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Articles 631 - 660 of 737
Full-Text Articles in Architectural Engineering
Degradation And Uptake Of Benzene In Laboratory Phytoremediation Studies, Carla Ross, Lisa M. Harrison, Adrian Marsh, Lars Zetterstrom, Joel Gerard Burken
Degradation And Uptake Of Benzene In Laboratory Phytoremediation Studies, Carla Ross, Lisa M. Harrison, Adrian Marsh, Lars Zetterstrom, Joel Gerard Burken
Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
In Whole-Plant Laboratory Studies, Hybrid Poplar Trees Were Shown to Impact a Variety of Fate and Transport Mechanisms for Benzene. Laboratory Experiments Investigated the Distribution of the Contaminant in the Plant Tissues, Degradation in the Soil Profile, and Volatilization from Both the Soil and Leaf Tissues. a New Testing System Was Developed that Allowed for Rapid Testing that is More Field-Representative Than Earlier Studies. Whole Plants Were Utilized in a Reactor Design that Included Both a Saturated and a Vadose Zone. the Continuous Feed Reactors Were Supplied with a Steady Influent Benzene Stream to Mimic Plume Conditions. the Presence of …
Biotreatment And Chemical Speciation Of Lead And Zinc Mine/Mill Wastewater Discharges In Missouri, U.S.A., Mujde Erten-Unal, Bobby G. Wixson
Biotreatment And Chemical Speciation Of Lead And Zinc Mine/Mill Wastewater Discharges In Missouri, U.S.A., Mujde Erten-Unal, Bobby G. Wixson
Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
Continued mining development in the world's largest lead producing area has generated and increased concern over effective mine water treatment in Missouri's New Lead Belt. A new type of mine/mill wastewater treatment system was constructed which consisted of a tailings pond followed by a series of artificially constructed meandering biotreatment channels and a polishing lagoon. This system provided additional retention time and distance for the removal of heavy metals by abundant aquatic plants and sedimentation. Seasonal field sampling and analytical testing that evaluated the present system confirmed that it provided good treatment for removal of heavy metals within the company …
Slip Modulus Of Frp Sheets Bonded To Concrete, Y. J. Lee, T. E. Boothby, C. E. Bakis, Antonio Nanni
Slip Modulus Of Frp Sheets Bonded To Concrete, Y. J. Lee, T. E. Boothby, C. E. Bakis, Antonio Nanni
Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
An analytical tension-stiffening model was developed for fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) sheets bonded to reinforced concrete based on equilibrium equations and the assumption of linear behavior between bond stress and slip. Experimental measurements were made on small- and large-scale specimens. For the small-scale specimens, the primer coat thickness (adhesive thickness between concrete and FRP sheet) was varied for each specimen. By comparisons of the experimental data to the analytical results, the slip modulus at the concrete/FRP sheet and concrete/steel interface was established at the service load level. From this study, it was found that primer coat thickness has a modest influence …
Evaluation Of Bond Using Frp Rods With Axisymmetric Deformations, Mesfer M. Al-Zahrani, Salah U. Al-Dulaijan, Antonio Nanni, Charles E. Bakis, Thomas E. Boothby
Evaluation Of Bond Using Frp Rods With Axisymmetric Deformations, Mesfer M. Al-Zahrani, Salah U. Al-Dulaijan, Antonio Nanni, Charles E. Bakis, Thomas E. Boothby
Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
This paper presents experimental results obtained with the direct pull-out test using machined and wrapped glass/vinyl ester, carbon/vinyl ester, and carbon/epoxy FRP rods with axisymmetric lugs. The typical results are given as nominal shear stress vs. free- and loaded-end slip. Experimental results obtained from strain probes used during the pull-out test are presented as shear stress vs. strain. Machined glass/vinyl ester FRP rods with embedded lengths including five and 10 lugs, and different lug widths and heights were studied. The failure mode consisted of the shearing off of the lugs without concrete damage. Four concrete mixtures with strengths ranging from …
