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European History

California State University, San Bernardino

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Full-Text Articles in History

Film Review: “Cats Are Excellent Conductors Of Electricity”: A Review Of The Electrical Life Of Louis Wain, Brittany Mondragon Jul 2022

Film Review: “Cats Are Excellent Conductors Of Electricity”: A Review Of The Electrical Life Of Louis Wain, Brittany Mondragon

History in the Making

No abstract provided.


The Weight Of Silk: An Exploratory Account Into The Developing Relations Between Byzantium And China, Jeanna Lee Jul 2021

The Weight Of Silk: An Exploratory Account Into The Developing Relations Between Byzantium And China, Jeanna Lee

History in the Making

History has repeatedly proven that the nation, country, or region that controls the most key raw materials will dominate the surrounding global networks, be they economic, diplomatic, or political. When narrowing this focus to ancient Eurasian cultures, there are two obvious global powers: The Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantium) in the West and the Chinese Empire in the East (the Han Dynasty). While the scholarly independent research conducted on these powers is incredibly rich, what is understood about their interactions is limited and constantly evolving. Evidence explained later in this article shows that there was little more than an awareness of …


The Ideological Scalpel: Physician Perpetrators, Medicalized Killing And The Nazi Biocracy, Matthew D. Fuller Oct 2020

The Ideological Scalpel: Physician Perpetrators, Medicalized Killing And The Nazi Biocracy, Matthew D. Fuller

History in the Making

With the conclusion of the Nuremburg Doctor’s trials in August 1947, the role of German physicians in the concentration camps of Europe became a widely discussed and researched topic in the historiography of the Holocaust. Like many other perpetrators indicted by the Allies following the Second World War, German physicians claimed to have been swept up in the mass indoctrination of the National Socialist movement and had ultimately become powerless cogs within the Nazi totalitarian regime. While this claim may be true in some cases, the historiography of German physicians-turned-killers reveals different sources of motivation which allowed doctors in the …


Chiune Sugihara: A Psychohistorical Study Of A Rescuer Of Jews During The Holocaust, Christina Alanne Perris Oct 2020

Chiune Sugihara: A Psychohistorical Study Of A Rescuer Of Jews During The Holocaust, Christina Alanne Perris

History in the Making

This article seeks to analyze the actions of Japanese diplomat Chiune Sugihara, a rescuer of Jews during the Holocaust, utilizing a personality model developed by social scientists Samuel and Pearl Oliner. The Oliners’s altruistic personality model centers on the idea that individuals who became rescuers have a distinct personality that responds to the complex interaction between three components: 1) the external circumstances they are confronted with; 2) internal characteristics that goad them into action; and 3) their ultimate decision to take action. Although no two‐dimensional model is ever complex enough to capture the intimate complexity of a human personality, the …


Beauty And Sadness: Experiencing Poland’S History And Jewish Heritage, Jennifer Weed Sep 2020

Beauty And Sadness: Experiencing Poland’S History And Jewish Heritage, Jennifer Weed

History in the Making

No abstract provided.


Coping With An Impossible Reality: The Jewish Sonderkommando Of Auschwitz-Birkenau, Jennifer Weed Sep 2020

Coping With An Impossible Reality: The Jewish Sonderkommando Of Auschwitz-Birkenau, Jennifer Weed

History in the Making

Despite the vast amount of western scholarly work on the Holocaust, there are issues that remain under-analyzed which would help nuance our understanding of this historical event. One of these issues is the experiences of groups who challenge our conceptual frameworks and present opportunities for developing different analytical methods. The testimonies of the Jewish Sonderkommando, or forced crematorium workers, of Auschwitz- Birkenau present such an opportunity by defying the categories used to describe victims and perpetrators, and by forcing us to reconsider how humans survive when conditions are extreme and violent. This paper argues that the testimonies of the Sonderkommando …


Recalcitrance Or Redemption? The Contested Legacy Of Britain’S Iron Lady, Todd Broaddus Apr 2020

Recalcitrance Or Redemption? The Contested Legacy Of Britain’S Iron Lady, Todd Broaddus

History in the Making

No abstract provided.


Standing Where They Stood, Richard A. Butler Apr 2020

Standing Where They Stood, Richard A. Butler

History in the Making

No abstract provided.


