Digital Commons Network^™

The Association Between Uncertainty, Reproductive Distress, And Avoidance In Assigned Female At Birth Adolescent And Young Adult (Aya-F) Cancer Survivors, Devon Ann Pons

Doctoral Dissertations

Family building and fertility is a complex component of survivorship for assigned female at birth Adolescent and Young Adult’s (AYA-F’s), often accompanied by a mix of cognitive uncertainty, emotional uncertainty, reproductive distress, and avoidance. These psychological components present in survivorship for AYA-F’s can impact coping, identity development, and individualized care plans throughout survivorship. This novel examination of data from a cross sectional study shed light on the associations between reproductive distress, uncertainty, and avoidance and how they are experienced differently by various subgroups within the sample.

Results demonstrate that reproductive distress fully mediated the association between emotional uncertainty and avoidance, …

The Effects Of Online Mind Mapping On The Cognitive Outcomes Of Students And Their Perceptions In The Collaborative Prewriting Stage, Yen Thanh Hai Duong

Doctoral Dissertations

In language acquisition, writing is the most challenging skill that English learners must master. Students often struggle at the beginning of their writing process with idea generation. Due to students’ low academic achievement and their struggles, online mind mapping is suggested as a useful tool to support language students’ brainstorms and idea organization during the writing process. The purpose of this mixed-method study was to investigate how online mind mapping can help students collaboratively brainstorm and organize their ideas during the prewriting process. This study focused on the effects of online mind-mapping intervention on student academic writing performance and perceptions …

Emergence: Social Movements, Law Enforcement, And Defending The Sanctity Of Life, Diana Elizabeth Aroche

Doctoral Dissertations

This study examines the aftermath of national social movements advocating for police reforms and accountability, with San Francisco emerging as a pivotal city at the forefront of criminal justice and policing transformations. Rebuilding community trust and implementing substantive police reforms aimed at preserving lives has proven to be a formidable challenge. The convergence of interests among all stakeholders, driven by a shared commitment to dismantling institutional racism and implementing reforms that fostered trust with communities of color and law enforcement, played a pivotal role.

A significant aspect of this reform process has been the development of social movement convergence, where …

The Aspirations Of The Youth Of South Sudan Towards Tertiary Technical Education, Peace, Development And Civic Engagements, Sunil Orathel

Doctoral Dissertations

South Sudan, the youngest nation in the world, gained independence on July 9, 2011, following many long years of civil war and untold human suffering. After a decade of independence and millions spent from international assistance, neither stability nor development have been secured in the country. Although primary education is improving, tertiary education, particularly tertiary technical education, is considered a neglected sector. This descriptive mixed-method study documents and analyzes 1,461 surveys and 60 interviews, capturing the aspirations of the secondary school youth and stakeholders across the nation of South Sudan towards tertiary technical education, peace, development and civic engagements. Historical …

The Experience Of Caregiver Burden And Burnout Among Resident Directors, Tanya Koroyan

Doctoral Dissertations

The goal of this study was to understand the experiences of caregiver burden and burnout for Resident Directors (RDs). RDs live on campus and support students through traumatic experiences by serving in an “on-call” capacity. Student emergencies that RDs respond to include mental health concerns, sexual violence and sexual harassment, suicidal ideation, self-harm, grief, physical assault, etc. There is little research on understanding this work's experience and potential long-term implications.

Through a constructivist-interpretivist research paradigm and phenomenological qualitative methodology, nine interviews took place with individuals who had previously been RDs at Bay Area University, a large public institution in the …

Can Confidence Influence Persuasiveness In Disagreements By Conveying Competence Versus Dominance? The Moderating Role Of Competitiveness, Laura Rees, Ming-Hong Tsai, Shirli Kopelman, Hsiu-Hua Hu

Research Collection School of Social Sciences

Research has demonstrated that confident individuals gain social influence because their confidence signals competence rather than dominance in settings in which they do not experience a disagreement with others. We extend this research by exploring felt competitiveness, as reflected by perceptions of goal opposition between perceivers and others. In settings where people experience a disagreement, we explore the impact of felt competitiveness on the association between expressed confidence and social perceptions of the expresser’s competence and dominance, and how these shape persuasiveness. We conducted a field study examining dyadic interactions between coworkers (Study 1) and two experimentsmanipulating competitiveness and confidence …

