Arts and Humanities Commons^™

Cleopatra Vii: How Modernity Altered One Of Egypt’S Most Infamous Pharaohs, Isabeau Newbury

Phi Alpha Theta Pacific Northwest Regional Conference

Abstract: In the course of history, many people are fascinated by the “other” but this fascination stems from works that are not factual depictions of an event or person. If the personification of historical figures is continuously perpetuated in fictional works, how we interpret the evidence can then be affected by these works. This is especially true of the ancient women in power in Ancient Egypt, but specifically in the case of Cleopatra VII, who was the last Pharaoh of Egypt. This study is designed to look at how desire vs fact changes the narrative, and how we need to …

Before Menstruation: The Upholding And Downfall Of Child Marriage In India, Amanda Mills

Phi Alpha Theta Pacific Northwest Regional Conference

Abstract: This paper will cover the roots of the tradition of child marriage in India through the British colonial period all the way to the 1980s. This paper will attempt to dissect the economic, social, and philosophical reasonings for child marriage. Particular focus will be placed on the time of British colonial rule because that was a time of both exploitation and reform in child marriage laws. This paper will explore the language that surrounded the discourses on child marriage, from both the British colonists and the Indian detractors. This timeline will follow the legislative action that reformed child marriage …

The Sun Only Sets On Black Britons: Sexuality And The Notting Hill Riots, Victor Curiel

Phi Alpha Theta Pacific Northwest Regional Conference

Late into August 1958, a gang of white youth unleashed a catastrophic wave of targeted violence against Black migrants in the areas around Notting Hill and Nottingham. The event came to be known as the Notting Hill and Nottingham riots. The riots served as a watershed moment, allowing government members to capitalize on race as a problem and eventually limit Black entry into the country and validate unequal access to opportunities and support. However, the riots merely served as kindling to a destructive discourse of race relations already taking place, constructing a narrative that saw Black individuals as foreign, dangerous, …

World War Ii And Racial Relations, Jared Kimball

Phi Alpha Theta Pacific Northwest Regional Conference

The world has a long history of racial bias and discrimination. Many countries see racial equality as a primary concern that needs to be addressed. Countries including the United States, United Kingdom, and even India have made major leaps in the past century to address racial equality. This process was started by the leaders of nations actively involved in World War II. World War II was a war started by racial prejudice and changed mankind’s perceptions of race. In this essay I explain how World War II was a precursor for the American Civil Rights Movement and for worldwide change …

The Kings Have Daddy Issues: Masculinity And Generational Kingship Of The Plantagenet Dynasty, Richard Merrell

Phi Alpha Theta Pacific Northwest Regional Conference

Abstract: Masculinity studies owes a great debt to sociologist R. W. Connell, whose ideas on hegemonic masculinity have created a rich and fruitful field of study. The application of masculinity studies in medieval history is a similarly new field, dominated by Marc Ormrod’s broadly focused studies of the times. My paper does two things: it narrows Ormrod’s focus while introducing a new element of inquiry into the intergenerational relationships that reveal learned masculinity and the creation of symbols of power in Medieval England. I will focus on King Edward III; Edward the Black Prince, and King Richard II to examine …

Red, White, And Blue Tartan: Modern Scottish Cultural Preservation In The American West, Felicia Thompson Zaleski

Phi Alpha Theta Pacific Northwest Regional Conference

Abstract: From the small nation of Scotland has come a world of cultural ideas and preservation—some historically based and others fictional and romanticized. The historical and romanticized ideas of what Scottish culture is have come together to form the Scottish Heritage organizations and celebrations so common in the modern world, specifically the American west. The pinnacle moments of the Battle of Culloden Moor in 1746 to the end of the Acts of Proscription in the latter part of the 18th century stand as a basis for the need to preserve culture. Studying the history of dress, music, dance, and clans …

The Descent Of Law Enforcement In Ancient Egypt From The Ptolemaic Empire To The Early Roman Empire, Ethan C. Siddall

Phi Alpha Theta Pacific Northwest Regional Conference

Abstract: My research analyzes police reformations that occurred during Reconstruction in the aftermath of the Civil War. In my paper, I focus on the development of post-war police departments in three cities: New York, New Orleans, and Chicago. My argument covers the period spanning from the end of the Civil War in 1865 to the end of Reconstruction around 1880. My thesis argues that modern police reformation has been made intensely difficult as a result of the societal and economic role police had before and during Reconstruction. I argue that militarization of police departments across the country arose from the …

