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Articles 481 - 510 of 1085
Full-Text Articles in Architecture
Architecture Against Crime, Salah Missi Teaching Professor, Faculty Of Architecture – Design & Built Environment,, Maged Youssef Assistant Professor, Faculty Of Architecture – Design & Built Environment
Architecture Against Crime, Salah Missi Teaching Professor, Faculty Of Architecture – Design & Built Environment,, Maged Youssef Assistant Professor, Faculty Of Architecture – Design & Built Environment
BAU Journal - Health and Wellbeing
The accelerated development in the industry of weapons has reshaped the human behaviors, which led to spreading of wars and terrorism. Since World War I, homeless people could not live without making crimes as a source of income. Residential compounds, private proprieties, and public projects have become attraction points magnetizing robbers. Consequently, architects have realized the importance to use design strategies reducing crimes. The scale of crime prevention is varied to cover a single building or a group of buildings. This paper proposes awareness-guidelines for 'architecture against crime' to be considered before setting the urban design of residential compounds in …
Investigating The Effect Of Urban Built Environmenton Mental Health(Depression): Case Study Of Damietta City, Egypt, Mona Maria Master Student, Department Of Architecture, Faculty Of Engineering, Hany M. Ayad Professor, Department Of Architecture, Faculty Of Engineering, Rania Raslan Lecturer (Phd Holder), Department Of Architecture, Faculty Of Engineering
Investigating The Effect Of Urban Built Environmenton Mental Health(Depression): Case Study Of Damietta City, Egypt, Mona Maria Master Student, Department Of Architecture, Faculty Of Engineering, Hany M. Ayad Professor, Department Of Architecture, Faculty Of Engineering, Rania Raslan Lecturer (Phd Holder), Department Of Architecture, Faculty Of Engineering
BAU Journal - Health and Wellbeing
Mental health disorders account for 7.4% of the burden of disease, and are now the leading cause of long-term disability worldwide. This paper explores the impact of the attributes of the built environment on mental health. It is difficult to measure mental health, so depression has been chosen to indicate it as the most common form of mental illness and its prevalence is projected to increase (CDC, 2013a) and it can be measured. Depression was assessed in across sectional survey of residents on (n=445) which has been divided into 4 study areas. Each 2 areas have the same socio-economic characteristics …
Designing For A Healthy And Cultureintegrative Urban Environment: Thecase Study Of Al-Diriyah Triangle, Sami Al-Sabbagh1 Architect,
Designing For A Healthy And Cultureintegrative Urban Environment: Thecase Study Of Al-Diriyah Triangle, Sami Al-Sabbagh1 Architect,
BAU Journal - Health and Wellbeing
Problem Definition: The given situation is pushing urban designer and planner to think of solutions that could help alleviate the threats of the rapid growth repercussions and plan for a better living urban environment. Aim and Objectives:This paper examines the possibility of planning future urban developments through the application of modern sustainable urban models and solution as well as learn from century old environmentally responsive architectural and urban practices. Methodology: This paper will take the Case Study of Al-Diriyah Triangle project in Riyadh – Saudi Arabia, a new urban development bordering Wadi Hanifa and neighboring to the historic core of …
Monitoring Daily Mobility Patterns For Universitystudents Using Gps Tracking: Tripoli As A Case Study, Nabil Mohareb Associate Professor , Faculty Of Architecture, Design And Built Environment, Osama Omar Assistant Professor, Faculty Of Architecture – Design & Built Environment
Monitoring Daily Mobility Patterns For Universitystudents Using Gps Tracking: Tripoli As A Case Study, Nabil Mohareb Associate Professor , Faculty Of Architecture, Design And Built Environment, Osama Omar Assistant Professor, Faculty Of Architecture – Design & Built Environment
BAU Journal - Health and Wellbeing
Due to the current rapid growth of cities and technology, younger generations are spending more time in vehicles for their daily trips from home to various destinations, including their educational facilities. It is important to understand how people are using these spaces, and measuring this ‘understanding’ would need to consider a huge number of factors. This paper aims to help understand the pattern of movements in Tripoli city by monitoring Beirut Arab University students for a defined period of time using a GPS tracking method, and then comparing it with the spatial configuration of the city. This preliminary pilot study …
Zero Carbon City- Masdar City Critical Analysis, Walid Fouad Omar Professor, Department Of Architecture, Faculty Of Fine Arts
Zero Carbon City- Masdar City Critical Analysis, Walid Fouad Omar Professor, Department Of Architecture, Faculty Of Fine Arts
BAU Journal - Health and Wellbeing