Validity Of Apple Watch, Garmin Forerunner® 935 And Geneactiv For Estimating Energy Expenditure During Close Quarter Battle Training In Special Forces Soldiers, Angela Uphill, Kristina L. Kendall, Alison Fogarty, Stuart Guppy, Hannah Brown, Travis Zomer, Simon Parker, G. Gregory Haff

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

The purpose of this study was to investigate the validity of three wrist-worn devices for estimating energy expenditure (EE) and heart rate (HR) during close “Close Quarter Battle” (CQB). Fifty male soldiers (mean ± SD: age 30.9 ± 4.6 years, height: 1.81 ± 0.64 m and body mass 87.3 ± 7.7 kg) wore three activity monitors (Apple Watch 5, Garmin Forerunner® 935 and GENEActiv accelerometer), a Metamax 3B metabolic cart and a Polar chest strap, whilst conducting a CQB training activity (duration: 26.6 ± 5.0 min). EE and HR data from each test device were compared against criterion measures using …

Retinal Dystrophies Associated With Peripherin-2: Genetic Spectrum And Novel Clinical Observations In 241 Patients, Rachael C. Heath Jeffery, Jennifer A. Thompson, Johnny Lo, Enid S. Chelva, Sean Armstrong, Jose S. Pulido, Rebecca Procopio, Andrea L. Vincent, Lorenzo Bianco, Maurizio Battaglia Parodi, Lucia Ziccardi, Giulio Antonelli, Lucilla Barbano, João P. Marques, Sara Geada, Ana L. Carvalho, Wei C. Tang, Choi M. Chan, Camiel J.F. Boon, Jonathan Hensman, Ta Ching Chen, Chien Yu Lin, Pei Lung Chen, Ajoy Vincent, Anupreet Tumber, Elise Heon

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Purpose:

To describe the clinical, electrophysiological and genetic spectrum of inherited retinal diseases associated with variants in the PRPH2 gene.

Methods.

A total of 241 patients from 168 families across 15 sites in 9 countries with pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in PRPH2 were included. Records were reviewed for age at symptom onset, visual acuity, full-field ERG, fundus colour photography, fundus autofluorescence (FAF), and SD-OCT. Images were graded into six phenotypes. Statistical analyses were performed to determine genotype–phenotype correlations.

Results:

The median age at symptom onset was 40 years (range, 4–78 years). FAF phenotypes included normal (5%), butterfly pattern dystrophy, …

Do Executive Functions Buffer Against Covid-19 Fear And Stress? A Latent Variable Approach, Tina Li Yi Ng, Nadyanna M. Majeed, Verity Yu Qing Lua, Andree Hartanto

Research Collection School of Social Sciences

Levels of COVID-19 stress have soared worldwide as a result of the pandemic. Given the pernicious psychological and physiological effects of stress, there is an urgent need for us to protect populations against the pandemic’s psychological impact. While there exists literature documenting the prevalence of COVID-19 stress among various populations, insufficient research has investigated psychological factors that might mitigate this worrying trend. To address this gap in the literature, the current study seeks to examine executive functions as a potential cognitive buffer against COVID-19 stress. To do so, the study adopted a latent variable approach to examine three latent factors …

Ein Bericht Aus Einer Akademie: Writing About Germany's Lost Jewish Scholars, 80 Years On, J.G. Allen

Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law

This volume explores the life and work of F.A. Mann—a German-born and (mostly) German-educated jurist who spent the operative parts of his professional life in the United Kingdom (UK). The project on which the volume is based set out to understand Mann’s life as a lawyer and describe his legacy—in English law, and also in German, European, and international law.

