Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Digital Commons Network™

Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Discipline
Institution
Keyword
Publication Year
Publication
Publication Type
File Type

Articles 10351 - 10380 of 794449

Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network

A Needs Assessment For College Students Of Incarcerated Parents (Csips), Deetra A. Wiley May 2026

A Needs Assessment For College Students Of Incarcerated Parents (Csips), Deetra A. Wiley

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The presence and needs of children of incarcerated parents are largely invisible within higher education, even though they experience a variety of adverse social, emotional, and academic outcomes. A population that navigates complex trauma, financial instability, stigma, and institutional neglect with limited support is the focus of this dissertation in practice (DiP): College Students of Incarcerated Parents (CSIPS). This manuscript assesses the availability of institutional services and examines the academic challenges faced by CSIPS, as guided by the Advocacy Strategy Framework (Kozleski, 2010). A thorough examination of the literature has revealed that a sense of belonging and academic persistence are …


Exploring Academic Support And Motivation Among Current And Prospective Adult Learners In Mississippi Pursuing A Diploma Through The University Of Mississippi Online High School Program, Reham Helal May 2026

Exploring Academic Support And Motivation Among Current And Prospective Adult Learners In Mississippi Pursuing A Diploma Through The University Of Mississippi Online High School Program, Reham Helal

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This qualitative study examined the academic support systems and motivational factors influencing adult learners in Mississippi who are enrolled in or consider enrollment in the University of Mississippi High School (UMHS) online diploma program. Grounded in Self-Determination Theory (Deci & Ryan, 2000), the research examined how autonomy, capability, and connection influence adult learners’ motivation to return to and persist in education after periods of interruption.

By conducting semi-structured interviews with five adult learners aged 27 to 51, the study revealed the real-life experiences and challenges that shape their educational journeys. The findings showed that participants’ initial withdrawals from high school …


School Counselor Preparation For Supporting Special Education Competencies In Mississippi, Rachel Mcclain May 2026

School Counselor Preparation For Supporting Special Education Competencies In Mississippi, Rachel Mcclain

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

School counselors play a critical role in supporting the academic, social, emotional, and career development of students with disabilities (SWD) in K-12 educational settings. However, current preparation standards provide limited guidance regarding how school counseling programs should prepare school counselors-in-training to work with special education populations. This qualitative case study explored how two CACREP-accredited school counseling programs in Mississippi prepare school counselors-in-training to support SWD. Participants included school counselor educators, site supervisors, and school counseling interns affiliated with the programs. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and a document review of course syllabi and analyzed using thematic analysis. Findings revealed …


Invisible: An Autoethnographic Study Of Teaching And Learning With Physical Disabilities And Neurodivergence, Amanda Josephine Austin Goodwin May 2026

Invisible: An Autoethnographic Study Of Teaching And Learning With Physical Disabilities And Neurodivergence, Amanda Josephine Austin Goodwin

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

In this autoethnographic study, vignettes of a female high school teacher and graduate student with invisible disabilities are analyzed through the lens of Critical Disability Theory. This study provides teachers, administrators, and policy makers with a first-hand account of some of the barriers individuals with invisible disabilities face. Policies, environments, and practices in K-12 education, higher education, and broader society are analyzed. Advancements in inclusivity and accessibility as well as improvements in teacher education programs are suggested. Reflection throughout this study, three core themes emerged: listen, believe, and support individuals with invisible disabilities.


Exploring Integrated Arts Education For Students With Autism, Karen Denise Harrison May 2026

Exploring Integrated Arts Education For Students With Autism, Karen Denise Harrison

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are often misunderstood because of challenges in communication, social-emotional development, and sensory processing. Neuroscience research highlights that individuals with ASD process information and stimuli differently, particularly in areas related to sensory integration, executive functioning, and emotional regulation. Traditional educational methods often isolate these students from their neurotypical peers, reducing opportunities to engage meaningfully with standards-based curricula. Integrated arts education offers an alternative approach, aligning with neuroscience principles by engaging multiple brain regions through movement, rhythm, imagery, and creativity, allowing students with ASD to demonstrate their learning through project-based and creative experiences that meet diverse …


