
- Great Plains Quarterly (through 2013) (316)
- Alfred L. Shoemaker Folk Cultural Documents (307)
- The Colonelette (222)
- Ursinus College Bulletin, 1885-1902 (199)
- Interpreting the Civil War: Connecting the Civil War to the American Public (193)
- Journal of Urban Culture Research (187)
- Jack D. Ellis Rowan County History Collection (175)
- Pennsylvania Folklife Magazine (150)
- Gospel Reaching Out (139)
- The Brown University Alumnus Travel Menu Collection (117)
- Pamphlets (109)
- Our Paper (1983-1992) (107)
- Theses and Dissertations (104)
- The 1210th S.T.U. at Fort Ontario, 1943-1944 (100)
- South Colton Oral History Project Collection (95)
- Early Modern Workshop: Resources in Jewish History (87)
- Journal of Global Catholicism (83)
- Menus of the 20th Century (81)
- Letters (80)
- Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects (73)
- Kentucky Progress Magazine (72)
- Publication Type
- File Type
Articles 2071 - 2100 of 17935
Full-Text Articles in Cultural History
Bernard Palissy: Early Career - Securing Patronage And Mimicking Nature In A Moment Of Crisis, Karissa Bailey
Bernard Palissy: Early Career - Securing Patronage And Mimicking Nature In A Moment Of Crisis, Karissa Bailey
LSU Master's Theses
Early in 1562, France was experiencing a state of high religious tension between Protestants and Catholics that would precipitate the outbreak of the Religious Wars on March 1. A week before, Bernard Palissy, a Huguenot potter, wrote a letter to his Catholic patron from prison inBordeaux where he was being held on charges associated with an iconoclastic incident in his home city of Saintes. This letter would later be published as a dedication letter for the pamphlet Architecture et Ordonnance, which featured the description of a grotto commissioned by Anne de Montmorency, Palissy’s patron, seven years earlier. This thesis analyzes …
Cultural Diplomacy With North Korean Characteristics: Pyongyang’S Exportation Of The Mass Games To The Third World, 1972–1996, Benjamin Young
Cultural Diplomacy With North Korean Characteristics: Pyongyang’S Exportation Of The Mass Games To The Third World, 1972–1996, Benjamin Young
Research & Publications
During the 1970s and 1980s, the communist government in Pyongyang sent Mass Games instructors to the Third World in order to improve the image of North Korea abroad and promote its version of socialist modernity. The Mass Games, a huge choreographic gymnastics event of 100,000 performers, artistically exhibited the North Korean idea of "ilsim-dangyeol (single-minded unity).” In the era of decolonization, postcolonial leaders in the emerging Third World turned to East Asia for developmental inspirations and some leaders, notably Idi Amin of Uganda, admired the North Korean model of collectivism and discipline. The Mass Games, epitomized the communalistic values of …
Amjambo Africa! (June 2020), Kathreen Harrison
Amjambo Africa! (June 2020), Kathreen Harrison
Amjambo Africa!
In This Issue...
Ramadan 2020.............................p. 2
Introducing Africa News editor.p. 5
Pious Ali .......................................p. 6
Banyamulenge .............................p. 8
L/A Food needs ...........................p. 9
Black Girls Matter: The Impact Of Historical Representation On Contemporary Education, Carolyn Strong
Black Girls Matter: The Impact Of Historical Representation On Contemporary Education, Carolyn Strong
Dissertations
A long history of misogynoir and negative stereotypes about Black
girls and women can be found throughout the literature and popular
culture of the United States. These stereotypes inform the lived
experience of Black girls and women, and in particular interfere with
African American girls’ ability to thrive in a school environment. An
autoethnographic research approach shows that various strategies, in
particular, Black girl-centric spaces, have proven to be helpful in
supporting Black girls who have to negotiate varying degrees of
hostility in general environments. These could be applied more broadly
to improve Black girls’ mental, psychological, physical, and
educational …
Land Of Abundance: A History Of Settler Colonialism In Southern California, Benjamin Shultz
Land Of Abundance: A History Of Settler Colonialism In Southern California, Benjamin Shultz
Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations
The historical narrative produced by settler colonialism has significantly impacted relationships among individuals, groups, and institutions. This thesis focuses on the enduring narrative of settler colonialism and its connection to American Civilization. It is this process and system of American Civilization (established and reified through institutions and cultural norms) that perpetuates the oppressive impact of settler colonialism on various groups who have resided in Southern California for generations before the settlers arrived. This thesis will also demonstrate that the results of settler colonialism at the turn of the 20th century in Southern California had massive socioeconomic consequences in the …