The Role Of Cosmopolitan Orientation In Covid-19-Related Attitudes: Perceived Threats And Opportunities, Vaccination Willingness, And Support For Collective Containment Efforts, Angela K. Y. Leung, Brandon Koh, Verity Yu Qing Lua, James H. Liu, Sarah Y. Choi, I-Ching Lee, Michelle Lee, Mei-Hua Lin, Darrin Hodgetts, Sylvia X. Chen

Research Collection School of Social Sciences

Cosmopolitan individuals identify themselves as "citizens of the world." In the present research, we tested the idea that endorsing a cosmopolitan orientation (CO) is adaptive in the COVID-19 crisis. Cosmopolitan individuals more readily transcend national parochialism, show greater concern for all humanity, and prioritize collective interests. In a two-wave multi-region investigation with six samples from China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Malaysia, Singapore, and the U.S., we first established longitudinal and cross-cultural measurement invariance of the CO scale. Next, we found that people with a higher CO tended to perceive over time a greater threat posed by COVID-19, take more safety measures, …

Untangling Influence: The Effect Of Follower-Followee Comparison On Social Media Engagement, Yi Peng, Liling Lu

Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business

Social media platforms and marketers are keen on identifying truly influential creators. Number of followers (i.e., those who follow creators) and number of followees (i.e., those who are followed by creators) serve as cues to infer creators' influence. However, a cue of creators' actual influence is under-addressed and its effect on social media engagement remains to be explored. This research fills the gap in the literature by investigating how the cue of creators' actual influence (i.e., follower-followee comparison) may affect followers' engagement behavior. The study further examines the moderation effects of media-, topic-, and creator-related factors. The present work leverages …

Misgendering As A Microaggression: Gender Expression And Trans Pedagogy, Mylene Gibbs

McNair Research Journal SJSU

No abstract provided.

The Role Of Radiotherapy In The Complex Treatment Of Mycosis Fungoides; A Case Report, Laura Florentina Rebegea, Claudia-Elena Pavel, Nadejda Corobcean, Ana Maria Ilie, Dorel Firescu, Madalin Guliciuc, Elena Niculet, Mihaela Dumitru, Daniela Mihalache, Flavius Bulgaru, Roxana-Andreea Rahnea-Nita

Journal of Mind and Medical Sciences

Introduction. Mycosis fungoides (MF) is the most common form of primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Radiotherapy induces excellent response rates in the treatment of localized or extensive lesions of MF, both as monotherapy and as part of a multidisciplinary treatment. Total skin irradiation with electrons or protons is available in a limited number of medical centers and is mainly used in patients with extensive MF. Case presentation. It is presented the case of a 47-year-old patient who developed erythematous papules and plaques on the chest, upper limbs, face and scalp, initially diagnosed as chronic eczema and treated with systemic corticotherapy, antihistamines …

Single Case Experimental Design Examining Cognitive Behavioural Therapy For Post-Stroke Depression, Liam Alexander Mackenzie Myles, Emma Jones

Journal of Mind and Medical Sciences

Background. Post-stroke depression (PSD) is common in older-age adults and is typically treated with cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT). However, research has ascertained mixed findings regarding the efficacy of CBT for PSD in older-age adults, with limited evidence in people from global majority backgrounds. Materials and Methods. This case study used single case experimental design methodology to examine the effectiveness of CBT for PSD in a black, older-age man. The effects of health conditions, cohort beliefs, transitions in role investments, socio-cultural context and early experiences on the client’s thoughts, emotions, physical sensations and behaviours were formulated, before behavioural activation was used to …

Efficacy Of Tranexamic Acid In Nasopharyngeal Hemorrhage; Single Center Prospective Study And Literature Review, Septar Haldun, Andra-Iulia Suceveanu, Mihai Lupascu, Laura Mazilu, Alina Nicoara, Viorel Gherghina, Felix Voinea, Razvan Hainarosie, Alexandru Aristide Alexe, Ana Maria Dascalu, Adrian Paul Suceveanu

Journal of Mind and Medical Sciences

Nasopharyngeal hemorrhage is one of the most common ear, nose, and throat (ENT) emergencies that present in a hospital or primary care clinic. While many cases of hemorrhage are self-limiting, in more severe cases medical intervention is necessary, either to cauterize the bleeding vessel or to pack the nose with various materials (thus involving specialized medical care and time, which implicitly lead to additional costs). In the case of the packaging, the medical treatment can in some cases be extremely painful and unpleasant. Tranexamic acid is an affordable, inexpensive, easy-to-use antifibrinolytic agent and with no notable side effects, as demonstrated …

