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Articles 1 - 30 of 53
Full-Text Articles in Architectural Engineering
A Comparative Study Of Green And Cool Roof Strategies In Energy Saving And Thermal Performance In The Hot-Arid Climate Of Uae, Asma Saqer Al Blooshi
A Comparative Study Of Green And Cool Roof Strategies In Energy Saving And Thermal Performance In The Hot-Arid Climate Of Uae, Asma Saqer Al Blooshi
Thesis/ Dissertation Defenses
The climate of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) is characterized by extreme hot-arid conditions, with prolonged summers, intense solar radiation, and elevated temperatures. This significantly increases the building's cooling demand. Due to the UAE's reliance on fossil fuels for electricity generation, reducing energy consumption in buildings is recognized as a strategic objective aligned with the UAE Vision for Sustainability. Roofs represent an essential element of a building's envelope, significantly influencing thermal absorption, particularly in low-rise villas featuring exposed flat concrete slabs. Consequently, roofing strategies such as cool and green roofs serve as a viable passive method to reduce cooling loads …
Sustainable Retrofitting Strategies Of Residential Roofs To Meet Minimal Energy Consumption Targets In The Uae, Alyazia Maktoum Alsheraifi
Sustainable Retrofitting Strategies Of Residential Roofs To Meet Minimal Energy Consumption Targets In The Uae, Alyazia Maktoum Alsheraifi
Thesis/ Dissertation Defenses
Due to the United Arab Emirates having a hot arid climate, residential buildings experience high cooling demands. A major building element for solar heat gain through buildings are roofs. This study evaluates roof retrofitting strategies for existing low rise residential villas in Al Ain. The aim is to reduce cooling energy consumption, improve indoor thermal comfort, and support compliance with current UAE envelope performance requirements. A case-study villa (Majlis space) was monitored during the peak summer period. Indoor temperature data were recorded using a HOBO device and used to derive an operational HVAC schedule for simulation input. The baseline model …
Ai And Repertory Grid In Architectural Studios For Crafting A Brand Design, Ala' Faleh Ahmed Albdour
Ai And Repertory Grid In Architectural Studios For Crafting A Brand Design, Ala' Faleh Ahmed Albdour
Thesis/ Dissertation Defenses
Architectural education is currently at a crossroads. On one hand, technological innovation, particularly in the realm of design tools, is advancing at a pace that few curricula can match. On the other, public expectations of architecture are shifting, with communities seeking designs that better reflect their identity and lived experience. Yet, in many universities, the traditional studio model still dominates, relying on instructor-led critique sessions that, while valuable, can sometimes narrow student independence and overlook community priorities. This dissertation takes up that challenge by exploring an unusual pairing: generative AI text-to-image platforms, such as MidJourney, with the Repertory Grid Technique …
Innovative Approach To Enhance The Efficiency Of Building Integrated Photovoltaic Panels Through Automated Cooling And Cleaning Using Condensate Water In Extreme Climates, Ali Hasan Shah
Thesis/ Dissertation Defenses
Photovoltaic (PV) systems in hot and arid climates experience significant performance degradation due to elevated operating temperatures and rapid dust accumulation. Temperature increase alone reduces power output by about 0.4% to 0.5% per degree Celsius above rated conditions. In desert regions, module temperature commonly exceeds standard conditions, which results in power loss above 10%. Dust accumulation adds further degradation, and field measurements report soiling losses above 1% per day without cleaning, with cumulative losses exceeding 20% within short exposure periods. When high temperatures and dust occur together, the combined effect leads to a severe reduction in energy yield. Current mitigation …
Rethinking Housing Evolution In The Uae: An Investigation Of Sha’Abiat, Socio-Spatial Integration, And Sustainable Urban Development In Al Ain City, Boshra Hassan
Thesis/ Dissertation Defenses
Housing is both a fundamental human need and a core driver of urban form, social life, and cultural continuity. In the United Arab Emirates (UAE), the rapid transformations of the post-oil era were marked by the establishment of the first national housing model, the Sha’abiat, compact, community-oriented neighborhoods that shaped the early urban form of Emirati cities and reinforced social cohesion. Over time, however, housing policies shifted the housing-scape toward private villas, leaving Sha’abiat increasingly challenged by demographic change, maintenance deficiencies, displacement, and demolition under modernization pressures. Despite these challenges, Sha'abiat remains integral to the UAE’s urban identity and provides …