Membrane Process For Biological Treatment Of Contaminated Gas Streams, Sarina J. Ergas, Leslee Shumway, Mark W. Fitch, Jeffrey J. Neemann
Membrane Process For Biological Treatment Of Contaminated Gas Streams, Sarina J. Ergas, Leslee Shumway, Mark W. Fitch, Jeffrey J. Neemann
Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
A Hollow Fiber Membrane Bioreactor Was Investigated for Control of Air Emissions of Biodegradable Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). in the Membrane Bioreactor, Gases Containing VOCs Pass through the Lumen of Microporous Hydrophobic Hollow Fiber Membranes. Soluble Compounds Diffuse through the Membrane Pores and Partition into a VOC Degrading Biofilm. the Hollow Fiber Membranes Serve as a Support for the Microbial Population and Provide a Large Surface Area for VOC and Oxygen Mass Transfer. Experiments Were Performed to Investigate the Effects of Toluene Loading Rate, Gas Residence Time, and Liquid Phase Turbulence on Toluene Removal in a Laboratory-Scale Membrane Bioreactor. Initial …
Biological Fixed-Film Systems, Mark W. Fitch, Jeffrey B. Murphy, Stephen S. Sowell
Biological Fixed-Film Systems, Mark W. Fitch, Jeffrey B. Murphy, Stephen S. Sowell
Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
The Microbiological Degradation of Wastewater and its Application using a Fixed-Film Reactor is Reviewed. the Technical and Technological Characteristics, as Well as the Efficiency of Nitrification and Denitrification Processes Were Taken into Consideration. the Review Elucidated the Experimental Measurements of Effective Diffusive Permeabilities and Effective Diffusion Coefficients of Biofilms.
Optimized Calibration For Unsteady Flow Modeling Using A Genetic Algorithm, Daniel Sanchez, Jerome A. Westphal
Optimized Calibration For Unsteady Flow Modeling Using A Genetic Algorithm, Daniel Sanchez, Jerome A. Westphal
Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
The calibration of an unsteady flow model generally relies on the estimation of roughness coefficients, which act as descriptors of friction resistance along the channel. Here an optimized procedure is implemented by incorporating a genetic algorithm (GA) to automate the process. This approach is suitable because discrete parameters are considered. The target is a one-dimensional unsteady flow model in which the roughness coefficient is allowed to vary not only along the river axis, but also dynamically with discharge. The objective function is the root mean square of the difference between measured and computed water levels at a given cross section. …
Liquefaction Of Silts And Silt-Clay Mixtures, Tianqiang Guo, Shamsher Prakash
Liquefaction Of Silts And Silt-Clay Mixtures, Tianqiang Guo, Shamsher Prakash
Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
Low plasticity silts and silty clays occur extensively in the central United States. For evaluating their liquefaction potential during an earthquake, no guidelines are available based on their density, void ratio, plasticity index, standard penetration values, or any other simple soil property. Their liquefaction behavior is not properly understood at present and is often confused with that of sand-silt mixtures. Pore water pressures and liquefaction in silt and silt-clay mixtures are discussed, and the influences of plasticity index on their cyclic strength are reviewed critically. It is concluded that considerable additional work is needed to fully understand the liquefaction behavior …
Stage-Discharge Relations On The Middle Mississippi River, Jerome A. Westphal, D. B. Thompson, Glendon Taylor Stevens, C. N. Strauser
Stage-Discharge Relations On The Middle Mississippi River, Jerome A. Westphal, D. B. Thompson, Glendon Taylor Stevens, C. N. Strauser
Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
Based on measurements made on the Middle Mississippi River during the 1993 flood, stage-discharge relations for the rating curve are not single-valued. Analyses of these data suggest that the range of flow rates at a given stage is larger than that attributable to measurement replication error alone. Patterns of stage-discharge measurements also imply a tendency toward hysteresis. However, neither changes in stage nor changes in flow rate correlate with short-term scour and fill at gauging sites.