Jonestown: A Means Of Control And Rebellion Through Basketball, Jack Donahue

Phi Alpha Theta Pacific Northwest Regional Conference

In 1978, more than 900 people were killed on a plot of land known as Jonestown in northern Guyana. Those people were members of the Peoples Temple, a cult led by Jim Jones, who named the settlement Jonestown after himself. Originally based in California, Jones fled reports of abuse within the Temple by leading an exodus to Guyana. Facing pressure from the United States government, Jones then led his followers in a mass suicide, encouraging some and forcing others at gunpoint to drink Flavor-Aid that had been poisoned with a number of chemicals. Nearly every member of the Peoples Temple …

Outlaw Heroes: A Beacon Of Hope For The Eighteenth And Nineteenth Century Irish Peasantry, Mary Babcock

Phi Alpha Theta Pacific Northwest Regional Conference

Outlaw heroes have long been popular figures in Irish folklore, as the lower-class praised them for their Robin Hood-like actions of robbing the rich and giving to the poor. Why the Irish lower-class, specifically the peasantry, supported this is puzzling; what led the Irish peasanty to idolize such criminal activities? This paper explores this question and proposes that the Irish people idolized outlaw hearos such as highwaymen, Tories, and rapparees because they represented defiance during a time of great oppression. This paper explores the moral guidelines outlaw heroes needed to follow to remain in the public’s favor, the social and …

Evolution Of The Mexican American Border: How The Victorio Campaign In 1880 Changed Mexican American Border Management, Dameon Hansen

Phi Alpha Theta Pacific Northwest Regional Conference

This proposal is part of a greater thesis, but the specific proposal here will entail the specific defeat of Victorio around the Mexican American border lands region. Victorio was a warm springs Apache, which was part of the Chiricahua group. The time frame will be late summer 1880 to mid-October 1880. The paper will argue that the increased militarization of the Mexican American border in late summer until mid-October 1880 resulted in the death and defeat of Victorio. It will argue that the despite this increased militarization the border was still soft enough to allow him to cross easily avoiding …

Project Mkultra: How The Cia Used The Cold War To Commit Horrors On Us Citizens, Dawson M. Neely

Phi Alpha Theta Pacific Northwest Regional Conference

Abstract: Project MKULTRA, the CIA’s covert mind-control program, began in 1953 and operated throughout the 1960s. Evidence from a number of sources, including the transcripts from the Church Committee hearings (1975), and several news reports uncovered the atrocities of the program. One victim of MKULTRA described the effects of his treatment (for falsely diagnosed psychosomatic leg pain) as “mental rape.” These therapies ranged from electroshock, to being unwittingly drugged with LSD. The Church Committee found that these horrific events were not isolated, but rather conducted within universities, research foundations, and even prisons. The Washington Post later editorialized that lawsuits were …

A ‘Superlicious’ Feast: A Rhetorical Analysis Of Davy Crockett’S Almanacs As An Early Form Of White National Identity, Darren L. Letendre

Phi Alpha Theta Pacific Northwest Regional Conference

Abstract: Davy Crockett’s Almanacs, published between 1835 and 1856, have been held as a prime example of nineteenth-century Anglo-American folklore. While authors have commented on their comic qualities and racist content, what has been lacking is a rhetorical analysis, as suggested by Folklorist Stephen Gencarella, which would examine the ways in which “folklore is not something that a folk does, rather… something which constitutes a folk.” This paper analyzes the almanac stories dealing with native peoples in order to understand the political and ideological discourse that was propagated by these publications. Rather than genuine folk-stories faithfully recorded by publishers, these …

Seamen And Sinners: Piracy And The Labor Culture Of The Early Eighteenth-Century British Atlantic World, Avonlea Bowthorpe

Phi Alpha Theta Pacific Northwest Regional Conference

Abstract: Between 1700 and 1730, the British Atlantic was significantly influenced by two compelling forces. The first was the continued and accelerating growth of competing European empires in the region, who in this period endeavored to define and protect their territorial boundaries whilst setting up profitable economic systems of production and commerce within them. The second was that of the pirates of the Atlantic, who, in a final crescendo of violence and destruction, would take hundreds of ships, disrupt highly valuable trade, and engage in bloody warfare with the Royal Navy. The purpose of this paper is to examine the …

The Blood Logs: Factors In The U.S. Decision To Classify The Japanese Biological And Chemical Warfare Program, Linda R. Zhang

Phi Alpha Theta Pacific Northwest Regional Conference

Abstract: The Japanese Imperial Army maintained chemical and biological testing facilities during the Asian Pacific War where unwilling civilians and prisoners of war were subjected to human experiments regarding frostbite, germ warfare, syphilis, weapons testing, and human anatomy. As American forces began occupying Japan and restructuring the country, the Allied Powers established an international tribunal to prosecute Japanese leaders deemed responsible for the war. During this time period, American policymakers would classify the Japanese bio warfare program, essentially protecting Japanese participants in the warfare program from facing trial. My research analyzes why American policymakers would classify Japan’s Biochemical Warfare Program …

