East Asian Languages and Societies Commons^™

唐詩詩題異名的類型、成因及性質闡論, Xiaoting Xian

嶺南學報 Lingnan Journal of Chinese Studies

唐詩在其流傳過程中，以及在各種不同的文獻載體中，經常被改題而出現多個題名。學界目前對於唐詩詩題異名進行綜合研究者甚少，本文從三個方面探討唐詩詩題的異名及其背後的成因，即别集總集編輯者改題、傳鈔中的他人改題以及唐詩入樂與改題。唐詩是中國古典詩歌藝術的高峰，它誕生於寫本時代，在唐代即被廣采入樂，又深受後世喜愛而廣爲流傳，流傳既廣則文本變異問題尤重。唐詩詩題異名問題是唐詩文本變異的一個重要組成部分。探討唐詩詩題異名的類型、過程、方式及其背後的成因，一方面有助於深化對唐詩以及唐詩詩題原貌的認識，另一方面，唐詩詩題異名的研究是唐詩接受史研究的重要内容，同時，以期通過對唐詩詩題異名進行深細的文本分析引發對寫本文本性質的反思。

During the process of dissemination through different kinds of media, Tang dynasty poems were frequently renamed and ended up having different titles. At the moment, there is limited systematic research on the variation of titles of Tang poems and the causes behind. This article will discuss the issue of varied multiple titles of Tang dynasty poetry and the corresponding causes from three perspectives, including the change of titles by editors of comprehensive (zongji 總集) and separate collections (bieji 别集), by others while making private copies, and through the adaptation of poems into music. Originated in the manuscript era, Tang …

北朝《漢書》學與北朝文學的漢代傳統, Danjun Cai

嶺南學報 Lingnan Journal of Chinese Studies

中古時期《漢書》學的發展，離不開十六國北朝時期北方地區的人們對《漢書》的闡釋、研究和利用。廣爲流行的《漢書》故事，重新構建了新時代所需要的漢代歷史，從而爲北朝《漢書》學奠定了社會基礎。在這個多民族融合的南北分裂時期，正統與華夷等觀念被不斷申明、強調，北方地區的政權紛紛向《漢書》尋求政治借鑒，《漢書》被作爲典章參考，進入實際的政治生活。北朝後期，北齊南來士人顔之推爲代表的《漢書》學研究，融合南北學術之長，是北朝《漢書》研究獲得新的學術成就。受時代影響，北朝《漢書》學對文學發展的影響同樣深遠，一方面，《漢書》學影響了北朝史傳文學的發展，崔鴻、魏收等史家皆以《漢書》爲標杆來撰史；另一方面，《漢書》學也引導了人們對漢代文學有所推崇和繼承。

The development of Han shu 漢書 (Book of the Former Han) study in medieval China cannot be separated from the interpretations, research, and appropriations of Book of the Former Han in the northern areas of the Sixteen Kingdoms and Northern Dynasties. The popular stories from Book of the Former Han reconstructed the history of the Han dynasty needed in the new era then, thus laying a social foundation for the study of Book of the Former Han in the Northern Dynasties. In this period of multi-ethnic integration, the concepts of orthodoxy and Han-Yi ( non-Han people, “barbaric”) distinction were …

曾鞏古文的美感特質 : 兼論其與歐陽古文的關係, Chi-Peng Ho

嶺南學報 Lingnan Journal of Chinese Studies

曾鞏古文自宋至清爲論者所推崇，以爲乃歐陽修嫡傳，然民國以後讀者漸少，學者雖猶時時論之，亦認同前揭前人説法，但對於曾鞏究竟如何承繼歐陽修，實缺乏細密分析與論述。按，歐陽修古文有二大特質：就行文言，極盡“宛轉”之能事；就格調言，則多濃厚抒情。本文謹擇曾鞏《相國寺維摩院聽琴序》、《齊州雜詩序》、《贈黎安二生序》、《王無咎字序》、《墨池記》等五篇爲例，以見曾文之“宛轉”風貌；復取《送王希字潛之序》、《學舍記》、《劉伯聲墓誌銘》、《二女墓誌》、《懷友一首寄介卿》等五篇爲例，以見曾文之“抒情”格調，冀可藉此彰顯曾文之美感特質，並且適時與歐文對照，俾以掌握歐、曾相承之關係，間亦指出二者之差異，供學者參考。