The Chinese Calligraphy Stone Gallery, Yingying Xie
The Chinese Calligraphy Stone Gallery, Yingying Xie
Student Works (2020-2029)
This dissertation studies the reshaping of cultural memory in helping to increase cultural self-confidence and to gain cultural identity. Nirvana Group placed great emphasis on promoting Chinese culture and on the basis of respecting culture; it has established the Chinese Calligraphy Stone gallery. This dissertation found that the Chinese Calligraphy Stone gallery which is specially constructed through the installation of represented structures of China showcased the Confucian principles and Taoist thought. Cultural memory has been reconstructed based on the permanent collection of diachronic masterpieces of the elite culture of calligraphy tradition. I would like to say that the spirit of …
Promoting The Consumer Citizen: Seals, Spectacles, And The Gendered Consumer In Depression-Era America, Danielle B. Wetmore
Promoting The Consumer Citizen: Seals, Spectacles, And The Gendered Consumer In Depression-Era America, Danielle B. Wetmore
Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects
This thesis will argue that New Deal legislation accounted for increased importance placed on consumers and the articulation of consumer citizenship as female during the Great Depression. Once New Deal programs and legislation determined and legitimized the consumer citizen, the consumer citizen exercised influence though purchasing power. Analyzing the ways the federal government defined women as consumer citizens through programs like the National Recovery Administration’s Blue Eagle Campaign offers important insight into who was considered to have a voice. Notions of citizenship define groups by who has the necessary attributes and qualifications—in this case the means to purchase goods—to be …
Bloodied Hearts And Bawdy Planets: Greco-Roman Astrology And The Regenerative Force Of The Feminine In Shakespeare’S The Winter’S Tale, Christina E. Farella
Bloodied Hearts And Bawdy Planets: Greco-Roman Astrology And The Regenerative Force Of The Feminine In Shakespeare’S The Winter’S Tale, Christina E. Farella
Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects
This thesis offers a new reading of William Shakespeare’s late play The Winter’s Tale (1623), positing that in order to understand this complex and eccentric work, we must read it with a complex and eccentric eye. In The Winter’s Tale, planets strike without warning, pulling at hearts, wombs, and blood, impacting the health and emotional experience of characters in the play. This work is renowned for its inconsistent formal structure; the first half is a tragedy set in winter, but abruptly shifts to a comedy set in spring/summer in its latter half. What’s more, is that planets, luminaries, and …
Paper House: The Revolution, The Disappeared, And The Historicity Of Lebanon, Elsa Saade
Paper House: The Revolution, The Disappeared, And The Historicity Of Lebanon, Elsa Saade
Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects
This thesis will be an attempt to reenact events in relation to the disappeared and the Lebanese civil war, with the help of newspaper cuts, oral history, theories on historical writing, memories, and books on Lebanon. As a prospective historian, the writer will be tapping into the internal event of thought processes and meaning of the past, as advised by R. G. Collingwood in The Idea of History. (Collingwood, 1946 ) That critical inquiry will only be at the service of understanding the present from the lens of a self-reflecting inquisitor that has faced many silences in a past …
“The Amazing Iroquois”: Haudenosaunee History In Myth And Memory, 1776–1955, John C. Winters
“The Amazing Iroquois”: Haudenosaunee History In Myth And Memory, 1776–1955, John C. Winters
Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects
This project is a history and memory study of Iroquois exceptionalism. This is an idea that shaped our understanding of the Iroquois as the “most studied” Indian nation and that they, as the debunked Iroquois Influence Thesis claimed, influenced the structure and scope of the U.S. Constitution. My study examines the lives of four related (by blood and by claim) Seneca leaders: Red Jacket, Ely S. Parker, Harriet Maxwell Converse, and Arthur C. Parker. These four stand out because each was one of the most famous Native Americans of their generation who worked within and against American colonial society and …
Audio Quality As Content: Everyday Criticism Of The Lo-Fi Format, Elizabeth Newton
Audio Quality As Content: Everyday Criticism Of The Lo-Fi Format, Elizabeth Newton
Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects
This dissertation examines the matter of authenticity with respect to audio recordings. In the early 1990s, the term “lo-fi” (“low-fidelity”) emerged as a label used to categorize many different types of popular music, indicating widespread fascination with what I call audio quality, the perceived character of an audio recording. I define audio quality as the relationship between content and mediation, which varies greatly by circumstance. My archival research of zines, press releases, and correspondence examines this relationship in three case studies: Wu-Tang Clan, Bratmobile, and Elliott Smith. I posit the lo-fi format as a critical structure that emerged in …
Shock And Awe, Sectarianism, And Violence In Iraq Post-2003, Sarim Al-Rawi
Shock And Awe, Sectarianism, And Violence In Iraq Post-2003, Sarim Al-Rawi
Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects
The violence systematically deployed upon the prosperous nation of Iraq in 2003 was directly influenced by the Shock and Awe doctrine set forth by Harlan K. Ullman and James P. Wade in their 1996 book Shock and Awe: Achieving Rapid Dominance. The experimental methods of warfare and violence outlined in the text describe methods for the systematic destruction of every major aspect of a nation and society, militarily, economically, and socially. In the wake of the US Invasion of Iraq, we saw the direct implementation of these methods by the occupation forces, setting off a brutal cycle of violence that …
“I’M Real I Thought I Told Ya”: Developing Critical Media Literacy Through U.S. Latinx Digital Media Representations, Solange T. Castellar
“I’M Real I Thought I Told Ya”: Developing Critical Media Literacy Through U.S. Latinx Digital Media Representations, Solange T. Castellar
Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects
This thesis explores how audiences engage with U.S. Latinx media representations through the practice of critical media literacy. I interrogate how media consumers construct critical media literacy through interacting with U.S. Latinx figures on digital media platforms, particularly on the social-media app, Twitter, and the user-generated video content platform, YouTube. Throughout this thesis, I argue that users on these platforms who engage with U.S. Latinx pop culture figures, like Jennifer Lopez and Belcalis Almanzar (Cardi B), read, digest, and comprehend a variety of multimedia images, texts, or videos, and that this engagement becomes an accessible form of critical media literacy, …
A Changing Tea Culture, A Changing China: Variations In Conceptions Of Gift Tea Among Tea Sellers, Tiana Wang
A Changing Tea Culture, A Changing China: Variations In Conceptions Of Gift Tea Among Tea Sellers, Tiana Wang
Student Work
A 2019-2020 Williams Prize for best essay in East Asian Studies was awarded to Tiana Wang (Ezra Stiles College '20) for her essay submitted to the Department of Sociology, "A Changing Tea Culture, A Changing China: Variations in Conceptions of Gift Tea Among Tea Sellers” (Jeffrey Alexander, Lillian Chavenson Saden Professor of Sociology, advisor).
Tiana Wang’s essay, “A Changing Tea Culture, A Changing China: Variations in Conceptions of Gift Tea among Tea Sellers” makes substantial use of original interviews and observations with twenty tea sellers across Jinan, Shanghai, and Beijing to show that tea culture is changing with new …
Redefining Through Remembering: China’S Political Objectives As Reflected In Chinese State Commemoration Of The Korean War, 1950 - 2010, Yoojin Han
Student Work
A 2019-2020 Williams Prize for best essay in East Asian Studies was awarded to Yoojin Han (Berkeley College '20) for her essay submitted to the Department of History, "Redefining through Remembering: China’s Political Objectives as Reflected in Chinese State Commemoration of the Korean War, 1950 - 2010” (Denise Ho, Assistant Professor of History, advisor).
A highly analytical and engaging senior essay grounded in an impressive array of both primary and secondary sources, Yoojin Han’s thesis, “Redefining through Remembering: China’s Political Objectives as Reflected in Chinese State Commemoration of the Korea War,” utilizes Chinese “leadership speeches” made and published during …
“The Community For Educational Experiments”: The Alliance Israélite Universelle, Gender, And Jewish Education In Casablanca, Morocco 1886-1906, Selene Allain-Kovacs
“The Community For Educational Experiments”: The Alliance Israélite Universelle, Gender, And Jewish Education In Casablanca, Morocco 1886-1906, Selene Allain-Kovacs
LSU New Orleans Theses and Dissertations
At the end of the nineteenth century, the Alliance Israelite Universelle (AIU) opened boys’ and girls’ schools in Casablanca, Morocco, introducing ideas of European-inflected modernity and secular education to the local Jewish community. Letters and reports from the founding directors provide insight into the problems, social and practical, they encountered and reveal the ways in which both Moroccan and European gender norms affected this “educational experiment.”