Climate has a direct impact on the performance of buildings and their energy consumption especially in hot arid areas. In these areas, the lack of water and energy sources forces people to build their houses with several strategies, based on minimum energy consumption as using the environment natural climatic strategies for coping with harsh conditions as vernacular architecture. In order to apply and achieve sustainable building in hot and humid climates, efforts must be put into understanding the local climate, and integrating appropriate building technologies into the architectural and urban designs. Today, the continuous progress in technologies offered new means …
Identifying Challenges To Project Outcomes From A Transportation Project Owner Perspective, Evan D. Bingham, Clifton B. Farnsworth, Rebecca O. Warr, James P. Smith
Identifying Challenges To Project Outcomes From A Transportation Project Owner Perspective, Evan D. Bingham, Clifton B. Farnsworth, Rebecca O. Warr, James P. Smith
The Professional Constructor
Transportation project owners are often concerned with the risks associated with construction, because these challenges can directly affect project outcomes and often lead to increased time and cost for projects. It is, therefore, vital to identify challenges early within the project life cycle. Transportation project delivery has evolved to strengthen the influence that the owner has upon the project, transitioning away from the exclusive use of traditional Design-Bid-Build to the more innovative and involved approaches of Design-Build and Construction Manager / General Contractor. Unfortunately, this has resulted in increased owner risk. In this research, transportation project owners were asked to …
A Culture-Based Analysis Of Construction Management Students’ Conflict Management Styles, David W. Martin
A Culture-Based Analysis Of Construction Management Students’ Conflict Management Styles, David W. Martin
The Professional Constructor
The use of collaborative project delivery systems in the construction industry requires cooperation and shared management of the construction process to achieve success. This growth in collaborative systems requires project representatives to effectively manage conflict. Project failures utilizing collaborative methods are frequently attributed to an inability of project representatives to collaboratively resolve conflict. Research suggests that minorities are prone to use a collaborative conflict management style and the inclusion of minorities in construction management (CM) roles can reduce negative conflict. The growing evidence that increasing workforce diversity in CM is beneficial to the industry indicates that there is value in …
Role Of Infrastructure In The Success Of Residential Developments In Michigan, Aditi Hardekar, M.G. Matt Syal
Role Of Infrastructure In The Success Of Residential Developments In Michigan, Aditi Hardekar, M.G. Matt Syal
The Professional Constructor
Infrastructure systems are critical for the success of a residential development. These systems include the infrastructure within and around the development as well as facilities and amenities in the surrounding area. Most of the residential development literature tend to focus on the planning, layout, social aspects, and the residential units itself, but lack emphasis on the infrastructure systems. This paper identified supporting infrastructure for residential developments based on the review of research and industry literature, and several case studies nationwide. The availability and absence of infrastructure systems were investigated in each case study. The review led to the identification of …
Change Management In Construction: Necessity, Obstacles,And Suggested Solutions, Ihab M. H. Saad
Change Management In Construction: Necessity, Obstacles,And Suggested Solutions, Ihab M. H. Saad
The Professional Constructor
The construction industry is one of the major harbingers of the economy of any industrialized nation. Its contribution to the Gross Domestic Product is undeniable. The major economic downturn that lasted from 2008 to 2011 resulted in a lot of change in the industry personnel at both the administration and labor force levels. This resulted in expediting the retirement of a generation of seasoned professionals, and creating a gap in the ranks of construction firms that is still to be completely filled. Similar impacts followed the uncertainty resulting recently from Covid-19 and the economic instability and uncertainty it caused. One …
Pert, Cpm And The Tangled History Of Network Scheduling, Charles Christopher Smith, Vivek Sharma, Gregory B. Baecher
Pert, Cpm And The Tangled History Of Network Scheduling, Charles Christopher Smith, Vivek Sharma, Gregory B. Baecher
The Professional Constructor
The origins of two network scheduling techniques: The Program Evaluation Review Technique (PERT); and the Critical Path Method (CPM) are examined. Prior accounts hold that each are different and were created separately. PERT, developed within the U. S. Navy’s highly classified POLARIS nuclear missile program which began in 1955. CPM, the creation of American industrial concerns E. I. du Pont de Nemours (du Pont) and Remington Rand UNIVAC. With the objective of settling “an acrimonious dispute over parentage,” this research examines the literature and the original forms of PERT and CPM noting their ‘dead ring’ resemblances, synchronous development timelines, while …
Micro-Housing In Seattle Update: Combating “Seattle-Ization”, Taylor Haines
Micro-Housing In Seattle Update: Combating “Seattle-Ization”, Taylor Haines
Seattle University Law Review Online
No abstract provided.