Zeng Gong’s 曾鞏 guwen 古文 (ancient-style prose) is viewed as a direct successor to Ouyang Xiu 歐陽修 and is well regarded by the scholars from the Song to Qing dynasties. However, his readership declined since the Republican Era ( 1912 _ 1949) . In spite of the discussions on his work with continued appreciation, there lacks detailed analysis and treatise of the ways in which Zeng Gong succeeded Ouyang Xiu in terms of ancient-style writing. Ouyang Xiu’s ancient-style writing occupies two main aesthetic features, including, first of all, the tactful and wanzhuan 宛轉(euphemistic) writing style; second, the sentimental and …

開啟南北朝至唐代遊仙詩道教化的轉關 : 上清經派道人楊羲的道教遊仙詩, Hong Zhang

嶺南學報 Lingnan Journal of Chinese Studies

上清經派道人楊羲等在製作上清經的過程中，開創了以扶乩降筆之法創作道教遊仙詩的神秘創作方式。楊羲開創了女仙婚戀遊仙詩、煉丹奉道的遊仙詩等新的遊仙詩類型，以道教各種修煉方式和功法爲主要内容，變遊仙詩爲修道詩，使遊仙詩的整體風貌大變。在仙境的營構描寫上，楊羲詩歌濃墨重彩地鋪排渲染了道教神仙活動的繁華熱鬧世界，在詩歌中第一次形象生動地描寫了煉丹奉道活動的神奇景象，散發出濃郁的宗教神秘氣息，使得遊仙詩中的“龍虎之氣”從此生生不息，開啟了南北朝至唐代遊仙詩道教化的轉關。對後代詩人特别是李白等的煉丹類遊仙詩産生了深遠的影響。

During the process of constructing Shangqing jing 上清經 (Shangqing School Scripture), Daoist Yang Xi 楊羲 created a mystical method of writing Daoist mystical excursion poems through planchette writing. Yang initiated created mystical excursion poems about fairies coming down to earth for love and marriage and about Daoists alchemy. Focused on Daoist practices, these poems changed the style of mystical excursion poetry to Daoist cultivation. On the description of fairyland, he praised a lively and bustling world of Daoist immortals in gaudy colors, and for the first time, depicted vividly the magical scenes of how Daoist alchemists create pills of …

北京大學藏西漢竹書《妄稽》釋讀斠正, Yunhe Xu, Qingxin Zheng

嶺南學報 Lingnan Journal of Chinese Studies

北京大學藏西漢竹書《妄稽》是漢代形成的文學作品，釋讀難度較大，2015年整理發佈以來備受學界關注，成爲近年來簡帛研究的一個聚焦之點。本文踵事續貂，勉爲考釋，所得六十八例。一是糾正過去文字釋讀存在的一些錯誤或偏差，二是對未及釋讀或疑不能明的字句作進一步的考察和研究，三是對一些句子的句讀問題重新作出研判，使之趨於合理。所做的工作基本覆蓋了全篇，希望能够對一個可供閲讀的文本的形成有所推進。

Wangji 妄稽 is a bamboo slip manuscript of Western Han collected by Peking University. It is a difficult literary text from the Han dynasty and has become a focal point in the area of bamboo and silk manuscripts studies since it was first published in 2015. This paper makes sixty-eight emendations to the annotated edition of Wangji from three perspectives; (1) they correct the mistakes in the character recognition made in the past; (2) they further investigate and study the characters and sentences that are yet to be recognized or seemly unrecognizable; (3) they revise the punctuations of some …

《中論》引詩與漢魏之際的《詩經》學, Yushan Yin

嶺南學報 Lingnan Journal of Chinese Studies

《中論》引《詩》約47次，以《雅》、《頌》爲主。徐幹在書中發揚了荀子等儒家諸子“以《詩》爲教”的傳統，體現了他在漢魏之際的亂世中企圖借助《詩經》的美刺作用來光大自己傾注到《中論》中的經世致用理想。據今傳文本看，《中論》所用詩説以毛爲主，輔以韓、魯及其他雜説。《中論》引詩不主一家詩説，而陳喬樅、王先謙都以《中論》證《魯詩》義，馬瑞辰以爲《中論》引詩多出韓説，都不免失之偏頗。諸家詩説並用的現象也出現在東漢末年的其他幾部子書當中，既可見出諸子引詩用詩的開放態度，也可見漢魏之際《詩經》傳授的百家争鳴盛況之一斑。