Natural Treatment And On-Site Processes, Kevin D. White, Joel Gerard Burken
Natural Treatment And On-Site Processes, Kevin D. White, Joel Gerard Burken
Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
The Natural Treatment Systems, Which is Divided into Land-Treatment, Wetland, Aquatic, Onsite and Small Community, and Phytoremediation Systems, Are Discussed. This Include the Free Water Surface Constructed Wetlands, Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands, Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands,ponds, Floating Aquatic Plant Systems, Solar Aquatic Systems, Small Treatment Systems, and In-Ground Disposals.
Crippling Capacity Of Web Elements With Openings, Roger A. Laboube, W. W. Yu, S. U. Deshmukh, C. A. Uphoff
Crippling Capacity Of Web Elements With Openings, Roger A. Laboube, W. W. Yu, S. U. Deshmukh, C. A. Uphoff
Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
Commonly used cold-formed steel sections utilized as either wall studs or floor joists contain web holes. The web holes may be factory punched or field cut. Because the Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members does not address the potential impact that a web hole can have on the structural integrity of the cold-formed steel member, research was necessary. Researchers at the University of Missouri-Rolla have explored the behavior of a flexural member that possesses a web hole. The scope of the UMR research includes flexure, shear, web crippling, and combinations thereof. The present paper will summarize the …
Predictive Relationships For Uptake Of Organic Contaminants By Hybrid Poplar Trees, Joel Gerard Burken, Jerald L. Schnoor
Predictive Relationships For Uptake Of Organic Contaminants By Hybrid Poplar Trees, Joel Gerard Burken, Jerald L. Schnoor
Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
Twelve Organic Compounds Commonly Found at Hazardous Waste Sites Were Studied for Uptake by Hybrid Poplar Trees. the Vegetative Uptake of Many of These Compounds Has Not Previously Been Demonstrated for Plant Species Being Utilized for Phytoremediation, Such as Hybrid Poplar Trees. Experiments Were Conducted Hydroponically Utilizing 14C-Labeled Compounds to Ascertain Translocation and Fate. Predictive Relationships for the Translocation and Partitioning to Plant Tissues Were Developed from the Experimental Data. Translocation and Partitioning Relationships based on Compounds' Octanol- Water Partitioning Coefficients (100 K(Ow)) Produced the Best Results, But the Relationships Did Not Allow for Fully Accurate Prediction of Each Contaminant's …
Optimum Control Of A Hybrid System For Seismic Excitations With State Observer Technique, Franklin Y. Cheng, Hongping Jiang
Optimum Control Of A Hybrid System For Seismic Excitations With State Observer Technique, Franklin Y. Cheng, Hongping Jiang
Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
This paper presents a theoretical study of a hybrid seismic response control system comprising a passive fluid viscous damper and an active control system with a hydraulic actuator and acceleration sensors. The analytical model of this system is derived in the discrete time domain with actuator and clamper dynamics considered. Based on digital control theory, a state observer is established for optimal control strategies of the hybrid system. This study shows that the hybrid system gains the advantages of both active and passive control techniques currently in vogue; and that, with the state observer technique, a seismic response control system …
Genetic Algorithm Development For Multiobjective Optimization Of Structures, Franklin Y. Cheng, Dan Li
Genetic Algorithm Development For Multiobjective Optimization Of Structures, Franklin Y. Cheng, Dan Li
Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
Genetic algorithms (GAs) have the characteristic of maintaing a population of solutions and can search in a parallel manner for many nondominated solutions. These features coincide with the requirement of seeking a Pareto optimal set in a multiobjective (multicriteria, vector) optimization problem. The retionale for multiobjective optimization via GAs is that at each generation, the fitness of each individual is defined according to its nondominated property. Because nondominated individuals are assigned the highest fitness values, the convergence of a population will go th the nondominated zone: the Pareto optimal set. Based on this concept, a Pareto, GA, whose goal is …
Optimizing Multiagent, Multi-Injected Swell Modifier, Marshall B. Addison, Thomas M. Petry
Optimizing Multiagent, Multi-Injected Swell Modifier, Marshall B. Addison, Thomas M. Petry
Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