Project Risk Management In Malaysian Oil And Gas Industry: Implementation By Epc Local Contractor, Che Rosli Zaim Aiman
Project Risk Management In Malaysian Oil And Gas Industry: Implementation By Epc Local Contractor, Che Rosli Zaim Aiman
Student Works (2020-2029)
The megaproject in Downstream Sector of Oil and Gas Industry only achieve 50% success rate which warrants attention by researchers. The Owners and Contractors are not fully aware on the full range of project risks and only few have demonstrated the knowledge and expertise in managing risk effectively. The common understanding had by the EPC Contractor is they are having the full flexibility and freedom in performing execution work by maximizing profit while still complying towards client’s requirement as the contract price has been fixed during award stage. However, there is a hidden risk which seldomly being placed attention by …
Impact Of Motivation Factors On Workforce Productivity In Tenaga Nasional Berhad, Hassan Muhammad Hafeez
Impact Of Motivation Factors On Workforce Productivity In Tenaga Nasional Berhad, Hassan Muhammad Hafeez
Student Works (2020-2029)
Motivation factors are an important aspect in workforce productivity. In an organization, workforce motivation are among the main important criteria to ensure a smooth and stable business operation. The motivation of workforce will directly impact the individual, organization and team in an organization which will also influence the organizational behavior. This research aim is to investigate the impact of motivation factors on workforce productivity in Tenaga Nasional Berhad. The objectives of the research is to explore the motivation factor affecting workforce motivation, to investigate the impact of motivation factor on workforce productivity and to recommend on how to improve motivation …
Quality Management In Oil And Gas Turnaround/Shutdown Projects, Rosli Ghadaffi
Quality Management In Oil And Gas Turnaround/Shutdown Projects, Rosli Ghadaffi
Student Works (2020-2029)
This study discusses the problem of defining quality in the oil and gas industry, to determine possible benefits of implementing quality, and to identify barriers of quality implementation in the oil and gas industry. Quality management is the process for ensuring that all project activities necessary to design, plan and implement a project are effective and efficient with respect to the purpose of the objective and its performance. Specifically in the oil and gas Turnaround Maintenance / Shut down Maintenance project, a comprehensive understanding of issues related to project quality is required. This research aims to investigate the benefit and …
Blind Image Quality Assessment For Face Pose Problem, Cerine Tafran, Mohamad El-Abed, Ziad Osman, Islam Elkabani
Blind Image Quality Assessment For Face Pose Problem, Cerine Tafran, Mohamad El-Abed, Ziad Osman, Islam Elkabani
BAU Journal - Science and Technology
No-Reference image quality assessment for face images is of high interest since it can be required for biometric systems such as biometric passport applications to increase system performance. This can be achieved by controlling the quality of biometric sample images during enrollment. This paper proposes a novel no-reference image quality assessment method that extracts several image features and uses data mining techniques for detecting the pose variation problem in facial images. Using subsets from three public 2D face databases PUT, ENSIB, and AR, the experimental results recorded a promising accuracy of 97.06% when using the RandomForest Classifier, which outperforms other …
Studies Of Smba2cu3o7-Δ / Znfe2o4 Superconducting Composites, Hadi Basma, Waleed Abdeen, Ayman El-Tahan, El-Maghraby El-Maghraby, Ahmed Khalaf
Studies Of Smba2cu3o7-Δ / Znfe2o4 Superconducting Composites, Hadi Basma, Waleed Abdeen, Ayman El-Tahan, El-Maghraby El-Maghraby, Ahmed Khalaf
BAU Journal - Science and Technology