Zhonglun 中論 (Balanced Discourses) quoted Shijing 詩經 (Book of Songs) about forty-seven times, mainly from Ya 雅 (hymns) and Song 頌 (eulogies). Xu Gan 徐幹, the author of Balanced Discourses, developed the tradition from Xunzi 荀子 and other Confucian thinkers in putting Confucian ideas into practice particularly during turbulent years. According to texts passed on to today, the study of poetry in Balanced Discourses mainly focused on Mao Commentary, accompanied by Han 韓, Lu 魯, and other texts. Previous studies, including Chen Qiaozong’s 陳喬樅 and Wang Xianqian’s 王先謙 examinations of Balanced Discourses for the meaning of Lu, and Ma …

史家風神與金石體制 : 以明清時期的韓、歐碑誌高下論爲中心, Qi Hu

嶺南學報 Lingnan Journal of Chinese Studies

明清人關於碑誌文體的討論中，韓愈、歐陽修的高下品評是一個值得注意的問題。在具體作家、作品評價的背後，實際上潛藏著有關碑誌文類源流正變的整體觀念，牽涉到知識資源、理論架構以及審美判斷之間的複雜互動。茅坤以歐高於韓，背後的觀念是將碑誌文溯源到史傳傳統，以《史記》爲標準衡量唐宋古文創作。從明代到清前期，這一思路乃是古文家分析碑誌文的主流，不論贊同還是反對，士人大多接受其觀念預設。然而，清代金石學蔚興，爲碑版文字的研究提供了新的知識資源。姚範、姚鼐、章學誠等主張突出碑誌作爲“金石之文”的屬性，與“史家”區隔，以此爲韓愈辯護。對金石傳統的體認，刺激學者從新的角度考慮碑誌文寫作中的“正”“變”問題。另一方面，金石學的風氣進一步引發了對漢魏碑文的好尚，使得韓、歐代表的唐宋碑誌傳統本身受到了質疑。即使是以韓、歐爲正統的古文家王芑孫，也不得不撰寫考索漢魏六朝碑碣的專著，以此反過來證明韓、歐碑誌的價值。韓、歐碑誌的評價問題，正可以折射出傳統文章學内部“知識”與“理論”二端如何互相影響而又互相制約。

The ranking of great authors has always been a core subject of the canonization of a certain literary genre. As for beizhi 碑誌 (tomb inscription) written in guwen 古文 (ancient-style writing), competition between the mode of Han Yu 韓愈 and that of Ouyang Xiu 歐陽修, is the most controversial issue for Ming-Qing scholars. This article aims to explain the theoretical basis upon which such debates were generated. Scholars who insist on the superiority of Ouyang Xiu generally consider tomb inscription as a sub-genre of historical writing and therefore regard Sima Qian’s 司馬遷 Shiji 史記 (Records of the Grand Historian) …

Connotations And Characteristics Of The Public And The Private In Classical Chinese Poetics: A Case Study Of Zhang Xuecheng's Idea "Publicness Of Language", Qingyu Yan

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

Issues of the public and the private have been discussed thoroughly in the history of thought, while it is yet to be developed in the field of literary history. Zhang Xuecheng's idea of "publicness of language" can be regarded as an inspiring beginning. From Zhang Xuecheng's perspective, the issues of the public and the private of classical Chinese poetics can be discussed from three dimensions, namely, ownership, originality, and authorship. The tendency of privatization and the balance between the public and the private in classical Chinese poetics is clear in the discussions on the formation of and response to ownership, …

On The Lyrical Tradition Of Chinese Prose, Jianhui Chen

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

Chen Shih-Hsiang's argument that Chinese literature is destined to be dominated by lyricism because lyrical spirit is a tradition in Chinese literature has a far-reaching scholarly influence. By tracing the development of the lyrical tradition of Chinese prose, this article summarizes three emotional patterns — "leaving and returning," "joy and worry," and "happiness and sorrow." In terms of lyrical standpoints and content, Western lyricism tend to focus on individual liberations and dreams of an ideal world, emphasizing subject value of individuals and the expression of self-feelings, while Chinese lyrical proses pay more attention to the unity of personal expression and …

