Arts and Humanities Commons^™

Winnebago Nation Of Nebraska Response Patterns, 1865-1911: A Gendered & Generational Analysis, Ashley Morrison

Honors Theses

During the era of federal assimilation policy, the Winnebago people asserted their cultural identity and history at every step of allotment and boarding school policy. From their distinct responses, Winnebago men and women defended their autonomy and sovereignty to federal intervention. By examining their unique opinions, a more cumulative understanding of the various tactics the Winnebago people used can be further explored. Gender, education, and generation shaped individual responses. Through demanding an inclusion of women in allotting land to taking children away from the Winnebago Industrial School, the Winnebago people resisted against the paternalistic control of the United States. These …

A Slowly Starving Race: Land And The Language Of Hunger In Zitkala-Ša’S "Blue-Star Woman", Adam R, Brantley

Criterion: A Journal of Literary Criticism

This paper proposes that the motif of starvation in Zitkala-Ša’s 1921 short story, “The Widespread Enigma Concerning Blue-Star Woman,” is in fact a metaphor for the dispossession of Native American lands and its disastrous effects on Native American livelihood and culture. Though much scholarship has been done on sentimental rhetoric in Zitkala-Ša’s fiction, critics have not yet explored its connection to this the most immediate Zitkala-Ša’s concerns. This essay first unpacks letters from Zitkala-Ša’s personal archives to demonstrate her individual interest in dispossession, and then examines “Blue-Star Woman’s” ever-present language of hunger through this lens of land loss. In doing …

Duncan Energy V. Three Affiliated Tribes (1994), United States Court Of Appeals, Eighth Circuit

US Government Documents related to Indigenous Nations

This court case, decided on June 8, 1994, was the result of an appeal of an earlier decision made on September 28, 1992. This suit was initially filed by Duncan Energy (and others) who were operating oil and gas wells in the northeast quadrant of the Fort Berthold Reservation. They contended that the northeast quadrant of land was not part of the Reservation per the act of 1910 and as such they were not subject to taxation and employment ordinances set by the Three Affiliated Tribes. The 1992 ruling found that act of 1910 did not diminish the Reservation and …

Duncan Energy V. Three Affiliated Tribes (1992), District Court Of North Dakota

US Government Documents related to Indigenous Nations

This court case, decided on September 28, 1992, established that the northeast quadrant of the Fort Berthold Reservation was part of the Reservation (therefore within tribal jurisdiction) but found that the Three Affiliated Tribes did not have taxation and employment authority over the gas and oil companies operating in that quadrant. Per Tribal Tax Code, any property on the Reservation used for business or profit is subject to a one-percent taxation and per the Tribal Employment Rights Office Ordinance (TERO), any employers within the Reservation must give preference to Native American workers. The Three Affiliated Tribes attempted to levy a …

Letter From Senator Langer To Martin Cross Regarding The Us Supreme Court Case Squire V. Capoeman, July 5, 1956, William Langer

William Langer Papers

This letter dated July 5, 1956, from United States (US) Senator William Langer to Three Affiliated Tribes Tribal Chairperson Martin Cross, directs Cross's attention to the recent US Supreme Court decision on Squire v. Capoeman which concerns the taxability of produce from allotted land on indigenous reservations. The Court ruled that Indigenous people are protected from income tax payments on the produce because of treaties, trust patents, and the US Allotment Act. Langer anticipates that the US Internal Revenue Service will release a statement holding that Indigenous people are not subject to income taxation on proceeds from the sales of …

Three Affiliated Tribes Resolution Regarding Allocation Of Funds To The Credit Of The Tribe For The Taking Of Their Land, Adopted April 13, 1951, Three Affiliated Tribes Tribal Business Council

William Langer Papers

This resolution adopted by the Three Affiliated Tribes on April 13, 1951 and sent to the United States (US) Bureau of Indian Affairs and to US Senator William Langer offers a plan for how the tribes wish to spend the settlement money allocated by US Public Law 437 for the taking of tribal lands due to the construction of the Garrison Dam. The resolution is signed by George Gillette, Secretary of the Three Affiliated Tribes Tribal Council. The resolution has a stamp at the top that reads, "please return to Senator Langer" and another that reads, "Bureau of Indian Affairs, …