From Informal Into Collective Urban Farming: Investigating Potentials In Local Communities In Al Ain, Uae, Nour Khaled Mousa
From Informal Into Collective Urban Farming: Investigating Potentials In Local Communities In Al Ain, Uae, Nour Khaled Mousa
Thesis/ Dissertation Defenses
By 2050, the world’s population is expected to grow from 7.9 to 9.7 billion. Therefore, collective urban farming is considered to be a practical way to deal with the rising food needs in the limited available urban land which will result in strengthening the local food security and reducing the dependence on imported goods. When farming activities are transformed from random and informal into collective and well-managed spaces more benefits will be brought into a community including social cohesion, education and skills, and better economic opportunities. Collective urban farming is very important to the environment as it delivers multiple ecosystem …
Development And Experimental Validation Of A Bio-Based Co2 Purification Medium Derived From Puffed Rice Waste For Indoor Air Quality Improvement, Abeer Fuad Othman
Development And Experimental Validation Of A Bio-Based Co2 Purification Medium Derived From Puffed Rice Waste For Indoor Air Quality Improvement, Abeer Fuad Othman
Thesis/ Dissertation Defenses
Indoor environments are crucial for human activity, as people spend over 90% of their time indoors. This extensive indoor presence makes these spaces crucial for overall well-being. The growing awareness of Indoor Air Quality's (IAQ) impact on health, productivity, and wellness contrasts with buildings' contributions to greenhouse gas emissions, particularly through construction materials such as exterior walls, upper floors, and interior finishes. Classrooms are especially concerning because they house many students who are exposed to indoor air pollutants for extended periods. Given the significance of IAQ in educational settings, there is an urgent need for effective solutions to improve air …
Urban Form, Density, And Energy Efficiency: A Typo-Morphology-Based Simulation Framework For Superblock Planning And Densification In Abu Dhabi, Najeeba Ali Kunju
Urban Form, Density, And Energy Efficiency: A Typo-Morphology-Based Simulation Framework For Superblock Planning And Densification In Abu Dhabi, Najeeba Ali Kunju
Thesis/ Dissertation Defenses
Urban form plays a critical role in shaping environmental performance, particularly building energy. In Abu Dhabi and other GCC cities, development is structured around superblocks—large arterial-bounded land parcels units derived from NPU planning principles. Rapid urban expansion, rising energy demand, and the predominance of low-density suburban growth (now exceeding 55% of Abu Dhabi’s footprint) highlight the need for frameworks that can evaluate the energy implications of this morphology and guide both new development and retrofitting strategies. Superblocks therefore offer a consistent and policy-relevant scale for analysing form–energy interactions in the GCC’s hot-desert context, where early-stage, morphology-informed planning tools are essential. …
Mass Timber Construction: Products, Performance And Design, Anthony Harvey
Mass Timber Construction: Products, Performance And Design, Anthony Harvey
Civil Engineering Professional Development Seminar
Due to their high strength, dimensional stability and positive environmental performance, mass timber building products are quickly becoming materials of choice for sustainably‐minded designers. This presentation will provide a detailed look at the variety of mass timber products available, including glue‐laminated timber (glulam), cross laminated timber (CLT), nail laminated timber (NLT), heavy timber decking, and other engineered and composite systems. Applications for the use of these products under modern building codes will be discussed, and examples of their use in U.S. projects reviewed. Mass timber’s ability to act as both structure and exposed finish will also be highlighted, as will …
Bridging Borders: Exploring Place Attachment As Spatial Lived Experiences Of Expatriate Communities In Dubai, Uae, Gopika Balakrishnan
Bridging Borders: Exploring Place Attachment As Spatial Lived Experiences Of Expatriate Communities In Dubai, Uae, Gopika Balakrishnan