On The Genealogy Of Heresy In Revolutionary Literature, Huiying Xie

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

In the late 1920s, the debates about the nature, function, direction and position of "revolutionary literature" were accompanied by various conflicting voices. In each stage of the revolutionary literature developed afterwards, there were "alien" elements that diverged from literary mainstream and authoritative discourse. With the development of history, these "alien" authors constantly developed and finally formed a continuous genealogy of heresy. In the context where mainstream culture became increasingly conservative and ideological discipline turned stricter, they were gripped in a historical dilemma. Originally, Chen Duxiu and Lu Xun were two revolutionaries with the same ultimate goal, but they had different …

The Emergence And Development Of "Chinese Aesthetics" In The Modern Times: A Historical Inquiry , Qiang Zhao

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

Over the last century, the legitimacy of Chinese aesthetics has been gradually confirmed in the studies of aesthetics and the writings of the history of aesthetics by Chinese and Western scholars. Cultural exchanges between China and the West have promoted the indigenization of aesthetics in China and deconstructed the universality of Western aesthetics, thus giving rise to the plural concept of "world aesthetics", which paved the way for the modern construction of "Chinese aesthetics". Due to its importance, the way to interpret Chinese aesthetics has become "the meta-question" that promotes the study and writing of the history of "Chinese aesthetics".

"New Literature" And "Old Tradition":The Interaction Between Modern And Traditional Zhanghui Novels, Bingru Guo

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

The Zhanghui novel epitomizes classical Chinese fiction and is one of the main constituents of its narrative tradition. The different and varying understandings of zhanghui novels by new literature in different historical periods influenced not only the relationship between new literature and "old tradition," but also, significantly, the concept of modern fiction and its creative practice. Despite Western literature's impact on modern Chinese fiction, it still developed in close relation to old traditions, including the zhanghui novel. This phenomenon displays new literature's complicated relationships with literary tradition, historical context and social reality, as well as its historical trajectory of genesis, …

The Receptive Dimension Of "The Music Of Today Derives From The Music Of Antiquity", Miaodan Chen

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

The discussion between Mencius and the King Xuan of Qi on music was aimed at political benevolence, and "the music of today derives from the music of antiquity" was not Mencius's deliberate theorization. As this concept has no further elaboration in its original context, it has caused intellectual controversies for later generations. Basically, scholars of the Song dynasty denied the notion from historical and Neo-Confucian perspectives, while those of the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties accepted it by justifying the value of "the music of today." Among the supporters, there were two different voices, that is, to consider "the music …

From "Image" To Simulacrum: Derrida's Discussion On Writing, Shubao Dong

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

Writing is one of the key words in Derrida's deconstructive philosophy. In his Of Grammatology, Derrida refers to the claims of writing from Plato to Rousseau and down to Saussure, confuting their idea that "writing is the image of speech". However, Derrida, inspired by Saussure's principle of difference that "in language there are only differences," and expounds the relationship between writing and difference, by which he transforms Saussure's static difference into the dynamic difference. Writing plays the game of difference in simulacra, and fills up the simulacrum in the supplemental movement of "image", Writing finally becomes a roaming orphan, which …

Political Or Ethical: Chen Duxiu's Motive For Writing "Towards A Literary Revolution", Xu Xu

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

Chen Duxiu's motive for writing "Towards a Literary Revolution" has been widely understood on the political level. This conception is based on its historical consequence and therefore controversial among scholars. To put the article into its original context, a solid correlation can be found between the debate on literary revolution and the slogan of "reforming national characters." Combined with the anti-Confucian revolution back then and the textual performance of the article, it can be argued that, for Chen Duxiu, the concern of ethics was more imperative than that of society or politics. In this view, to reconnect "Towards a Literary …

The In-Betweenness Of Humankind And Thing: A Crisis Of Modernity From The Perspective Of Philosophy Of Technology, Zhengbo Zhang

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

The harmony between humankind and Thing is the normative basis on which ecological balance and stable social development are maintained. With the development of industrial revolution, information technology, and neurosciences, this due harmony has been disturbed by such crises of modernity as the schism between humankind and Thing, the excessive connection between humankind and Thing, and the bewildered in-betweenness of humankind and Thing. These predicaments may lead to consequences like ecological imbalance, moral bankruptcy, emotional distortion, and even the destruction of human beings. In this regard, it is through returning to the "undifferentiated world," facilitating the mutual exchange between humankind …