From Counterinsurgency To Chemical Warfare: Technology Dependence And Agent Orange, Sophia Johnson

Phi Alpha Theta Pacific Northwest Regional Conference

In 1961, President John F. Kennedy approved the use of chemical defoliants in Vietnam. Taking British use of chemical defoliants during the Malayan Emergency as precedent, American counterinsurgency efforts used the potent “rainbow” herbicides to destroy enemy crops and jungle foliage. Although the use of Agent Orange was intended to be a limited counterinsurgency tactic, the rapid escalation of Agent Orange’s use, negligence in ensuring its safety, and its auxiliary intentional use on humans all indicate an irresponsible exercise in chemical warfare on behalf of the U.S. government. Sources examined include monographs such as David Zierler’s Invention of Ecocide: Agent …

Whitworth University’S Response To The Vietnam War: A Historical Record Of News, Kyle Evers

Phi Alpha Theta Pacific Northwest Regional Conference

This paper attempts to answer the question of how the battle for public opinion regarding the Vietnam War unfolded on the campus of Whitworth College in Spokane, Washington. Specifically, this paper examines the eleven-year period, from 1962 to 1973 by primarily using The Whitworthian, Whitworth University’s student led newspaper and conducting several oral interviews. Twenty-two different articles written by students and staff illustrate the growing support for the antiwar movement as well as the staunch support for the war that persisted for its entire duration. The paper examines the way in which Whitworth students fit into a larger pattern of …

A Collaborative Crusade: Economic Incentives For Religious Tolerance In Sicily, 1061–1189, Francesca M. Duncan

Phi Alpha Theta Pacific Northwest Regional Conference

As the geographic and cultural crossroads of the Mediterranean, the island of Sicily represents the product of conflict and cooperation over the course of centuries. One particularly important shift in the island’s history was the Norman invasion of Sicily in 1061 CE, in which the Catholic Normans from France took over the island from the Muslim Arabs. Through this change in state religion, Norman Sicily highlighted the interaction between Christianity and Islam. Beyond the island of Sicily, this period saw the two religions pitted against one another throughout Medieval Christendom. In contrast, this paper argues that although the Normans imposed …

'They’Re Building A Wall': The Separation Barrier In Palestine/Israel, Tyler Durbin

Phi Alpha Theta Pacific Northwest Regional Conference

Despite international legal consensus declaring the separation wall in Palestine/Israel as illegal, Israel has continued this geopolitical project unchallenged. Examining the judicial decisions of the International Court of Justice and Israel’s High Court of Justice on the wall reveals that Israel’s project, which began in 2002, was motivated by a political desire to protect illegal settlements in the Occupied Territories, confiscate Palestinian land, and constrict their movement and space. Analyzing the entirety of the wall through the lens of containment illuminates how the wall’s fracturing of Palestinian land created the material conditions, or the ‘facts on the ground’, for Israel’s …

Finding A Community Niche: Rethinking Historic House Museums In Oregon, Liza Julene Schade

Phi Alpha Theta Pacific Northwest Regional Conference

Historic homes in Oregon land on a wide spectrum of preservation, from the dilapidated, boarded-up building to the fully functioning interpretive site. There are four major factors affecting the success of projects in this state: level of preservation, board commitment and capacity, public interest and access, and funding issues. Based on original fieldwork, this paper will utilize the above factors to look at case studies in three counties in Oregon, and will conclude with analysis and recommendations for current Historic House Museum projects.

PART OF SESSION 1C. PUBLIC COMMEMORATION

Comment: Larry Cebula, Eastern Washington University
Chair: Bradley Franco, University …

Portraiture, Patriotism, And Politicking: The Political Effect Of Visual Histories, Emma Williams

Phi Alpha Theta Pacific Northwest Regional Conference

The use of iconography to remember and honor military and political heroes has been in place since cave paintings. John Singleton Copley, Emanuel Leutze, Gilbert Stuart, and John Trumbull all used their talents to honor many of American Founding Fathers. Honored during and after their time, their work gives us a better understanding of what was valued and how these men were identified. The use of material culture allows for more portraiture, and the use of displaying socioeconomic standing. Copley, Leutze, Stuart, and Trumbull all had works used in political propaganda, and manipulation for years after. The images on today’s …

The No-Color Of Women: Women And Commemoration In The Treasure Valley Of Idaho, Shaina Lynch