Thesis/ Dissertation Defenses
Dubai, a global city where expatriate communities make up the majority of the population, offers a unique context to explore how urban environments are both shaped by and shaping people’s experiences. With rapid growth of migration and deep cultural diversity, the city exemplifies how top-down planning and bottom-up lived experiences interact to influence how individuals form emotional and spatial connections to place. This dissertation investigates the concept of place attachment through the lens of spatial behavior, lived experience, and inherited practices, with a focus on expatriate communities in Dubai. It asks: How do expatriate communities in Dubai experience and express …
New Contrast-Based Metrics For Roadway Lighting Design, Amira R. Abouelhamd
New Contrast-Based Metrics For Roadway Lighting Design, Amira R. Abouelhamd
Thesis/ Dissertation Defenses
Roadway lighting standards specify design targets of horizontal illuminance or luminance at the roadway surface for various roadway types. Although the luminance and illuminance method to roadway lighting standards incorporate some factors that affect human visibility, other important factors, such as the target’s contrast and size, are not examined in these standards. Roadway lighting standards should consider how the human visual system detects objects and provides comfortable approaches to improve visibility for drivers. As luminous contrast has a crucial impact on visibility measures, recent studies have been directed to propose new approaches that utilize it. This research aims to propose …
New Contrast-Based Metrics For Roadway Lighting Design, Amira R. Abouelhamd
New Contrast-Based Metrics For Roadway Lighting Design, Amira R. Abouelhamd
Thesis/ Dissertation Defenses
Roadway lighting standards specify design targets of horizontal illuminance or luminance at the roadway surface for various roadway types. Although the luminance and illuminance method to roadway lighting standards incorporate some factors that affect human visibility, other important factors, such as the target’s contrast and size, are not examined in these standards. Roadway lighting standards should consider how the human visual system detects objects and provides comfortable approaches to improve visibility for drivers. As luminous contrast has a crucial impact on visibility measures, recent studies have been directed to propose new approaches that utilize it. This research aims to propose …
Potentials Of Informal Household-Practiced Urban Farming As A Contributor To Sustainability And Resilience In Emirati Neighbourhoods, Hadia Al Haddad
Potentials Of Informal Household-Practiced Urban Farming As A Contributor To Sustainability And Resilience In Emirati Neighbourhoods, Hadia Al Haddad
Thesis/ Dissertation Defenses
The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has integrated local agendas aimed at achieving urban sustainability and resilience, particularly in alignment with UAE Vision 2030. However, official initiatives in this domain often lack genuine community participation—a critical pillar for the success of sustainable urban development. Meanwhile, urban farming has garnered increasing recognition both globally and locally as a significant contributor to urban sustainability and resilience. In the UAE, official focus has largely centered on professional vertical farming, demonstrated through various high-profile projects. In contrast, informal, household-based urban farming is actively practiced within semi-public, semi-private, and private spaces across many Emirati public housing …
Identifying Barriers, Challenges And Opportunities Of Implementing Retrofitting Strategies In Existing Buildings In The Uae, Ahmad Ghalib Masri
Identifying Barriers, Challenges And Opportunities Of Implementing Retrofitting Strategies In Existing Buildings In The Uae, Ahmad Ghalib Masri
Thesis/ Dissertation Defenses
The UAE’s built environment significantly impacts sustainability due to its high energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, necessitating effective retrofitting strategies to improve the efficiency and performance of aging buildings. This research aims to identify the barriers, challenges, and opportunities associated with implementing retrofitting strategies in the UAE, providing insights to guide policymakers and stakeholders toward sustainable practices. A mixed-method approach was adopted, including comprehensive literature reviews, stakeholder surveys, and interviews. The results reveal significant barriers such as high upfront costs (reported by 68% of respondents), limited awareness among building owners (54%), and fragmented regulations, including inconsistencies in thermal insulation …