Faculty Socialization In Physical Therapy Residencies, Joseph Michael Meurrier May 2026

Faculty Socialization In Physical Therapy Residencies, Joseph Michael Meurrier

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Therapy schools. Many of the new faculty members will be composed of former clinicians who have made the transition to academia without any prior preparation or experience in the academic sphere. To help with this transition, the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA) has accredited Faculty Development Residencies (FDRs) to help prepare new faculty for academic life. However, many clinicians transitioning to faculty life are not in a position to go through a residency prior to starting an academic position. Therefore, my goal with the Dissertation in Practice (DiP) was to take the socialization elements from the FDRs and propose a …


Exploring Mississippi Valley State University’S First-Year Experience Program: Students’ Perceptions Of Its Impact On Their Sense Of Belonging, Jordan Freeman May 2026

Exploring Mississippi Valley State University’S First-Year Experience Program: Students’ Perceptions Of Its Impact On Their Sense Of Belonging, Jordan Freeman

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Colleges and universities have a primary goal of providing quality education to their students with the hope that those students go on to make positive contributions to society. While many people tend to credit classroom learning for those societal contributions, an argument can be made that supplementary experiences are just as valuable. At Mississippi Valley State University (MVSU), a small, public Historically Black College/University in the Mississippi Delta area, student engagement initiatives are of extreme importance for first-year students. Students at MVSU face several challenges including college readiness, ability to afford college, and desire to persist and earn their degrees. …


Could Grange Membership Reduce Brain Drain?: Perceptions Of Student Fraternal Members On Returning To Rural America After Graduation, Amanda Leigh Brozana May 2026

Could Grange Membership Reduce Brain Drain?: Perceptions Of Student Fraternal Members On Returning To Rural America After Graduation, Amanda Leigh Brozana

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Rural communities across the United States continue to experience population decline as young adults with postsecondary aspirations often leave their hometowns in pursuit of educational and economic opportunities. This migration, commonly referred to as rural brain drain, is often a result of the cumulative effects of limited access to postsecondary resources, career pathways, and community infrastructure that support rural retention. While extensive research documents the economic and educational dimensions of this phenomenon, fewer studies explore the influence of social, civic, and fraternal organizations on sustaining rural identity and fostering connection to place. This Dissertation in Practice proposes a study to …


Life Balance And Teacher Wellness: Exploring Protective Factors Among Early Childhood Educators, Kathryn Amidon May 2026

Life Balance And Teacher Wellness: Exploring Protective Factors Among Early Childhood Educators, Kathryn Amidon

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Early childhood educators shape future generations by guiding the development of young children. The well-being of early childhood educators is a concern due to unique stressors within the early childhood education context, including heavy workloads, high demands, and too few resources. Previous studies on the topic of teacher wellness have shown that teachers’ mental wellness impacts teacher burnout, teacher retention, and student outcomes, making the need for better understanding of the factors influencing teacher wellness a priority for future research. This quantitative study aimed to explore life balance as a protective factor of teacher wellness, inquiring about the extent of …


Institutional Strain And Substance Coping: Analyzing Perceived Racial Discrimination As A Predictor Of Adolescent Marijuana Use, Fahad Bin Islam Khan May 2026

Institutional Strain And Substance Coping: Analyzing Perceived Racial Discrimination As A Predictor Of Adolescent Marijuana Use, Fahad Bin Islam Khan

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This study examines the relationship between perceived racial/ethnic discrimination, psychological distress, and youth marijuana consumption through the lens of the General Strain Theory. It uses the complete-case sample from the 2023 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS), which surveyed 17,268 high school students across the United States, in a cross-sectional study. The study used logistic regression analyses to assess the association between perceived racial or ethnic bias (e.g., actual discriminatory experiences), psychological distress, and substance use (marijuana), and how closely emotional stress linked these two phenomena. The results indicate that perceived discrimination has a significant positive association (greater likelihood) with both …


With Equity And Inclusivity For All: Self-Reported Preparedness Of Band Directors To Teach Students With Exceptional Needs, Kendra Jenkins Lee May 2026