The Innovation On Early Modern Language And The Change Of Fiction's Language Style, Xiaojun Liu

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

The change of early modern fiction's language style was closely related to the language innovation movement. Under the impetus of the movement of oral-written languages integration and the movement of national language unification, the language style of early modern fiction saw a decline in the influence of classical Chinese language and an increase in vernacular Chinese language. In this process, vernacular Chinese language absorbed the essence of classical Chinese language, received the influence of translated works, and combined the elements of classical and mandarin Chinese languages, thus forming a heteroglossia style. The completion of the change in the style of …

The Paradox Of "Self": New Literature's Ethical Problems Of "Individual Liberation", Jianhua Song

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

The new literature relies on the form of "natural person" to pursue the ideals of "self" and "freedom", which indeed promoted the historical progress of Chinese society. However, this type of absolute "self" and "freedom" also directly destabilized the ethical relationship in traditional culture, thus making people's behavior disordered. Once the "self" was placed above society and broke away from the control of social moral norms, the opposition between the "self" and society emerged, and the "self" eventually fell into ideological confusion as it could no longer exist. For new literature, the shift from blind optimism to rational thinking in …

An Analysis Of The Phenomenon Of Titling Fu With Poetry In The Tang Dynasty, Haoyu Tang

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

Poetry and fu (prosy ode) both flourished during the Tang dynasty, and thus with the mutual infiltration and development of poetry and fu, there was a phenomenon of using poetical lines in the title of fu, which influenced its content and purport. This phenomenon also reflected similarities and differences of poetry and fu in expressions and characteristics, and clearly revealed the trend of confluence of poetry and fu in the development of literary styles during the Tang dynasty. This article lists all the works in The Complete Fu of the Tang Dynasty that used poetry in titles and analyzes their …

On The Experiential Basis Of Beauty, Hongxiang Li

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

The concept of beauty has been abused in contemporary popular aesthetics, which attributes the beautiful to the superficial experience of human body and fails to understand the spirituality of true beauty. In contrast to beauty in everyday sense, true beauty exists in ecstasy, a holistic experience integrating body and mind, in which people may feel a transcendental sense of reality. Different from pathological illusion, the ecstatic sense of beauty signifies nature's manifestation in human life and testifies to the intrinsic harmony between humankind and the universe. Through the lens of ecstasy, this article examines true beauty in three dimensions: reflections …

The Artistry In The Historical Storytelling Scripts Of The Song And Yuan Dynasties, Dajun Xu

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

The Song dynasty saw the development of telling historical stories in both official functions and folk gatherings, and both occasions reflect the popularization of historical knowledge not only in these occasions but also in the sociocultural environment. Artisan's storytelling performance and popular history books represent two representational forms of the oral and written products, and historical storytelling scripts thus emerged. These scripts are the results of the popularization of historical knowledge, the prosperity of popular historical books, the attitude to and the ability in vernacular Chinese during the Yuan dynasty. In this process, the style of expression of historical storytelling …

The Diversification Of Poetic Preferences In The Light Of The Ranking Of Su Shi And Huang Tingjian In The Late Northern And Early Southern Song Period, Guochao Liu

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

As two prominent representative poets in the Northern Song dynasty, Su Shi and Huang Tingjian set the key of poetry of the Song dynasty. The ranking of Su and Huang against each other has always been contested in poetry criticism of the Song dynasty. The first wave of the contention culminated during the two Song Dynasties, when there appeared tour types of critics, namely, "Huang-esteemers," "Esteemers for both Su and Huang," "Su-esteemers" and "Censurer of both Su and Huang". The appreciation of Su and Huang's poems and the transformation of critical practices during this period reflected the diversification of poetic …

An Exploration Of Literary Ontology From The Perspective Of Friedrich Kittler's Media Theory, Guang Yang

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

Friedrich Kittler is an important media theorist and a unique critic of media literature. Kittler examines the discourse network constructed by the technical media between 1800s and 1900s, and concludes that "media determine our situation." This conclusion can be understood as a media ontology that emphasizes the materiality and the preexistence of technical media. An analysis of the relationship between Kittler's media theory and Foucault's discourse theory may reveal triple-aspected logic behind the formation of Kittler's media ontology and the logic behind the transition from issues concerning media ontology to issues concerning literature. Through his media ontology, Kittler makes the …