Interactions of expansive clay soils with transportation facilities have caused billions of dollars of damage. In the process of determining agents and methodologies to overcome expansive clay behavior, multiple injections of chemical agents into the subgrade to modify clay behavior are most promising. A study was conducted to optimize a potassium-rich solution of four parts. The modifying solution has been injected into expansive clay subgrades with success since the early 1970s. A laboratory methodology was developed to inject specimens multiple times and to conduct swell tests. Screening tests were conducted to evaluate linear effects that each of the four constituents …
Multiple Objective Structural Optimization With Genetic Algorithm And Fuzzy Logic, Franklin Y. Cheng, Dan Li, Jeffrey J.F. Ger
Multiple Objective Structural Optimization With Genetic Algorithm And Fuzzy Logic, Franklin Y. Cheng, Dan Li, Jeffrey J.F. Ger
Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
This paper presents a constrained multiobjecthe optimzation method in the form of a robust, practical, problem-independent algorithm, and investigates the effect of multiobjective optimization on structural design. The study includes properties and characteristics of multiobjective optimization and solutions. Design objectives, constraints, and design variables as well as their effect on structural design and behavior are investigated. Fuzzy set theory is also included to construct a fuzzy constrained environment. Two new genetic algorithm operators — multiobjective fitness function and niche method -- are proposed. A new genetic algorithm process, Pareto set filter, is added to genetic algorithms. A 10-story setback building …
Recent Research And Developments In Cold-Formed Steel Framing, Roger A. Laboube, Wei Wen Yu
Recent Research And Developments In Cold-Formed Steel Framing, Roger A. Laboube, Wei Wen Yu
Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
Recent research studies at the University of Missouri-Rolla (UMR) have focused on developing a better understanding of the behavior of cold-formed steel members and truss assemblies. This research was initiated by the more widespread use of cold-formed steel in the residential construction market, and the need to provide structurally reliable, as well as highly economical design solutions. Steel trusses are commonly assembled using C-shaped sections and self-drilling screws. Based on UMR findings, appropriate design recommendations have been proposed for the web and chord members of a truss. Also of concern is the introduction of large holes in the webs of …
Evaluation Of Toxicity, Bioavailability And Speciation Of Lead, Zinc And Cadmium In Mine/Mill Wastewaters, Mujde Erten-Unal, Bobby G. Wixson, Nord L. Gale, Jerry L. Pitt
Evaluation Of Toxicity, Bioavailability And Speciation Of Lead, Zinc And Cadmium In Mine/Mill Wastewaters, Mujde Erten-Unal, Bobby G. Wixson, Nord L. Gale, Jerry L. Pitt
Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
The toxicity of common compounds of lead, cadmium and zinc was evaluated in waters similar to that found in the world's largest lead producing area in Missouri. Static, acute toxicity tests were performed using fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) and water fleas (Daphnia magna) respectively. Test organisms were subjected to varying amounts of sulfide, carbonate, chloride and sulfate salts of lead, zinc and cadmium mixed in hard, alkaline waters typical to this region. Median lethal concentrations were calculated using nominal versus measured metal concentrations. Measured metal concentrations included four different metal fractionation (extraction/filtration) techniques at different pH levels which included "dissolved", …
Hybrid Control Of Seismic Structures With Optimal Placement Of Control Devices, Franklin Y. Cheng, Hongping Jiang
Hybrid Control Of Seismic Structures With Optimal Placement Of Control Devices, Franklin Y. Cheng, Hongping Jiang
Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
A theoretical study is carried out for optimal controller placement and effectiveness of a hybrid seismic response control system comprising a viscous fluid damper and a servovalve-controlled hydraulic actuator. A stochastic seismic response of controlled structures is first investigated with nonorthogonal damping and stiffness; then a statistical method for optimal placement of control devices on seismic-resistant structures is developed. With such placement, a hybrid system can achieve greater performance in that much less control force is required to reduce structural seismic response to a given level. This study also shows the hybrid system is superior to both active and passive …
Biological Fixed-Film Systems, Mark W. Fitch, Natalie Pearson, Gene Richards, Joel Gerard Burken
Biological Fixed-Film Systems, Mark W. Fitch, Natalie Pearson, Gene Richards, Joel Gerard Burken
Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
No abstract provided.