SmBa2Cu3O7-δ /(ZnFe2O4)x superconducting composites with 0.00 ≤ x ≤ 0.20 wt% were prepared by the usual solid-state reaction method. The prepared samples were investigated using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) at room temperature and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements in the temperature range (100-295 K). It is found that EPR spectra are dominated by an anisotropic Cu2+ EPR pattern. Moreover, the EPR spectral intensity increases as the temperature decrease from room temperature down to 100 K. The number of spins (N) participating in EPR resonance, the activation energy (Ea), the paramagnetic susceptibility (c) and the effective magnetic moment (µeff) are calculated …
Potential Male Contraceptive Effect Of Eriobotrya Japonica Leaves Extract, Alaa Al Moubarak, Manal El Joumaa, Jamilah Borjac
Potential Male Contraceptive Effect Of Eriobotrya Japonica Leaves Extract, Alaa Al Moubarak, Manal El Joumaa, Jamilah Borjac
BAU Journal - Science and Technology
Nowadays, the stability of population growth is becoming one of the common global social and health problems that could be solved via contraception. Current research in the field of male contraceptives is focusing on the use of oral herbs. Eriobotrya japonica (Loquat) is a medicinal plant that has been commonly valued for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, hypocholesteremic, and antitumor properties. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of the oral administration of loquat aqueous leaves extract on the fertility of male Balb/c mice. For this aim, six-eight-weeks old male Balb/c mice (~25g) were orally administered (100 mg/Kg/day) loquat leaves …
Dielectric Properties Of Cu0.5tl0.5ba2ca2cu3o10-Δ Superconductor Added With Nano-Fe2o3, Aly Abou-Aly, Ibrahim Ibrahim, Nayera Mohammed, Mona Rekaby
Dielectric Properties Of Cu0.5tl0.5ba2ca2cu3o10-Δ Superconductor Added With Nano-Fe2o3, Aly Abou-Aly, Ibrahim Ibrahim, Nayera Mohammed, Mona Rekaby
BAU Journal - Science and Technology
A series of high-temperature superconducting samples of type Cu0.5Tl0.5Ba2Ca2Cu3O10-δ, (Cu0.5Tl0.5)-1223, added with nano-Fe2O3 (0.0- 1.0 wt. %) was prepared by a solid-state reaction technique via short time preparation procedure and under ambient pressure. The prepared samples were characterized using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) for phase analysis and microstructure examination. The volume fraction results indicated that nano-Fe2O3 addition was significant in enhancing the formation rate of the (Cu0.5Tl0.5)-1223 phase, especially for x ≤ 0.2 wt. % samples. The electrical resistivity of the prepared samples was measured by the conventional four-probe technique from …
Customer Churn Analysis Using Binary Logistic Regression Model, Mohammad Abiad, Sorin Ionescu
Customer Churn Analysis Using Binary Logistic Regression Model, Mohammad Abiad, Sorin Ionescu
BAU Journal - Science and Technology
These days, the fundamental target of all organizations is to accomplish a reasonable gainfulness. Organizations are looking to decide the elements, which has direct impact on their benefit and attempt to investigate them so as to pick up favorable circumstances on their rivals. With this solid aggressive market, holding customers turns into the fundamental objective of telecom mobile service providers opposed to drawing in new customers, since the expense of holding a customer is viewed as low contrasted with the expense of pulling in another customer as referenced before by numerous researchers. Thus, Customer Churn Analytics is one of the …
Solvent Effects On The Electronic Absorption Spectra Of Some Analytical Indicators, Mamdouh S. Masoud, Rabah H.A. Mohamed, Hesham M. Kamel, Najat O. M. El-Ziani
Solvent Effects On The Electronic Absorption Spectra Of Some Analytical Indicators, Mamdouh S. Masoud, Rabah H.A. Mohamed, Hesham M. Kamel, Najat O. M. El-Ziani
BAU Journal - Science and Technology
Electronic absorption spectra of selected ligands (Alloxan, Carmine, Naphthol Yellow S, Hematoxylin and Cyanine) were recorded in presence of different solvents (H2O, Ethyl acetate, Ethanol, DMF, Isopropyl alcohol, Amyl alcohol and Butanol) of variable physical properties. The electronic transitions were assigned. The data are analyzed based on the multiple linear regression technique explained from the views of different solvent parameters. Statistical analyses of the effect of solvents on the electronic spectra of the present ligands have been investigated.