Augmented Reality And The Spatial Turn: The Situational Writing Of Cyber Literature And Its Aesthetic Transformation, Moyong Han

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

The situational writing of cyber literature displays three typical modes: the spatial sights, the virtual reality, and the locality narrative. Despite their differences, they all tend to shape and characterize through such elements as position, site, space, and visuality. These tendencies and features distinguish cyber writing from conventional literary writing and lead to changes in literature. Specifically, in terms of the relationship between literature and reality, literature begins to be transformed from imitating reality into augmenting reality. Conventional writing, based on imitation, pursues truth behind its fictive surface, while cyber writing is virtual in nature despite its surface verisimilitude. In …

Can "Contemporaries" Know How To Read?, Rabaté Jean-Michel

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

In order to respond to Kyoo Lee's theses on reading, this essay focuses on obscurity and difficulty, terms often associated with modernism. Moving from a controversy opposing Mallarmé and Proust in the last decade of the 19th century to Lacan's use of a Mallarmean language when he describes how symptoms can be read, that is not by thinking naïvely that we are "poets" but by understanding that we are unconsciously scripted "poems," the essay posits a mediation provided by Ezra Pound when he invents both Comparative Literature and Translation Studies.

From Neutrality To The Other: Levinas On Blanchot, Jiajun Wang

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

Levinas's and Blanchot's literary theory coalesced while maintained a tension in between. They both tried to break through Heidegger's ontological literary theory, but Levinas used "the other", and Blanchot used "the outside" as the weapons to achieve this goal. In general, Levinas and Blanchot showed us two different and yet connected ethics and literature. The former intended to use ethics to transcend the totality of philosophy, but ultimately found the literary language in the depth of this ethics, which made the ethics become literary; the latter intended to use literature to transcend the identity of philosophy, but ultimately found the …

History, Miscellaneous History And Fiction, Jinfeng Zhou

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

Ancient Chinese fiction had a very close relationship with history. The development of historiography led to the separation of history books. Miscellaneous history and fiction were the products of this process, hence the idea of "the remaining of history". From history to miscellaneous history and to fiction, historicity gradually declined and fictionality increased, in which miscellaneous history became transitional between history to fiction, hence its dual nature. Miscellaneous history had both connection to and difference from fiction. They both had the function of persuasion and supplementing history, but also had many differences in content and style.

Ways Of Seeing: Historicization, Technologization And Chinese Artistic Experience, Tairan Liu

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

Marx raised the issue of "the historicization of senses", arguing that the fundamental feature to distinguish humans from animals is that humans can use their techniques to foresee certain types of things in the future which are not given by the nature but are created by humans. However, issues such as the relationships between technology and the body, between technology and labor, and between technology and the ways of human-sensing invite further investigation. Chinese artistic experience enables us to separate "historicization of senses" from "technologization of senses" under new historical conditions, and then we may reflect on the globalization and …

Hanban Teachers’ Culture Shock And Adaptation In The U.S.: A Mixed Method Study, Yufei Guo, Huiwen Li, Hui Pang

Chinese Language Teaching Methodology and Technology

When entering into the United States, Hanban teachers will face a totally different cultural environment. The different culture may lead to culture shock. This research, by employing mixed methods, investigated the culture shock the Hanban teachers in the United States have experienced. By looking at the teachers’ personal characteristics and the happenings to the teachers in the culture shock period, it also identified the main factors that significantly predict the culture shock. In addition, practical ways were suggested to help the teachers cope with cultural shock effectively.

Keywords: Hanban teachers, culture shock, predictive factors, culture adaptation

American K-12 Cfl Teachers’ Expected Competence, Actual Qualifications, And Needs For Professional Training: A Concurrent Mixed-Method Study, Xiongyi Liu, Ying Feng, Shunqin Li, Xiaocong Ding

Chinese Language Teaching Methodology and Technology

In recent years, there has been a growing demand in the global labor market for proficiency in Chinese as a foreign or second language. Yet not much is known regarding how Chinese language education is provided by the U.S. schools in order to meet this demand. The present study investigated the competence that a Chinese teacher is expected to have as well as the qualification that currently in-service K-12 teachers of Chinese are actually possess. In addition, this research explored teaching philosophies, attitudes, pedagogy, challenges and needs for professional training among the Chinese teachers who are currently hired by U.S. …