Natural Treatment And On-Site Processes, Kevin D. White, Joel Gerard Burken
Natural Treatment And On-Site Processes, Kevin D. White, Joel Gerard Burken
Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
No abstract provided.
Contribution Of Externally Bonded Frp To Shear Capacity Of Rc Flexural Members, Ahmed Khalifa, William J. Gold, Antonio Nanni, M. I. Abdel Aziz
Contribution Of Externally Bonded Frp To Shear Capacity Of Rc Flexural Members, Ahmed Khalifa, William J. Gold, Antonio Nanni, M. I. Abdel Aziz
Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) materials are continuing to show great promise for use in strengthening reinforced concrete structures. These materials are an excellent option for use as external reinforcing because of their light weight, resistance to corrosion, and high strength. Externally bonded FRP sheets have been used to increase moment capacity of flexural members and to improve confinement in compression members. Investigations into the use of externally bonded FRP sheets for shear strengthening have also been conducted and have been shown to be viable. The objectives of this study were to review the current research on shear strengthening with FRP …
The Structural Behavior Of Homogeneous And Hybrid Stub Columns Under Dynamic Loading Conditions, Chi Ling Pan, Wei Wen Yu
The Structural Behavior Of Homogeneous And Hybrid Stub Columns Under Dynamic Loading Conditions, Chi Ling Pan, Wei Wen Yu
Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
It has been recognized that the mechanical properties of sheet steels and the structural strength of cold-formed steel members can be influenced by strain rate. For studying the local and postbuckling behavior of the stiffened and unstiffened compression elements under dynamic loading condition, 97 stub columns which were assembled from the same material have been tested under different strain rates. In order to study the structural behavior of hybrid cold-formed stub columns, a total of 144 specimens were investigated. In addition, 52 drop silo tests of stub columns were conducted at General Motors Corporation (GM). The results showed that the …
Gaseous Cah Removal By Biofiltration In Presence And Absence Of A Nonionic Surfactant, J. O. Kim, Purush K. Terkonda, S. D. Lee
Gaseous Cah Removal By Biofiltration In Presence And Absence Of A Nonionic Surfactant, J. O. Kim, Purush K. Terkonda, S. D. Lee
Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
The objectives of this study were to investigate the biodegradation of gaseous trichloroethylene (TCE) and tetrachloroethylene (PCE) in an activated carbon biofilter inoculated with phenol-oxidizing microorganisms and to study the effect of surfactant concentration below its critical micelle concentration (CMC) on the removal efficiency of TCE or PCE. For the enhanced biofiltration, a biodegradable nonionic surfactant was added to biofilters. The investigation was conducted using two specially built stainless steel biofilters, one for TCE and the other for PCE. The removal efficiency of gaseous TCE was 100% at a residence time of 7 min and its average inlet concentration of …
Uptake And Metabolism Of Atrazine By Poplar Trees, Joel Gerard Burken, Jerald L. Schnoor
Uptake And Metabolism Of Atrazine By Poplar Trees, Joel Gerard Burken, Jerald L. Schnoor
Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
Hybrid Poplar Trees Can Uptake, Hydrolyze, and Dealkylate Atrazine to Less Toxic Metabolites. in Whole Plant Studies, the Parent Compound Atrazine and 14C Ring-Labeled Metabolites Were Extracted from Poplar Tissues and Analyzed Via High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with UV and Radiochromatographic Detectors in Series. the Concurrent Separation and Identification of These Metabolites Has Not Been Previously Reported in Higher Plants for Phytoremediation Applications. Unidentified Metabolites Were Also Detected. Metabolism of Atrazine Occurred in Poplar Roots, Stems, and Leaves and Became More Complete with Increased Residence Time in Tissues. in Poplar Cuttings Exposed to Atrazine for 50 Days, the Parent Compound …
University Of Missouri-Rolla Research On Cold-Formed Steel Structures, Wei Wen Yu, Roger A. Laboube
University Of Missouri-Rolla Research On Cold-Formed Steel Structures, Wei Wen Yu, Roger A. Laboube
Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