Phi Alpha Theta Pacific Northwest Regional Conference

Abstract: In this paper, I research the public commemoration of women in the Treasure Valley and Southwest Idaho. Public memorials were sought out, visited, and photographed. A map was created of the locations and added to a website I made as part of this project, www.idahowomeninhistory.com. In order to make an argument for more statuary and monuments to women in Idaho there needed to be an explanation for the omission. I begin with the glaring absence of women in the public sphere and popular history (written and dominated by men), which explains their lack of celebration in public spaces. They …

Cesar Chavez: The 1965 Grape Boycott And The 400-Mile Pilgrimage, Ashley M. Lambert

Phi Alpha Theta Pacific Northwest Regional Conference

In 1962 Cesar Chavez, a Latino civil rights leader for Mexican and Filipino workers, formed the National Workers, a small coalition of poorly paid migrant farmers. Chavez sought to ameliorate the harsh working conditions and wages for grape workers in California’s Kern County. Soon afterwards he merged the National Farm Workers Association with the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee, creating the powerful United Farm Workers’ Union. By using nonviolent tactics, inspired by Martin Luther King and Rosa Parks, Chavez sought to reform California labor conditions, forcing the grape growers to sign contracts only with the United farm Workers Union. Beginning in …

Fallout From The Wall Street Bombing, Maxwell Mcpherson

Phi Alpha Theta Pacific Northwest Regional Conference

Abstract: On September 16, 1920, a bomb would go off in the middle of Wall Street killing forty people and injuring over a hundred more. To this day the perpetrator remains unknown, and in the absence of resolution one might question how the contemporary public reacted to this terrorist attack in the heart of Manhattan. Through an archival examination of newspapers printed in the period after the attack it can be seen how this unsolved mystery would fuel persecution and public hysteria in the ensuing months targeting “suspect” political dissidents and ethnic minorities. From studying newspapers published following the bombing …

Religious Freedom Matters, At Home And Abroad: Thomas Jefferson In Paris In The 1780s, James M. Masnov

Phi Alpha Theta Pacific Northwest Regional Conference

Abstract: When Thomas Jefferson became minister to France in the mid-1780s, his time in Paris was defined in no small part by his enduring belief in religious liberty. His Statute for Religious Freedom saw considerable challenge in Virginia as it was deliberated in Jefferson’s absence by influential political forces in the state legislature. The battle over its passage pitted two prominent figures of the early republican era against each other. The celebrated rhetorician Patrick Henry fought against the secular aims of Jefferson and his political ally, James Madison, who ultimately helped to secure passage of the statute. As Madison championed …

Bad Neighbors: The 1967 Zenrin Student Hall Incident And Transnational Student Radicalism In China And Japan, Jesse Du

Phi Alpha Theta Pacific Northwest Regional Conference

The Zenrin gakusei kaikan incident (善隣学生会館事件) in 1967 was a major street fight between left-wing student rioters from the Japanese Communist Party and the ethnic Chinese community in Tokyo. The open fighting lasted three days and at its peak involved upwards to seven hundred people from both sides. In the grand scheme of the global “long 1968,” this one particular brawl perhaps did not amount to much, and is generally forgotten in today’s scholarship. However, it is unique as a point of intersection between three separate historical processes: Japan’s student movement, China’s Cultural Revolution, and the diplomatic normalization between the …

A Side Divided: The Role Of Pre-Existing Republican Disunity In The Spanish Civil War, Isabel Wagner

Phi Alpha Theta Pacific Northwest Regional Conference

The Spanish Civil War, while between the Nationalists and Republicans, was riddled with a series of different groups which involved both Spanish and foreign players. On the Republican side there were a large number of different groups involved in resisting the Nationalist forces. There were Republican popular forces, but important parts of the resistance also included various communist, socialist, anarchist, and nationalist organizations from around the country. This paper argues that the Republican side of the Spanish Civil war was hindered in its effectiveness by dissent between and within these groups. This disuniting did not simply spring into existence. Disagreement …

The Space Between Love And Hate: Coexistence During Convivencia, John Franzwa

Phi Alpha Theta Pacific Northwest Regional Conference

The period preceding the expulsion of Jews and Muslims from Iberia in the late 15th and early 16th centuries was marred by conflict. The extent and degree of the discord has long been fiercely debated amongst scholars in two camps. Many late 20th century scholars have accepted the concept of Convivencia or “coexistence,” which argues that Jews, Muslims, and Christians lived in relative harmony with one another, peacefully blending their different cultures together. Others argue that there was no amicable cohabitation between the rival cultures and that Convivencia is a modern creation of later historians. This study focuses on Christian …