Affective Temperaments And Personality Traits In Couple Well-Being, Carmela Mento, Chiara La Barbiera, Maria Catena Silvestri, Maria Rosaria Anna Muscatello, Clemente Cedro, Antonio Bruno, Gianluca Pandolfo, Fiammetta Iannuzzo, Clara Lombardo

Journal of Mind and Medical Sciences

Background. The objective of this study is to establish the link between affective temperament traits and maladaptive personality traits, to verify whether the potential presence of elements related to emotional, affective and dysfunctional relational functioning can affect the couple satisfaction, modifying the well-being or discomfort condition. Materials and Methods. A data collection questionnaire was developed to investigate the factors associated with dysfunctional emotional, affective, and relational modes of functioning. The sample consisted of 473 subjects. Data were collected including the TEMPS-A questionnaire, The Dirty Dozen Italian Assessment and the Relationship Assessment Scale (RAS). Results. The findings of this study showed …

Medical And Psychological Management Of Patients With A History Of Surgical Treatment For Pancreatic Diseases, Magdalena Țone, Daniel Cochior, Oana Denisa Balalau, Tomescu Dana Rodica, Cristian Balalau, Teodora Mocan, Aurelian Udristoiu, Gabriel Petre Gorecki

Journal of Mind and Medical Sciences

Background. Pancreatic cancer, known for its high mortality rate and late diagnosis, remains a significant health concern. Surgery offers a potential therapeutic remedy, but it is only valid in the early stage of detection. Increasing risk factors and an aging population are expected to raise the incidence of pancreatic cancer, further challenging healthcare systems. Methods. The general objective of this study was to analyze doctors' experiences regarding the health status of patients with benign pancreatic pathology who underwent surgery and were admitted to CF2 Clinical Hospital in Bucharest. The research involved a specialized questionnaire addressing various aspects of patient health, …

Surgery Of The Colon; The Impact Of Colostomy And Postoperative Complications On Patients' Quality Of Life, Vlad Denis Constantin, Adrian Silaghi, Dragos Epistatu, Daniela Gabriela Bălan, Florin Silviu Groseanu, Denisa Mihaela Nedelcu, Ioana Paunica

Journal of Mind and Medical Sciences

Introduction. This study aims to evaluate the impact of stoma formation on the quality of life of patients undergoing colonic surgery, considering both emergency and elective procedures. Several factors (demographic data, Charlson comorbidity score, type of surgical intervention, duration of hospitalization, postoperative outcomes and complications, etc.) were analyzed to understand their influence on patients' well-being. Materials and Methods. A retrospective analysis was performed on patients who underwent colorectal surgery that required stoma formation. A total of 270 patients were included in the study, with 69.25% undergoing emergency surgery and 30.74% undergoing elective procedures. Results. The Charlson comorbidity score was significantly …

Preoperative Risk Factors In Hernia Recurrence: A Single-Center Study, Anca Tigora, Vlad Paic, Dragos Nicolae Garofil, Mircea Nicolae Bratucu, Mihai Zurzu, Daniela Nuta, Florian Popa, Valeriu Surlin, Stefan Patrascu, Victor Dan Eugen Strambu, Petru Adrian Radu

Journal of Mind and Medical Sciences

Background and Objectives. Hernia recurrence is still a great challenge for surgeons regarding the optimal surgical technique, the best alloplastic material and the management of risk factors (advanced age, female sex, body mass index, smoking, diabetes, the presence of connective tissue disorders, chronic cough, etc.). The present study attempts to assess the impact of these factors in hernia recurrence, as well as the integration of the prosthetic material at the tissue level, in order to reduce possible postoperative complications. Material and Methods. A retrospective study was performed on 108 patients operated (between January 2012 and December 2022) for recurrence of …

Assessing Mid To Long Term Amputation-Free Survival Rates In Chronic Limb-Threatening Ischemia; A Study Of Hybrid Vascular Techniques, Cristian Traian Paius, Vlad Denis Constantin, Alexandru Carap, Andrei Tarus, Grigore Tinica

Journal of Mind and Medical Sciences

Introduction. Chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) is a debilitating condition characterized by inadequate blood supply to the lower extremities, often leading to tissue damage, ulcers, and limb loss. Amputation-free survival (AFS) serves as a crucial measure in evaluating interventions and managing CLTI, emphasizing limb preservation, functional restoration, and prevention of recurrent ischemic events. Objectives. This study aimed to assess mid to long term AFS in CLTI patients treated with hybrid vascular techniques. Materials and Methods. Conducted over 24 months at the Emergency Hospital of Saint Pantelimon in Bucharest, Romania, the study enrolled 62 adult CLTI patients, tracking them postoperatively. Kaplan Meyer …