An Anthology Of Irish Nationalism: Music, Verse, Speeches, And Interviews Regarding The Betterment Of The State Of Ireland, From The Sixth Century Until The Liberation Of Ireland, Sofia J. Gilmore-Montero
An Anthology Of Irish Nationalism: Music, Verse, Speeches, And Interviews Regarding The Betterment Of The State Of Ireland, From The Sixth Century Until The Liberation Of Ireland, Sofia J. Gilmore-Montero
LSU New Orleans Theses and Dissertations
When I started this project because in my extensive amount of research into Irish literature, I found that the common theme in many of the works was nationalism and the desire to have a free state. I could not find any books that focused on nationalistic literature over the lengthy history of Ireland, only collections that pertained to a specific time period. This thesis project proposes introductory material and a potential table of contents to an anthology that would be centered around the theme of Irish nationalism in literature between the ninth century and the liberation of Ireland. It covers …
Tourism And Tradition In Chiang Mai, Jared Makana Kirkey
Tourism And Tradition In Chiang Mai, Jared Makana Kirkey
University Honors Theses
This paper is an attempt to delve deeper into the relationship between tourism and culture in Chiang Mai. The push and pull of these forces is of particular interest. On one side, tourism is beneficial for Chiang Mai's economy, and encourages the preservation of its unique culture. Tourist dollars support local businesses, and any further profits can be reinvested into the local economy. And because many of Chiang Mai's major tourist draws are its cultural attractions, their preservation seems commonsense. But this is not always the case. Oftentimes, tourist dollars are funnelled out of Chiang Mai as packaged tours, luxury …
Time Machine Research And Approach, Tarek Bouraque
Time Machine Research And Approach, Tarek Bouraque
Theses and Dissertations
Time Machine is a hybrid documentary that explores the logics of enslavement, colonialism, eurocentrism and their interconnectedness in our globalized world. Mustapha Azemmouri, born in 1502, undertakes a journey to the 21st century to recount his own story of enslavement and exploration, and reflects on a collective puzzle of 500 years of hidden history.
Intercollegiate Athletics Part Ii, Richard C. Crepeau
Intercollegiate Athletics Part Ii, Richard C. Crepeau
On Sport and Society
Perhaps the biggest news in intercollegiate athletics concerns the changing NCAA policy on player commercial endorsement. At the end of April, the NCAA Board of Governors approved recommendations allowing athletes to be paid for endorsements. These will now go to the NCAA annual meeting in January, and, if approved by the full membership, the new policy will go into effect for the 2021-22 academic year. (Placing this in terms of “academic year” is the NCAA’s subtle way of promoting the pretense of the “student athlete.”)
Blacklisted But Not Defeated: Jack Foner Returned To Academe After 30 Years And Made Colby A Leader In African-American Studies, Gerry Boyle
Colby Magazine
Colby hired Jack Foner and in a single stroke, a then nearly all-white liberal arts college in Maine became home to one of the first African-American Studies programs in the country.
College Sports In The Covid19 World (Part I), Richard C. Crepeau
College Sports In The Covid19 World (Part I), Richard C. Crepeau
On Sport and Society
Even though College Sports are no longer being played, the NCAA and colleges continue to make news. Some of the news is an expected part of the norm, while other news concerns the new world of Covid19 and the future of intercollegiate athletics or, more to the point, football and basketball.