Building Resilience: Strategies For Sustainable Wildfire Management In California, Jaiden Rennie, Pegah Zamani
Building Resilience: Strategies For Sustainable Wildfire Management In California, Jaiden Rennie, Pegah Zamani
Symposium of Student Scholars
Wildfires in California are becoming more intense and destructive, threatening communities, ecosystems, and livelihoods. This project explores how resilience and sustainability can work together to reduce wildfire risks and long-term damage. By reviewing research, case studies, and expert insights, it examines what’s driving these fires, climate change, poor land management, and human activity, and looks at solutions that can make a real difference. From community education programs to AI-driven fire detection and smarter policies, the findings highlight practical ways to better prepare for and manage wildfires. The goal is to contribute to a future where communities and the environment are …
Reviving Humanity, Ana Gomez
Reviving Humanity, Ana Gomez
Symposium of Student Scholars
The surge in female incarceration rates in the United States has heightened concerns about the mental health challenges faced by women within correctional facilities. This thesis research explores the intersection of women's incarceration, mental health, and sustainable architectural design aimed at improving outcomes for female inmates. Factors contributing to the increase in female incarceration rates, including changes in sentencing policies, socioeconomic disparities, and the criminalization of mental illness and substance abuse, are critically examined. Research indicates a disproportionately high prevalence of mental health disorders among female inmates, often rooted in past trauma, domestic violence, and systemic inequalities. These issues are …
Development And Assessment Of Thermophysical Performance And Embodied Energy Of Insulation Materials From Date Palm Leaves Fibers, Sharina Abdul Rahman Aldhaheri
Development And Assessment Of Thermophysical Performance And Embodied Energy Of Insulation Materials From Date Palm Leaves Fibers, Sharina Abdul Rahman Aldhaheri
Thesis/ Dissertation Defenses
Rising energy usage and environmental contamination are among the most pressing challenges of the twenty-first century. The construction industry significantly contributes to global climate change by emitting many greenhouse gases due to its high energy-intensive production processes of non-renewable materials and high energy consumption, necessitating more sustainable solutions. One viable strategy involves using waste resources and eco-friendly production techniques. The search for environmentally friendly and sustainable building materials has become increasingly essential in this context. Despite their effectiveness, traditional insulation materials pose serious environmental issues as they are non-renewable and have ecological impacts during manufacture and disposal. This study analyzes …
Investigating The Role Of Semi-Public Open Spaces Of Housing Clusters As A Booster Of Social Interaction In Abu Dhabi Neighbourhoods, Mohammad Shuayyat
Investigating The Role Of Semi-Public Open Spaces Of Housing Clusters As A Booster Of Social Interaction In Abu Dhabi Neighbourhoods, Mohammad Shuayyat
Thesis/ Dissertation Defenses
This thesis explores the relationship between urban housing cluster configurations, open space design, and social interaction in the context of Emirati neighborhoods, focusing on the Al Salamat area in Al Ain, United Arab Emirates. It aims to investigate how different residential housing cluster types—such as cul-de-sacs, perimeter blocks, linear blocks, and closed-loop configurations—shape the usability and social function of semi-public open spaces. The study integrates theoretical insights from urban planning literature with empirical findings through spatial analysis (using Depth map X), field observations, and semi-structured interviews with residents.
The research adopts a mixed-method case study approach. It begins with a …
Maldi-Mass Spectrometry Imaging To Investigate Distribution Of Per- And Polyfluoroalkyl Substances In Exposed Poplar Tissues, Tonglin Zhou, Varuni Abhayarayne, Joseph Akor, Honglan Shi, Paul Ki-Souk Nam, Joel Gerard Burken, John Yang
Maldi-Mass Spectrometry Imaging To Investigate Distribution Of Per- And Polyfluoroalkyl Substances In Exposed Poplar Tissues, Tonglin Zhou, Varuni Abhayarayne, Joseph Akor, Honglan Shi, Paul Ki-Souk Nam, Joel Gerard Burken, John Yang
Miners Solving for Tomorrow Research Conference
No abstract provided.