Performance Of Concrete Containing Waste Plastic Straw Fibers, Jamal Khatib, Ali Jahami, Oussama Baalbaki, Adel Elkordi, Abed Bakri, Roba Alaina
Performance Of Concrete Containing Waste Plastic Straw Fibers, Jamal Khatib, Ali Jahami, Oussama Baalbaki, Adel Elkordi, Abed Bakri, Roba Alaina
BAU Journal - Science and Technology
Using fibers in concrete applications has become a common practice. This is partly due to improvement in ductility and crack control of concrete. There will be an added advantage if these fibers come from a waste source as it would lead to reduction in environmental pollution and the need for landfill spaces. This paper forms the initial part of a wide range investigation on the use of waste plastic fibers in concrete applications. This study attempts to apply the concept of sustainability and reduces the environmental pollution by producing fibers from waste plastic straws and adding them to plain concrete …
Effect Of Partial Replacement Of Sand By Mswi-Ba On The Properties Of Mortar, Hassan Ghanem, Jamal Khatib, Adel Elkordi
Effect Of Partial Replacement Of Sand By Mswi-Ba On The Properties Of Mortar, Hassan Ghanem, Jamal Khatib, Adel Elkordi
BAU Journal - Science and Technology
Disposal of municipal solid wastes (MSW) has recently become a major problem in Lebanon as finding appropriate landfill is becoming more challenging than ever. Incineration is a technique currently used to reduce the volume of MSW generated. The output of this treatment is a residue well known as Municipal Solid Waste Incineration bottom and fly ash. This study is focused on the mortar containing Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash (MSWI-BA) as partial replacement of sand. For this purpose, mortar specimens were prepared with 25, 50 and 100% (by weight) MSWI-BA to replace the sand. Specimens were cured in water …
Behavior Of Reinforced Concrete Beams Containing Lightweight Aggregate In The Tensile Zone, Jamal Khatib, Ali Jahami, Oussama Baalbaki, Adel Elkordi, Hakim Abdelgader
Behavior Of Reinforced Concrete Beams Containing Lightweight Aggregate In The Tensile Zone, Jamal Khatib, Ali Jahami, Oussama Baalbaki, Adel Elkordi, Hakim Abdelgader
BAU Journal - Science and Technology
In reinforced concrete design, the concrete in the tensile zone is assumed to be ineffective and increase the dead load of the structural elements. In order to reduce the self-weight, this paper examines the structural behavior of reinforced concrete beams containing lightweight concrete in the tensile region and normal weight concrete in the rest of the beam. The lightweight concrete was made from waste polystyrene. Four reinforced concrete beams were prepared with different depth of lightweight concrete. The control beam B1 consists of normal concrete. In Beams B2, B3 and B4, the depth of lightweight concrete was 25%, 50% and …
Fuzzy Logic Velocity Optimization Of Autonomous Vehicles Based On Road Bump Geometry, Yassine Zein, Mohamad Darwiche
Fuzzy Logic Velocity Optimization Of Autonomous Vehicles Based On Road Bump Geometry, Yassine Zein, Mohamad Darwiche
BAU Journal - Science and Technology
In today’s world of fast developing technologies, semi-autonomous vehicles are becoming a common sight and increasing in numbers. Some feature autopilot systems that drive the vehicle without any intervention from the driver in certain situations or warn the driver of dangers ahead. A fully autonomous vehicle is yet to come due to old fashioned road infrastructures that would convey challenging scenarios for it. From speed bumps and traffic lights to road lanes and warning signs, current autopilot systems will have to cope with all. A system that ensures safe crossing of speed bumps when in autopilot mode is discussed in …
Emergency Vehicles Allocation Model For Urban City, Ramzi Fayad, Hadi Abou Chakra
Emergency Vehicles Allocation Model For Urban City, Ramzi Fayad, Hadi Abou Chakra
BAU Journal - Science and Technology
The Emergency Medical Service (EMS) plays a vital role in any community. The accessibility, distribution, and utilization of the emergency health care services have a great impact on the effectiveness and the efficiency of the EMS. In this study, an algorithm has been devised to optimize choosing the appropriate station location, allocating the right number of emergency vehicles to a station, and directing the critical and non-critical patients to the most suitable hospitals. XPRESS-MP solver engine was used in this study to derive a deterministic mathematical model using mixed integer linear programming. This model is customized for Beirut city. The …
Assessment Of Healthcare Waste Management In Hospitals Of South Lebanon, Mona Tfaily, Salim Moussa