There is growing discussion over the coming football season in the world of Covid19. When will it start? What will it look like? Will it take place at all? The discussions around these questions spin in many directions and, at times, crisscross one another. Are there any guidelines that …
Into The West And Back Out Again: An Examination Of Cultural And Social Exchange In The Gilded Age United States, Samantha Mcdonald
Into The West And Back Out Again: An Examination Of Cultural And Social Exchange In The Gilded Age United States, Samantha Mcdonald
Electronic Theses & Dissertations
The purpose of this study is to provide a historical analysis of American culture and society at the turn of the twentieth-century, challenging the conceptualization of social isolation, cultural subjectivity, and urban conflict of the rural Midwest. Detailed research utilizes a synthesized mixture of primary sources, contemporary to the Gilded Age, and a volume of scholastic analysis of Midwestern and American history to establish the significance of rural, Midwest communities in the development of social and cultural standards in the United States. A flipped historical focus shifts the rural Midwest from an urban periphery to the center and nexus of …
Purposefully Forgetting: Surveying San Diego’S Founding Narrative During The City’S Bicentennial Celebrations Of 1969, Noah Pallmeyer
Purposefully Forgetting: Surveying San Diego’S Founding Narrative During The City’S Bicentennial Celebrations Of 1969, Noah Pallmeyer
Keck Undergraduate Humanities Research Fellows
The city of San Diego owes much its success and prosperity to the “victories associated with colonization.” This quote comes directly from the current National Park Service description of the San Diego Presidio. This project turns to the 1969 bicentennial celebrations of San Diego’s founding. This was a rhetorically powerful period in San Diego’s historical remembrance. This project argues that native and other marginalized populations were not properly considered in the narrative of San Diego’s founding during these celebrations. To understand why and how these populations failed to be properly considered, this project turns to the narratives of colonial monuments …
Tinderbox: Danish-Russian Relations, 1989-2019, Maddy Ghose
Tinderbox: Danish-Russian Relations, 1989-2019, Maddy Ghose
Master's Theses
This thesis documents and analyzes the major trends of the military, political, economic, and cultural relationships between Denmark and Russia from 1989 to 2019. I document the relationship from the Danish perspective, using primary sources, with the aim to conduct analysis of Danish politicians’ speeches and activities during this period. The outcome is a comprehensive image of the Danish-Russian bilateral relationship at the present time. This relationship has fluctuated widely during the time period under study. Shared economic development interests in the 1990s contributed to a positive relationship; controversy surrounding the war in Chechnya and an assertive Danish prime minister …
Judith Leyster: A Study Of Extraordinary Expression, Nicole J. Cardinale
Judith Leyster: A Study Of Extraordinary Expression, Nicole J. Cardinale
Theses and Dissertations
Judith Leyster’s innovative application of expression in her Self Portrait serves as the focus, whereby she is shown to blend conventional painting categories, preserve a sense of innocence, and confidently flaunt her skills. In turn, Leyster challenged the male-centric art market and stood apart from her artistic predecessors and contemporaries.
Country Fun: A Cultural History Of Opryland Usa, Nashville, And The Suburban South, William C. Nieman
Country Fun: A Cultural History Of Opryland Usa, Nashville, And The Suburban South, William C. Nieman
Honors Theses
This thesis centers around the history of Opryland USA, a theme park and “musical showplace” that existed from 1972 to 1997 in the suburbs of Nashville, Tennessee. Using a variety of primary sources including park ephemera, newspaper articles, and songs, I show how, over its twenty-five years, Opryland became a country music theme park after initially presenting a seemingly diverse picture of American popular music. I reveal that, despite local businessowners’ and musicians’ reluctance to embrace Opryland at first, the park was accepted by many Nashvillians to the point where it is now nostalgically mourned. Then, putting those primary materials …
Abu Simbel: The Beginnings Of World Heritage, Olivia Womack
Abu Simbel: The Beginnings Of World Heritage, Olivia Womack
Tenor of Our Times
This articles explores the preservation of Abu Simbel and its role in sparking an international interest in cultural heritage. Additionally, the author analyzes the current UNESCO World Heritage system in light of its beginnings at Abu Simbel.
The Spiritual Nature Of The Italian Renaissance, Kaitlyn Kenney
The Spiritual Nature Of The Italian Renaissance, Kaitlyn Kenney
Senior Honors Theses
This study seeks to investigate the influence of faith in the emergence and development of the Italian Renaissance, in both the artwork and writing of the major artists and thinkers of the day, and the impact that new expressions of faith had on the viewing public. While the Renaissance is often labeled as a secular movement by modern scholars, this interpretation is largely due to the political motives of the Medici family who dominated Florence as the center of this artistic rebirth, on and off again throughout the period. On close examination, the philosophical and creative undercurrents of the movement …
Mice Meet World: How Disney And Nintendo Allowed Consumers To Escape From, Re-Enter, And Later Re-Envision A War Torn World, Samantha Constantine
Mice Meet World: How Disney And Nintendo Allowed Consumers To Escape From, Re-Enter, And Later Re-Envision A War Torn World, Samantha Constantine
Masters Theses, 2020-current
This thesis examines how Disney and Nintendo appealed to consumers in both the United States and Japan by celebrating ideals that spoke to consumer’s existing perceptions of national identity and national exceptionalism, particularly the dream of upward mobility. This thesis highlights four character traits that both the Japanese and Americans found heroic and that comprised the wider dream of upward mobility: hard work, perseverance, tenacity, and kindness. Through the immersive experiences that Disney and Nintendo provided, consumers became the heroes of their own journeys and brought these characteristics to life both in the fantasy worlds each company created and in …