With Equity And Inclusivity For All: Self-Reported Preparedness Of Band Directors To Teach Students With Exceptional Needs, Kendra Jenkins Lee

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The traditional memory theory of personal identity relies on an implicit storage model of memory to explain how the self persists over time. This model assumes that memories endure as stable representations that can be accurately retrieved, and that such representational continuity grounds diachronic identity. However, contemporary cognitive science demonstrates that remembering is an active and reconstructive process. Each act of recall reorganizes and transforms prior experience during the window of ecphory. This reconstructive reality poses a significant philosophical challenge. If memory is inherently unstable and transformable, it cannot straightforwardly ground the kind of continuity the theory requires.

In this …


The 6th United States Volunteer Infantry: The Last Of The Galvanized Yankees, Seth Ihde May 2026

The 6th United States Volunteer Infantry: The Last Of The Galvanized Yankees, Seth Ihde

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This thesis examines the formation, service, post-war life, and impact of the 6th United States Volunteer Infantry Regiment. This regiment and the five preceding it consisted of Confederate POWs who enlisted in the Union Army between 1864 and 1865. The project intersects with a few different historiographies, including Confederate nationalism/dissent and the military’s role in westward expansion. The 6th was formed from soldiers in Camp Douglas, Illinois, Camp Morton, Indiana, and Camp Chase, Ohio. The soldiers were predominantly young and poor southern farmers. These men represent a form of southern dissent to Confederate nationalism and the claims of the Lost …


Open For Victims, Sorry We're Dead, Sela Ricketts May 2026

Open For Victims, Sorry We're Dead, Sela Ricketts

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This thesis is a documentary exploration of paranormal tourism in the French Quarter neighborhood of New Orleans. As of completing this project, paranormal tourism is relatively new to the city, starting in earnest in the late 1990s and early 2000s. This niche industry has woven itself into the larger New Orleans tourism industry and drastically changed the landscape and popular identity of the French Quarter. The photos give a personal perspective of how the industry manifested within the city.

The throughline of this project is a feedback loop I identified- a cycle of influences that has ultimately made the French …


Foundations And Scope Of Moral Standing, Vikas Beniwal May 2026

Foundations And Scope Of Moral Standing, Vikas Beniwal

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This thesis investigates the foundational grounds of moral standing. I contend that sentience, while frequently cited as the primary criterion, lacks sufficient justification when asserted as a necessary condition. I propose an alternate feature as sufficient grounds of moral standing.


Enhancing Development Through Occupational Therapy: Staff And Family Education For Overall Wellness, Hannah L. Whitehead May 2026

Enhancing Development Through Occupational Therapy: Staff And Family Education For Overall Wellness, Hannah L. Whitehead

OTD DEx Reports - College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences

Enhancing Development through Occupational Therapy: Staff and Family Education for Overall Wellness explored the integration of occupational therapy (OT) within Collaborative for Educational Services (CES) Early Childhood Programs, to support the developmental and mental health needs of young children, families, and educators. A needs assessment was conducted to understand the current supports available better and identify gaps related to family education, educator training, and early identification of developmental and behavioral concerns. Findings highlighted a need for increased staff knowledge regarding sensory processing, emotional regulation strategies, and family-centered supports that can be implemented within the classroom environment. In response, educational resources …


Occupy Your Life: Increasing Independence After Intimate Partner Violence, Jovianna E. Bagaglio May 2026

Occupy Your Life: Increasing Independence After Intimate Partner Violence, Jovianna E. Bagaglio

OTD DEx Reports - College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is an ongoing public health crisis that significantly disrupts survivors' physical health, mental well-being, and participation in everyday occupations. This project, Occupy Your Life, developed and implemented a six-week, individualized telehealth occupational therapy program for IPV survivors in collaboration with Inner Balance Psychotherapy in Rhode Island. Grounded in trauma-informed care and Social Cognitive Theory, the program aimed to increase participants' self-efficacy, independence, and occupational participation through tailored virtual sessions addressing coping strategies, emotional regulation, problem-solving, and daily functioning. A mixed-methods design incorporating the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE) and open- and closed-ended survey questions was used to …