During the past 27 years, numerous research projects have been conducted at the University of Missouri-Rolla (UMR) under the sponsorships of the American Iron and Steel Institute, National Science Foundation, American Society of Civil Engineers, Metal Building Manufacturers Association, Steel Deck Institute, Metal/Lath Steel Framing Association, Chromium Center, Nickel Development Institute, and several steel companies located in the USA, Canada, and South Africa. The purpose of these investigations has been to study the structural strength of cold-formed steel members, connections, and structural systems. Some of the research findings have been used in the development of the AISI Specification for the …
Cold-Formed Steel Webs With Openings: Summary Report, Roger A. Laboube, Wei-Wen Yu, J. E. Langan, M. Y. Shan
Cold-Formed Steel Webs With Openings: Summary Report, Roger A. Laboube, Wei-Wen Yu, J. E. Langan, M. Y. Shan
Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
Based on a 3-year study that focused on the behavior of cold-formed steel beams with web openings, researchers at the University of Missouri-Rolla have developed simple, easy to apply design recommendations. The design recommendations address the limit states of web buckling resulting from bending, shear, web crippling, combined bending and shear, and combined bending and web crippling. The recommendations were developed based on the results of experimental and analytical studies of C-section beams. The C-sections, which are commonly used for wall studs and floor joists, are manufactured with web openings. Common web opening sizes are 38 x 102mm and 19 …
Carbon Frp Strengthening Of Doubly Curved Precast Pc Shell, M. Barboni, A. Benedetti, Antonio Nanni
Carbon Frp Strengthening Of Doubly Curved Precast Pc Shell, M. Barboni, A. Benedetti, Antonio Nanni
Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
In this paper a recent rehabilitation project completed in Italy using carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) unidirectional sheets is examined. This technology was selected for the strengthening of a doubly curved, precast, prestressed concrete (PC) shell. The shell was part of the roof of an industrial building and had experienced severe localized damage due to accidental heat radiating from a flue. The selection of the CFRP system involved the screening of different repair procedures with relation to the constraints imposed by the owner: limited disturbance to the industrial process, safety of the occupants, low cost, and durability. In addition, the …
Performance-Based Testing Of Chemical Stabilizers, Thomas M. Petry
Performance-Based Testing Of Chemical Stabilizers, Thomas M. Petry
Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
Chemical stabilizing agents have been introduced that have performed in field applications to improve the behavior of earth materials. The same agents and materials subjected to standardized laboratory tests have often resulted in no improvement. For example, the tests often require pulverization of materials to finer states than are needed in the field or may require remolding when field applications are done in situ, as with injection applications. Some of the physical tests do not place treated materials in a situation resembling conditions in the field, yet they are applied to determine the use of these agents. The experiences of …
Multiobjective Optimization Design With Pareto Genetic Algorithm, Franklin Y. Cheng, Dan Li
Multiobjective Optimization Design With Pareto Genetic Algorithm, Franklin Y. Cheng, Dan Li
Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
This paper presents a constrained multiobjective (multicriterion, vector) optimization methodology by integrating a Pareto genetic algorithm (GA) and a fuzzy penalty function method. A Pareto GA generates a Pareto optimal subset from which a robust and compromise design can be selected. This Pareto GA consists of five basic operators: reproduction, crossover, mutation, niche, and the Pareto-set filter. The niche and the Paretoset filter are defined, and fitness for a multiobjective optimization problem is constructed. A fuzzy-logic penalty function method is developed with a combination of deterministic, probabilistic, and vague environments that are consistent with GA operation theory based on randomness …