Holocaust Ghettos, Rebecca Parraz Apr 2020

Holocaust Ghettos, Rebecca Parraz

History in the Making

In Nazi Germany, the Jewish people were forced into segregated areas that would ultimately evolve into “Holocaust ghettos.” Thousands of these ghettos were built across Europe, and within these ghettos Jews were under complete control and forced to follow severe regulations. These ghettos soon became overpopulated, and resources became scarce. By the end of WorldWar II, thousands of Jews had died within the walls of the ghettos. Causes of death ranged from starvation to disease, and even murder. It is evident that as the war progressed, the Nazis began to use the ghettos as a tool in the Final Solution. …


The Goose-Step Is Only Functional For Geese: Perspective On The Intentionalist/Functionalist Debate On Nazi Germany And The Holocaust, And Its Implications For Humanity’S Advancement Through Modernity, Richard A. Butler Apr 2020

The Goose-Step Is Only Functional For Geese: Perspective On The Intentionalist/Functionalist Debate On Nazi Germany And The Holocaust, And Its Implications For Humanity’S Advancement Through Modernity, Richard A. Butler

History in the Making

This article aims to examine the nuances of both the Intentionalist and Functionalist perspectives as they relate to Nazi Germany and the Holocaust.While acknowledging the ongoing debate between the two ideological camps, a new perspective is suggested as being a more appropriate means to understanding the event. This new perspective is heavily influenced by the research done by authors such as Timothy Snyder, Donald Bloxham and Christopher Browning. The research conducted suggests that instead of the two perspectives competing for prominence, a synthetic approach is more effective in analyzing Nazi Germany and the resulting atrocities. The new perspective is labeled …


Hyperdemocracy: Euroscepticism And Elections In The United Kingdom, Edward Reminiskey Nov 2019

Hyperdemocracy: Euroscepticism And Elections In The United Kingdom, Edward Reminiskey

History in the Making

In the early hours of June 24th, 2016, the results of a referendum asking the United Kingdom to determine its membership status in the European Union were made official. Decided by a slim majority, the decision was made by the electorate to leave the European Union. To characterize this moment as being uncertain would be an understatement. It stood as a major turning point in twenty-first century politics, and presents an opportunity to explore the recent phenomenon affecting liberal democracy. “Brexit,” as it would be referred to, instigated scholars to ask important questions about the contemporary state of liberal democracy. …


Traveling Abroad In Southern France, Tristan Murray Oct 2019

Traveling Abroad In Southern France, Tristan Murray

History in the Making

No abstract provided.


Florence, Italy: My Daily Life In History, Rafael Orozco Oct 2019

Florence, Italy: My Daily Life In History, Rafael Orozco

History in the Making

No abstract provided.


Book Review: How To Be A Tudor: A Dawn-To-Dusk Guide To Tudor Life, Lark Winner Oct 2019

Book Review: How To Be A Tudor: A Dawn-To-Dusk Guide To Tudor Life, Lark Winner

History in the Making

No abstract provided.


Past & Present In Prague And Central Bohemia, Martin Votruba Oct 2019

Past & Present In Prague And Central Bohemia, Martin Votruba

History in the Making

No abstract provided.


Dark Apostles – Hitler’S Oligarchs: Göring, Goebbels, Himmler, Heydrich And Revolutionary Totalitarian Oligarchy In The Third Reich, Athahn Steinback Oct 2019

Dark Apostles – Hitler’S Oligarchs: Göring, Goebbels, Himmler, Heydrich And Revolutionary Totalitarian Oligarchy In The Third Reich, Athahn Steinback

History in the Making

In popular memory, the Third Reich and the Nazi party are all too often misremembered as a homogenous entity, entirely shaped and led by the figure of Adolf Hitler. This paper challenges the widely held misconception of a homogenous Nazi ideology and critically re-examines the governance of Nazi Germany by arguing that the Third Reich was not a generic totalitarian dictatorship, but rather, a revolutionary totalitarian oligarchy. The unique roles and revolutionary agendas of Hermann Göring, Joseph Goebbels, Heinrich Himmler, and Reinhard Heydrich, provide case studies to demonstrate the nature of this revolutionary totalitarian oligarchy. The role of Hitler as …


The Irish Nationalist: Motivations, Experiences And Consequences, Sarah Slawson Oct 2019

The Irish Nationalist: Motivations, Experiences And Consequences, Sarah Slawson

History in the Making

No abstract provided.


Summer In Berlin, Esther Devai Oct 2019

Summer In Berlin, Esther Devai

History in the Making

Describes the author's travel experiences in Berlin, Germany.