Connecting Minds: A Stroke Survivor Support Group To Promote Mental Health And Improve Quality Of Life, Anna Collier, Alexis M.F. Morin May 2026

Connecting Minds: A Stroke Survivor Support Group To Promote Mental Health And Improve Quality Of Life, Anna Collier, Alexis M.F. Morin

OTD DEx Reports - College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences

To meet an individual’s needs in healthcare, all aspects of their challenges and strengths must be considered. This project titled Connecting Minds: A Stroke Survivor Support Group to Promote Mental Health and Quality of Life, will discuss the outcomes of a 6-week educational support group. The American Stroke Association (2024), states that 30% of stroke survivors develop post-stroke depression. If left untreated, it can affect quality of life, intervene with recovery, and can be underdiagnosed if not detected early on. Stroke survivors receive minimal support and consideration for mental health post-stroke. When an individual experiences a stroke, an interruption …


Flowing Forward: Adaptive Aquatic Recreation Program Empowering Individuals Living With Neurodegenerative Conditions, Katharine Buchanan, Alexis M.F. Morin, Jenna Digirolamo May 2026

Flowing Forward: Adaptive Aquatic Recreation Program Empowering Individuals Living With Neurodegenerative Conditions, Katharine Buchanan, Alexis M.F. Morin, Jenna Digirolamo

OTD DEx Reports - College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences

Neurodegenerative conditions are characterized by progressive dysfunction and degeneration of the nervous system, often resulting in a combination of physical, cognitive, and psychosocial challenges that significantly impact quality of life. Common examples include Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and Parkinson’s Disease (PD), both of which present with complex and variable symptom profiles. Despite advances in pharmacological management, there remains a critical gap in interventions that address mental health, social participation, and overall well-being for individuals living with these conditions. This capstone project, Flowing Forward, was developed as a community-based adaptive aquatic recreation program aimed at addressing these gaps through participation in meaningful, …


Preventing And Reducing Substance Use Disorders In The Foster Youth Population: An Educational Program For Residential Staff, Allyson E. Ferraro, Alexis M.F. Morin May 2026

Preventing And Reducing Substance Use Disorders In The Foster Youth Population: An Educational Program For Residential Staff, Allyson E. Ferraro, Alexis M.F. Morin

OTD DEx Reports - College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences

Foster youth encounter various challenges such as adverse childhood experiences (ACES), which increase their prevalence of developing substance use disorders (SUDs). The importance of implementing trauma-informed care techniques and harm reduction approaches in residential settings for foster youth will be highlighted. The literature emphasizes a clear need for residential staff and care partners to understand and apply trauma-informed strategies and harm reduction approaches. Implementing these evidence-based strategies while also enhancing foster youth’s protective factors can strengthen resiliency among foster youth, ultimately improving their overall well-being and life outcomes. Additionally, the impact of stress and burnout among residential staff and care …


The Emerging Practice Of Canine Assisted Therapy (Cat) Benefiting Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder (Asd), Amanda Chaves May 2026

The Emerging Practice Of Canine Assisted Therapy (Cat) Benefiting Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder (Asd), Amanda Chaves

OTD DEx Reports - College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences

This project explores the impact of Canine-Assisted Therapy (CAT) on meaningful occupational participation of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In previous literature, CAT has been found to support the development of social and communication skills, emotional regulation, behavioral management, and self-care abilities, promoting growth in critical developmental areas. By integrating CAT into occupational therapy (OT), this study highlighted the potential of personalized, engaging interventions to empower children with ASD, promoting greater independence, community engagement, and an improved quality of life for both children and their families. Done through a qualitative case study consisting of interviews and observations, the research …


Breaking The Silence: Examining Sociocultural Barriers And Comfort With Sexual Health And Intimacy In Adolescents, Marcos D. Pena Veras, Kimberly Gross May 2026

Breaking The Silence: Examining Sociocultural Barriers And Comfort With Sexual Health And Intimacy In Adolescents, Marcos D. Pena Veras, Kimberly Gross

OTD DEx Reports - College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences

Over the past three decades, adolescent pregnancy rates in the United States (U.S.) have decreased across all ethnic groups (Livingston & Thomas, 2019). However, in the United States, rates among the Hispanic population remain higher than those of other major ethnic groups. Review of the existing literature describes cultural barriers that prevent Hispanic young adults and their parents from engaging in sexual health and intimacy education. These barriers include gender roles, educational attainment and healthcare access, and lack of parental communication (Alzate et al., 2018; Langellier et al., 2021; Durante et al., 2023).