Management Of Macrovascular Diabetic Complications: A Single-Center Case Series Analysis Of Consecutively Attending Patients In Primary Care, Sanda Maria Crețoiu, Mihaela Adela Iancu, Laura Maria Condur, Teodor Salmen, Andreea Steriu, Ana Maria Alexandra Stănescu, Irina Anca Eremia, Cristina Mihaela Olariu, Eliza Elena Cinteză, Camelia Cristina Diaconu

Journal of Mind and Medical Sciences

Introduction. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus is increasing, with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) being a major health priority for any public health system. Increased arterial stiffness in patients with diabetes will lead to the appearance of vascular complications. Increased arterial stiffness in patients with diabetes usually leads to vascular complications. Any earlier diagnosis of impaired macrovascular evidence may lead to improved outcomes in patient care. The objective of our study was to assess and evaluate the finger-toe pulse wave velocity (ftPWV), as a measure of arterial stiffness, in order to assist with early detection of macrovascular diabetic complications. Materials and …

Syndrome Or Symptoms? Assessing Cothymia, Neuroticism And Lifetime Comorbidity In A Sample Of Psychiatric Patients, Fiammetta Iannuzzo, Fabiana Fiasca, Antonella Mattei, Carmela Mento, Maria Catena Silvestri, Fabrizio Turiaco, Rocco Antonio Zoccali, Maria Rosaria Anna Muscatello, Antonio Bruno

Journal of Mind and Medical Sciences

Background. Cross-sectional and longitudinal psychiatric comorbidity rates could represent a syndromic process rather than the co-occurrence of different disorders. ‘Cothymia’, the concomitant presence of depression and anxiety symptoms, and the ‘neuroticism’ dimension have been proposed as candidate vulnerability factors for psychiatric disorders trajectories. Based on this background, the present research was aimed at assessing the role of cothymia and neuroticism as syndromic processes in lifetime psychiatric disorders, and examining homotypic or heterotypic trends in the diagnostic continuum of comorbid mental disorders. Materials and methods. Data collection was carried out retrospectively through the consultation of medical records at the Psychiatry Unit …

Ovarian Cancer Prevention And Screening – Where Do We Stand Today?, Cristina Bucur, Irina Balescu, Sorin Petrea, Bogdan Gaspar, Lucian Pop, Valentin Varlas, Adrian Hasegan, Marilena Stoian, Gabriel Petre Gorecki, Nicolae Bacalbasa

Journal of Mind and Medical Sciences

Widely recognized as the most deathful gynecologic malignancy affecting women worldwide, ovarian cancer has reported a significant decline in terms of prevalence and incidence in the last decades. This fact has been especially explained by to the use of menopausal hormonal therapy and of oral contraceptives in association with genetic, oncologic and gynecologic counseling. The aim of the current review is to discuss about actual ovarian cancer prevention and screening tools. For this reason, we reviewed several data related to ovarian cancer, such as: incidence and risk factors, histopathological types (epithelial with high- and low-grade serous carcinomas, clear cell carcinoma, …

A New Approach To Balance Dental Fear And Anxiety By Using Bachtm Flower Therapy, Irina Maria Gheorghiu, Alexandru Andrei Iliescu, Stana Paunica, Marina Giurgiu, Brandusa Mocanu, George Alexandru Popescu, Anca Silvia Dumitriu

Journal of Mind and Medical Sciences

Treatments in dentistry currently consist of an interdisciplinary approach, including (but not necessarily limited to) the holistic perspective. The different fields of allopathic and complementary medicine are used together to ensure not only a high-quality restorative treatment, but also to provide patients with psychological and emotional support. This perspective also applies to dental anxiety, which consists of complex (emotional, vegetative and psychomotor) manifestations. One of the most well-known complementary therapies for reducing dental fear and anxiety is BachTM Flower Therapy. Even if the mechanism of action of this therapy is not yet scientifically documented, notable results have been and continue …