An Act To Conserve And Develop Indian Lands And Resources; To Extend To Indians The Right To Form Business And Other Organizations; To Establish A Credit System For Indians; To Grant Certain Rights Of Home Rule To Indians; To Provide For Vocational Education For Indians, And For Other Purposes, United States Congress

US Government Documents related to Indigenous Nations

This United States (US) public law, also known as the Indian Reorganization Act, the Wheeler-Howard Act, or the Indian New Deal, passed on June 18, 1934 in response to the Meriam Report which revealed immense poverty and poor living conditions among Indigenous People on reservations. The Indian Reorganization Act (IRA) aimed to alleviate these conditions with several corrective measures, notably by stopping the allotment of reservation land and by allowing tribes to organize under their own tribal governments. The IRA was heavily influenced by the recommendations contained in the Meriam Report. While this public law aimed to reduce poverty on …

An Act To Authorize The Survey And Allotment Of Lands Embraced Within The Limits Of The Fort Berthold Indian Reservation, In The State Of North Dakota, And The Sale And Disposition Of A Portion Of The Surplus Lands After Allotment, And Making Appropriations And Provisions To Carry The Same Into Effect, United States Congress

US Government Documents related to Indigenous Nations

This United States (US) public law, passed on June 1, 1910, allowed the US Secretary of the Interior to survey and sell or dispose of the “surplus” unallotted land east and north of the Missouri River on the Fort Berthold Reservation. This public law later caused confused as to whether the northeast quadrant of the Fort Berthold Reservation was still part of the reservation. The 1972 case “The City of New Town, North Dakota v. US” clarified that the northeast quadrant remains part of the reservation. The 1992 and 1994 cases “Duncan Energy v. Three Affiliated Tribes” both affirmed this …

An Act To Authorize The Survey And Allotment Of Lands Embraced Within The Limits Of The Fort Berthold Indian Reservation, In The State Of North Dakota, And The Sale And Disposition Of A Portion Of The Surplus Lands After Allotment, And Making Appropriation And Provision To Carry The Same Into Effect, United States Congress

US Government Documents related to Indigenous Nations

This Act, dated June 1, 1910, also known as United States (US) Public law 61-197, authorizes and directs the US Secretary of the Interior to cause to be surveyed, and to sell and dispose of all the "surplus" unallotted and unreserved lands within the portion of the Forth Berthold Indian Reservation in North Dakota lying east and north of the Missouri River.

Numerous provisions included in the Act cover such topics as the reserving of lands on which coal or other minerals have been discovered, the allowing of tribal members to relinquish allotments in the area described and select allotments …

An Act To Provide For The Allotment Of Lands In Severalty To Indians On The Various Reservations (Kappler) (Kappler), Charles J. Kappler, Henry L. Dawes

US Government Documents related to Indigenous Nations

This 1904 transcription of “An Act to Provide for the Allotment of Lands in Severalty to Indians on the Various Reservations," also knows the General Allotment Act or the Dawes Act of 1887 was printed in vol. I of Charles Kappler’s Indian Affairs. Laws and Treaties. Originally passed on February 8, 1887, this act authorized the US government to break up reservations and tribal lands, previously held in common, into individual plots. Aimed at assimilating Indigenous people into white society, this act promoted agriculture and grazing by allotting tribal members or families who registered a portion of reservation land …

Law Of 1891 (Kappler), Charles J. Kappler

US Government Documents related to Indigenous Nations

This 1904 reprint of the Law of 1891 was published in vol. I of Charles Kappler’s Indian Affairs. Laws and Treaties. Passed by Congress on March 3, 1891, this law reduced the size of the Fort Berthold Reservation and provided for individual land allotments, in which the government would hold the title for twenty-five years. In addition, this law permitted the US government to open the lands acquired to settlement under the provisions of the homestead laws.

An Act To Provide For The Allotment Of Lands In Severalty To Indians On The Various Reservations (General Allotment Act Or Dawes Act), Henry L. Dawes

US Government Documents related to Indigenous Nations

This Act, passed on February 8, 1887, authorized the US government to break up reservations and tribal lands, previously held in common, into individual plots. Aimed at assimilating Indigenous people into white society, this act promoted agriculture and grazing by allotting tribal members or families who registered a portion of reservation land outlined in the document. Furthermore, this document granted American citizenship to those who accepted the division of tribal lands.