This study utilized a mixed-methods approach and …


A Two-Stage Screening Approach Integrated With Gwas For Rare Phenotypes Such As Spontaneous Haploid Genome Doubling In Maize, Mercy Fakude, Tyler L. Foster, Yu Ru Chen, Ann Murithi, Siddique Imran Aboobucker, Ursula Karoline Frei, Philip M. Dixon, Thomas Lübberstedt May 2026

A Two-Stage Screening Approach Integrated With Gwas For Rare Phenotypes Such As Spontaneous Haploid Genome Doubling In Maize, Mercy Fakude, Tyler L. Foster, Yu Ru Chen, Ann Murithi, Siddique Imran Aboobucker, Ursula Karoline Frei, Philip M. Dixon, Thomas Lübberstedt

Plant and Soil Sciences Faculty Publications

Spontaneous haploid genome doubling (SHGD) is a valuable trait in maize breeding, enabling the development of doubled haploid (DH) lines without chemical chromosome doubling. However, SHGD is a rare phenotype, expressed in only a small fraction of maize germplasm, making its identification resource-intensive. This study evaluated the efficiency of a two-stage field screening approach designed to identify maize genotypes with high haploid male fertility (HMF), a key indicator of SHGD potential. Simulation analyses showed that evaluating 50 haploid plants per genotype, combined with a 25% HMF threshold, provides an optimal balance between detection accuracy and resource efficiency. Across three growing …


The Impact Of Framing Effects And Moral Values On Prosocial Engagement, Olajuwon Olagbegi May 2026

The Impact Of Framing Effects And Moral Values On Prosocial Engagement, Olajuwon Olagbegi

Dissertations

Framing effects can shape perceptions, beliefs and behavior, particularly in prosocial contexts. The current study examined how language framing (social justice, social activism, volunteerism) and moral values influence interest in prosocial engagement across low- and high-cost helping scenarios. Participants (N = 219) were randomly assigned to one of three framing conditions and reported willingness to help in both low- and high-cost situations. They also completed the Moral Foundations Questionnaire. Replicating prior work (Olagbegi and colleagues, 2024), participants were more willing to engage in low- than high-cost helping. Across conditions, social justice framing elicited the greatest willingness to help. Higher fairness …


2026 Commencement Program, Columbia College Chicago May 2026

2026 Commencement Program, Columbia College Chicago

Commencement Programs

The commencement program of the 2026 Columbia College Chicago graduation ceremonies.


Developing Ai Literacy In Preservice Stem Teachers: Exploring The Role Of Pedagogically Grounded Engagement With Generative Ai In Lesson Planning, Omar Raul Elizondo May 2026

Developing Ai Literacy In Preservice Stem Teachers: Exploring The Role Of Pedagogically Grounded Engagement With Generative Ai In Lesson Planning, Omar Raul Elizondo

Theses and Dissertations

The rapid advancement of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) is introducing new opportunities and challenges in education. This qualitative multiple-case study explored how preservice STEM teachers developed AI literacy through structured engagement with GenAI during inquiry-based lesson planning. Grounded in Ng et al.’s (2021) four-domain AI literacy framework, the 5E instructional model, and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), the study examined how preservice teachers conceptualized, applied, evaluated, and ethically reasoned about GenAI-supported outputs while designing lessons aligned with the Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS).