Genetic And Serological Markers In Colorectal Cancer Surgery, Adrian Silaghi, Vlad Denis Constantin, Dragos Serban, Dragos Epistatu, Ioana Paunica, Daniela Gabriela Bălan, Laura Florentina Rebegea

Journal of Mind and Medical Sciences

Colon cancer is relatively asymptomatic in the early stages, the manifestations appearing and intensifying with the evolution of the disease, especially when associated with local and/or systemic complications. In such cases, surgical interventions are often emergency and involve more extensive operations (on metabolically and immune-stressed organisms), so that an early diagnosis (endoscopy, tumor markers, etc.) remains not only desirable but even a priority, especially in predisposed patients (genetic factors, lifestyle, etc.). As a consequence, the involvement of tumor markers in colon neoplasms has become more and more investigated in recent times. This review investigates the roles of serological and genetic …

Updating Data On Cognitive Impairment In Stroke Patients, Denisa Floriana Vasilica Pîrșcoveanu, Carmen Valeria Albu, Elena-Anca Târtea, Iulia Cristina Mărginean, George Alexandru Iacob, Elena Pinoșanu, Anca Maria Țucă, Cristina Maria Mărginean, Raluca Elena Sandu, Mircea Pîrșcoveanu

Journal of Mind and Medical Sciences

Vascular cognitive impairments are the expression of complex interactions between vascular etiology, risk factors (brain diseases, white matter lesions, etc.) and cellular changes at the brain level. Consequently, vascular cognitive impairment is highly dependent on the location, extent (volume of brain tissue affected) and number of lesions. Memory impairment is not necessarily characteristic of vascular cognitive decline, usually having an evolution with episodic exacerbations and multiple cerebrovascular attacks (cumulative effect), thus producing a gradual deterioration. In recent years, the concept of mild cognitive impairment has emerged as a potential form of predementia, but which can progress to different types of …

Diabetic Patients And Postoperative Complications In Colorectal Surgery, Ioana Paunica, Adrian Silaghi, Daniela Gabriela Bălan, Bogdan Socea, Cristian Balalau, Florin Silviu Groseanu, George Alexandru Popescu, Dragos Epistatu, Vlad Denis Constantin

Journal of Mind and Medical Sciences

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common comorbidities of patients undergoing surgery. Colorectal surgery is frequently associated with postoperative complications, and diabetic patients represent a population that presents a high risk of developing such complications. Understanding the interrelationships between neoplastic disease and diabetes, as well as the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying postoperative complications, are essential for effective therapeutic management. Genetic predispositions, alterations in the gut microbiota, inflammatory response, ischemic, thrombotic and infectious processes contribute significantly to the development of severe surgical complications, such as anastomotic fistulas. Postoperative ileus, characterized by gastrointestinal dysmotility, is common in diabetic patients due to neuropathic …

The Role Of Psychogenic Factors In The Etiopathogenesis Of Autoimmune Disorders In The Oral Cavity, Nadya T. Avramova, Boyko K. Bonev

Journal of Mind and Medical Sciences

Autoimmune disorders (AD) represent a heterogeneous group of multifactorial chronic conditions, which are triggered secondary to the loss of self-antigen tolerance. Their etiology involves genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors; however, AD cannot be explained by these factors alone. Recent studies have shown increasing stress levels in industrialized countries and also increasing trends in the prevalence of autoimmune diseases. The oral mucosa is extremely responsive to emotional influences such as stress, anxiety and depression. Therefore, oral diseases can appear as a direct expression of emotions or indirectly, due to various psychological mechanisms. The aim of this study is to find and …

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors And Pharmacological Resetting Of The Mind, Ion G. Motofei, David L. Rowland

Journal of Mind and Medical Sciences

Mental activity is capable of processing analytical data (mathematics, physics, socio-political science, philosophy, etc.) similar to computer software. At the same time, mental activity largely depends on the brain, which works like a hard component of a computer. While the computer stores data on a physical medium, mental activity and data are supported by physiological mechanisms that are constantly operating (both in wakefulness and sleep). For this reason, the lack of brain oxygenation even for short periods of time (5-10 minutes) causes the loss of all data, including the disappearance of the individual's existence as a mental entity. This means …