Creating Safe Spaces: Evaluating Residential And Day Facilities For Vulnerable Populations, Carrigan Watson, Alaina Hess, Caroline Burton, Madison Miller
Creating Safe Spaces: Evaluating Residential And Day Facilities For Vulnerable Populations, Carrigan Watson, Alaina Hess, Caroline Burton, Madison Miller
Posters-at-the-Capitol
For our senior capstone, we designed facilities to offer therapy services and residential facilities to marginalized groups. These projects consisted of a school that serves Deaf children, a juvenile rehabilitation center for criminal offenders, and two additional rehabilitation centers; one for domestic violence survivors, and one for substance abusers. Each facility's design intentionally optimizes access to services and creates a feeling of safety and community. We researched how visual cues were tied to the psychological sense of safety and created a more accessible means of communication. We incorporated design aspects that reinforce familiarity and a home-like environment. We incorporated universally …
Automating Modular Construction Manufacturing For Affordable Housing, Enaam Mohammed Ouda
Automating Modular Construction Manufacturing For Affordable Housing, Enaam Mohammed Ouda
Thesis/ Dissertation Defenses
In recent years, there has been an increase in the frequency and intensity of natural disasters worldwide, resulting in loss of life, displacement, and extensive property damage. According to the UNHCR's report, 89.3 million individuals were displaced in 2021, highlighting that the speed and volume of displacement exceeds the availability of solutions for those affected. To address the urgent need for affordable housing solutions, modular construction is preferred over traditional construction methods as it tackles limitations such as long project durations, high costs, and safety and environmental concerns. Integrating advanced technologies in modular construction can further enhance its benefits and …
Evaluating The Feasibility And Efficacy Of 3d Printing Versus Traditional Construction Techniques: A Study Of Cost, Time And Energy Of A New Lowrise Office Building On The Uaeu Campus, Hala Mohammed Basel
Evaluating The Feasibility And Efficacy Of 3d Printing Versus Traditional Construction Techniques: A Study Of Cost, Time And Energy Of A New Lowrise Office Building On The Uaeu Campus, Hala Mohammed Basel
Thesis/ Dissertation Defenses
In line with the forward-looking vision of the United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), this research evaluates the feasibility and effectiveness of 3D printing technology compared to traditional construction methods, focusing on cost, time, and energy efficiency for a new low-rise office building on the UAEU campus. With the growing number of PhD students in the Architectural Engineering Department, expanding office space has become a priority. This study explores how 3D printing technology, known for its sustainability, reduced material waste, and accelerated construction, can address these challenges more efficiently than conventional methods.Guided by the UAE Vision 2030, which promotes innovation and …
The Impact Of Outdoor Thermal Comfort On Users’ Walkability: Case Study In Al Ain Square, Al Ain City, Uae, Alyazia Saeed Alnehayan
The Impact Of Outdoor Thermal Comfort On Users’ Walkability: Case Study In Al Ain Square, Al Ain City, Uae, Alyazia Saeed Alnehayan
Thesis/ Dissertation Defenses
Living in a hot dry arid climate limits the walkability of its inhabitants. The excessive heat and dryness of the weather undoubtedly make walking a less tempting, encouraging, and pleasant choice for getting around the city. For that reason, this master thesis analyzes the various strategies used to enhance outdoor thermal comfort. Outdoor thermal comfort is controlled by numerous factors, including street and building orientation, vegetation, shading devices, and water bodies. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between walkability and UTCI values (universal thermal comfort index) in the context of Al Ain Square, a neighborhood in …
Daylighting In Buildings: Investigating The Relationship Between Daylight Levels And Building Compactness In Various Contemporary Architectural Types. [Efficient Typology Classification], Andrew Welch, Ermal Shpuza Phd
Daylighting In Buildings: Investigating The Relationship Between Daylight Levels And Building Compactness In Various Contemporary Architectural Types. [Efficient Typology Classification], Andrew Welch, Ermal Shpuza Phd
Symposium of Student Scholars
One of the key ways of improving the energy efficiency of a building is to enhance the daylight levels and reduce the need for artificial lighting. Good daylight levels are also associated with increased productivity and the well-being of a building's occupants. Daylight levels are often a direct function of the floorplate depth, where locations near the windows receive more daylight, and those deep inside the buildings receive less. As a result, shallow floorplates and elongated buildings are usually related to higher daylight levels. However, shallow buildings that have more natural light are also associated with greater construction costs due …
Using Virtual Reality Technologies In Built Environment Education, Rebekah Floyd, Kayla Walters, Stuart Werner Baur
Using Virtual Reality Technologies In Built Environment Education, Rebekah Floyd, Kayla Walters, Stuart Werner Baur
Undergraduate Research Conference at Missouri S&T