Participants were three preservice STEM teachers enrolled in the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley’s …


“Now I Know The Kind Of Leader I Want To Become”: Leadership Development And Professional Growth Through The Lens Of Transformational Leadership Theory, Manuel Angel Saenz May 2026

“Now I Know The Kind Of Leader I Want To Become”: Leadership Development And Professional Growth Through The Lens Of Transformational Leadership Theory, Manuel Angel Saenz

Theses and Dissertations

Organizations increasingly rely on leadership development programs to strengthen succession planning and prepare middle managers for expanded responsibilities, yet limited research has explored how participants experience these initiatives in fast-paced, customer-centric environments. This qualitative descriptive case study examined the lived experiences of 11 middle managers and directors participating in the LEAD Forward program within a Government Contact Center. Guided by Transformational Leadership Theory, the study investigated (a) how participants perceived the program’s impact on their professional development and leadership skills and (b) the challenges and opportunities they encountered during participation. Data was collected through two written narrative reflections and 11 …


Faculty Perspectives On Co-Teaching Mathematics: A Focus On Corequisite Education, Aleksandra Shchelkunova May 2026

Faculty Perspectives On Co-Teaching Mathematics: A Focus On Corequisite Education, Aleksandra Shchelkunova

Theses and Dissertations

This study aimed to contribute to the literature by expanding the knowledge on coteaching practices to the area of higher education. Traditionally, co-teaching was considered uncommon in college courses. However, with the increasing popularity of corequisite courses - often structured as linked classes taught by two different instructors - co-teaching has become a new popular trend in higher education. In this research, I compared co-teaching models utilized in K-12 settings with those applied at the college level mathematics courses and analyzed the reflections of faculty members who have experience with team teaching.

This qualitative single-case study was conducted using convenience …


General Chemistry Students' Perceptions Of How Various Course Resources Affect Their Learning And Exam Preparation, Jennifer Scoggin Cortez May 2026

General Chemistry Students' Perceptions Of How Various Course Resources Affect Their Learning And Exam Preparation, Jennifer Scoggin Cortez

Theses and Dissertations

The tertiary-level first-semester general chemistry course has a large range of material with different complexities that can be difficult for students to master within one semester. In the general chemistry I course under study here, students were provided with a variety of resources to help with their learning and understanding, with various components of the course, including the lecture, online textbook, Peer-Led-Team-Learning (PLTL) study sessions, and exams, having associated resources. This study aims to analyze students’ experiences with these various resources. Students were given semi-structured interviews where they talked about their experiences with the resources and provided insight into more …


Chatbots In The Classroom: Understanding The Impact Of Chatbot Integration In Writer’S Workshops On High School Students’ Writing, Gabriel Cerda May 2026

Chatbots In The Classroom: Understanding The Impact Of Chatbot Integration In Writer’S Workshops On High School Students’ Writing, Gabriel Cerda

Theses and Dissertations

Writing is a complex developmental skill, and much research has been conducted to understand in which ways to best close the gaps that national data indicates exist for students in K-12 education. This quasi-experimental study explored how integrating chatbots as dialogue agents within a writer’s workshop framework influences the quality of written compositions among Grade 12 students. The research was grounded in the Direct and Indirect Effect Model of Writing (DIEW) and the Writer(s)-Within-Community (WWC) model, which emphasize both the cognitive and social-emotional dimensions of the writing process.

Participants received real-time, individualized feedback, with pre- and post-test essays evaluated using …


Bayesian Change-Point Detection In Stock And Cryptocurrency Markets Using Shrinkage Priors, Yosalin Sanchez May 2026

Bayesian Change-Point Detection In Stock And Cryptocurrency Markets Using Shrinkage Priors, Yosalin Sanchez

Theses and Dissertations

Financial markets often undergo abrupt structural changes driven by political, economic, and geopolitical events, leading to substantial volatility. Detecting such change-points is crucial for identifying structural breaks, improving risk management, and enhancing forecasting performance in financial time series. This study proposes a Bayesian change-point detection framework that incorporates both the t-shrinkage prior and the Horseshoe shrinkage prior. These priors enforce strong regularization on successive differences in mean parameters, enabling the identification of piecewise constant structures in time series data. Posterior inference is conducted using Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods, specifically a Gibbs sampling algorithm, which iteratively samples from the …