Assessment Of Healthcare Waste Management In Hospitals Of South Lebanon, Mona Tfaily, Salim Moussa
BAU Journal - Health and Wellbeing
Healthcare wastes (HCW) are produced in any healthcare setting during diagnosis, medical care, operation or injection process or during research studies. The management of such wastes is becoming a great issue since they pose many health risks and environmental damage. Hence, this study was carried out to assess the level of healthcare waste management in hospitals of South Lebanon. A cross sectional study was conducted in five hospitals located in South Lebanon (A, B, C, D and E). The Individualized Rapid Assessment Tool (I-RAT) developed in 2009 as part of the UNDP GEF Global Project on Healthcare Waste, was the …
Hospital-Acquired Infection Role In Unplanned Extubation Of Endotracheal Tubes In Critical Care Units In Lebanon, Ahmad El Tassi
Hospital-Acquired Infection Role In Unplanned Extubation Of Endotracheal Tubes In Critical Care Units In Lebanon, Ahmad El Tassi
BAU Journal - Health and Wellbeing
Controlling Hospital-acquired Infections remains the cornerstone for improving patient safety during hospitalization. It continues one of the most common and costly problems facing critically ill patients in intensive care units. Disrupting mechanical ventilation, commonly performed in the intensive care unit, via unplanned extubation, whether deliberate or accidental, is a nightmare to any critical care practitioner. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the role of Hospital-acquired Infections on unplanned extubation in adult critical care units at a Lebanese university hospital. A Case-control design was implemented. All medical records of patients admitted to critical care units over the last …
Effectiveness Of A Health Education Intervention About Influenza And Vaccine In Secondary Schools In South Lebanon, Israa Assaf, Salim Moussa
Effectiveness Of A Health Education Intervention About Influenza And Vaccine In Secondary Schools In South Lebanon, Israa Assaf, Salim Moussa
BAU Journal - Health and Wellbeing
Seasonal influenza is an intense respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses that circulate all around the world. In Lebanon, there is a lack of national flu awareness campaigns. Schools’ students are truly outstanding and viable sources to spread the awareness and strive for the conduct change in the general population. Hence, this study was carried out to test the effectiveness of a health education intervention in improving the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) toward influenza and its vaccine among secondary schools’ students in South Lebanon. This is a Pre/Post research study conducted in four schools located in South Lebanon. A …
Concept Mapping Versus Traditional Teaching Method On Health Sciences’ Students’ Score, Mirna Fawaz, Ayman El Khatib, Germine El Kassas, Said El Shamieh
Concept Mapping Versus Traditional Teaching Method On Health Sciences’ Students’ Score, Mirna Fawaz, Ayman El Khatib, Germine El Kassas, Said El Shamieh
BAU Journal - Health and Wellbeing
In the recent years, health care systems have been dynamically changing which demanded modifications in health care education. Current educational models are becoming more and more obsolete in enhancing the professional level of both teachers and students. Concepts maps are effective tools in processing large amounts of information, comprehending new concepts, as well as in generating information and amplifying creativity levels. The aim of this study is to compare the concept mapping versus traditional teaching method on Health Sciences’ students’ score. A Quasi-experimental design was implemented in the study. The study revealed that there was a significant difference between learning …
Assessment Of The Occlusal Characteristics Of The Primary Dentition Among Lebanese Pre-School Children: A Base Line Study Cross-Sectional Study, Sherine B.Y. Badr, Sara H.Yahfoufi
Assessment Of The Occlusal Characteristics Of The Primary Dentition Among Lebanese Pre-School Children: A Base Line Study Cross-Sectional Study, Sherine B.Y. Badr, Sara H.Yahfoufi
BAU Journal - Health and Wellbeing
One of the most important goals in pediatric dentistry is to achieve and maintain a normal occlusion throughout the development of the child. Any deviation from the normal dentofacial growth pattern might lead to esthetic and functional problems in the future. These changes can be noticed during regular dental checkups, and actions can be taken to reduce their effect on the developing dentition. The aim of this study is to assess the occlusal characteristics of primary dentition in children under 6 years of age, attending the BAU output dental clinics and a number of private schools. This cross-sectional study was …