Virtual reality (VR) offers transformative potential in built environment education, including human-made surroundings like buildings and infrastructure. This review explores VR's benefits, challenges, and trends in this field. VR fosters immersive learning, allowing students to explore architectural designs and urban planning scenarios. It provides hands-on experiences, enhancing spatial understanding and critical thinking. Simulations enable safe experimentation with design ideas and construction techniques without the real-life limitations or risk holding students back. However, challenges include high costs, technical limitations, and the need for educator training. Ensuring accessibility for all students is crucial. Despite challenges, VR's potential to revolutionize built environment education …
Analyzing The Viability Of Novel Reactor Technology, Auston Obsuth
Analyzing The Viability Of Novel Reactor Technology, Auston Obsuth
Undergraduate Research Conference at Missouri S&T
This study explores an innovative anaerobic digestion reactor technology aimed at improving the sustainability and efficiency of organic waste management. By employing a system without mechanical parts, it seeks to significantly enhance energy conversion from waste, tackling waste accumulation and the need for renewable energy sources. The project will use a multidisciplinary approach, incorporating economics, engineering management, and environmental science, to thoroughly evaluate the reactor's performance in terms of gas production, stability, and efficiency. Additionally, it will assess the economic viability and environmental impact, emphasizing advantages such as waste reduction and decreased greenhouse gas emissions. Additionally, preliminary market analysis and …
Integrating Computer Vision In Construction Progress Monitoring: A Comprehensive Analysis And Future Perspectives, Muhammad Sami Rehman
Integrating Computer Vision In Construction Progress Monitoring: A Comprehensive Analysis And Future Perspectives, Muhammad Sami Rehman
Thesis/ Dissertation Defenses
This thesis presents an in-depth exploration of the integration of Computer Vision (CV) in Construction Progress Monitoring (CPM), a field that has traditionally relied on manual and document-centric approaches. The primary objective of this research is to investigate the potential of CV technology to transform CPM into a more efficient, accurate, and automated process. This is achieved through a series of comprehensive studies encompassing a systematic review, critical appraisal, barrier analysis, feature classification, and assessment of construction professionals' perceptions. The first segment of the thesis systematically reviews the current state of automated CV-based CPM, identifying the technological advancements and limitations …
Construing Children’S Perceptions Of Ideal Learning Spaces: Home Vs. School, Rawan Natheer Abdel Rahman
Construing Children’S Perceptions Of Ideal Learning Spaces: Home Vs. School, Rawan Natheer Abdel Rahman
Thesis/ Dissertation Defenses
Learning is an intrinsic aspect of human experience, predominantly shaped by interactions within the socio-physical environment, including engagements with educators, peers, and the built surroundings. The design and character of these learning spaces influence children's cognitive, perceptual, and motor development while also embodying different pedagogical philosophies. Therefore, designing these spaces to align with educational shifts and enhance learning experiences requires a deep understanding of learner’s needs and perceptions. With the COVID-19 pandemic necessitating a shift to home-learning, there arose a unique opportunity to explore children’s perception of ideal learning spaces as they experienced both home and school settings. [Aims:] This …
Designing For A Local Brand Image Of Architecture To Achieve Cultural Sustainability: Al Ain City As A Case Study, Dana Bassam Bidoun
Designing For A Local Brand Image Of Architecture To Achieve Cultural Sustainability: Al Ain City As A Case Study, Dana Bassam Bidoun
Thesis/ Dissertation Defenses
Cities, like Al Ain, are dynamic entities, echoing the diverse rhythms and values of their inhabitants. Urban evolution showcases a city's brand—its unique identity sculpted by historical, cultural, and local influences. A city's true essence emerges when architects collaborate with residents, blending their desires with the city's architectural legacy. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a brandbased design strategy, integrating the architecture process with insights from local residents to foster a sense of identity and belonging in the built environment. Grounded in the personal construct theory, the research applied the repertory grid technique, combining both qualitative and quantitative …
Assessing Asset Management In Aec/Fm: Unveiling Limitations And Advancing Solutions With Digital Twin, Abdelmoneim Mohamed Abdelmoti
Assessing Asset Management In Aec/Fm: Unveiling Limitations And Advancing Solutions With Digital Twin, Abdelmoneim Mohamed Abdelmoti
Thesis/ Dissertation Defenses
In recent years, the concept of Digital Twins (DTs) has emerged as a transformative technological innovation with the potential to revolutionize asset management practices. A Digital Twin is a digital representation closely linked to a physical entity, enabling bidirectional information exchange and data-driven decision-making. Within the realm of Architecture, Engineering, and Construction/Facilities Management (AEC/FM), DTs offer a diverse array of applications for enhancing asset management.
This thesis aims to demystify the concept of DTs and explore their existing applications in asset management, particularly within the AEC/FM industry. To achieve this, the research employs a twofold approach: a systematic review of …