Digital Commons Network^™

Coercive Deterrence: Adapting Deterrence For Strategic Competition With China, Terry Tracy

The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters

This article proposes coercive deterrence as a core strategic concept to enable a whole-of-US- government approach to counter China through hybrid operations. For more than 80 years, deterrence theory has been characterized by the use of threats and force. In contrast, the article argues that deterrence can be achieved without either. A nation can exercise deterrence by choice—proactively shaping the environment to constrain the adversary to choices that do not threaten. The article examines deterrence theory, Chinese strategy, and case studies to offer practitioners a theory of victory in hybrid environments, synchronizing US interagency strategies through coercive deterrence.

Russian Arctic Land Forces And Defense Trends Redefined By Nato And Ukraine, Troy J. Bouffard, Lester W. Grau, Charles K. Bartles, Mathieu Boulègue

The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters

This article argues that Russia’s Arctic land forces have been weakened by the Russia-Ukraine War and NATO’s northern expansion, creating a strategic window for Western militaries to bolster their Arctic capabilities. Unlike existing studies that focus on maritime operations and the Northern Sea Route, it integrates technical assessments of ground-based Arctic platforms with analysis of military-district reforms. Using a mixed methodology that incorporates equipment specifications, Russian government documents, media reports, and NATO strategic-response evaluations, this article constructs a comprehensive baseline understanding of Russia’s Arctic land-force potential and readiness. Policy and military practitioners will benefit from actionable insights into Arctic force-design …

Parameters Autumn 2025, Usawc Press

The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters

No abstract provided.

Ai Enabled Autonomous Weapons And Human Control: Part Iii: Human Control And System Operators, Lena Trabucco

International Law Studies

This article is the third installment of a three-part series on AI-enabled weapons and human control. Artificial intelligence (AI) is shaping debates about military technology by challenging the role of human decision-making in the use of autonomous weapon systems (AWS). This article argues that effective governance of AI-enabled AWS requires moving beyond narrow conceptions of “meaningful human control” and instead recognizing a network of embedded human judgment throughout the weapon system’s lifecycle. This article focuses on the operator stage, examining the unique role of operators through guiding, observing, and terminating deployed AWS. Drawing on policy debates, doctrinal frameworks, and empirical …

The Political Framing Of The 2024 China-Indonesia Joint Statement, Mahbi Maulaya

Global: Jurnal Politik Internasional

Political leaders always carefully choose what to say and how to state it, as all words count for influencing the public, explicitly or implicitly. Eventually, the ideas framed in a political statement are best understood contextually rather than merely textually. After Prabowo Subianto, the president of Indonesia, visited China in November 2024, both countries released a controversial joint statement. This article aims to analyse the political frames observable in the 2024 China-Indonesia joint statement with a discourse analysis method. The article found five political frames in the statement: 1) Indonesia agrees to China’s vision of global order; 2) China has …

Development Of Multi-Sector Negentropic Engineering, Xavier Pillet

Defensive Publications Series

This document, produced with the assistance of ChatGPT o3 and GPT-5 Thinking, is released under the Apache 2.0 license. It is a voluntary defensive publication (prior art) and therefore enters the prior art upon release under the applicable patent statutes: EPC Art. 54(2) (European Patent Convention), French IPC/CPI Art. L 611-11 (French Intellectual Property Code), 35 U.S.C. §102(a) (United States Patent Act), Chinese Patent Law Art. 22(5) (中华人民共和国专利法), and Japanese Patent Act Art. 29(1) (特許法). The booklet consolidates 140 enabling proposals that reduce entropy and maximise negentropy across materials, devices, buildings, urban grids, medicine, logistics, and space systems. Each entry …

Ai-Enabled Autonomous Weapons And Human Control: Part Ii: Human Control And Military Commanders, Lena Trabucco

International Law Studies

This article is the second installment of a three-part series exploring human control throughout the entire life cycle of an autonomous weapon system (AWS). The series aims to understand the decision-making process and identify key decision-makers to see how human judgment is embedded into an AWS's parameters. Each article in this series focuses on a different stage of the life cycle. The first article discussed the roles and responsibilities of software developers and designers during the design and development phase. This article looks at the role of commanders in decision-making related to AWS deployment. The third article in the series …

Modeling Musculoskeletal Combat Casualty Care: Nato Trauma System Performance In Large Scale Combat Operations, Mark P. Cote, Kaitlyn E. Holly, Roman J. Schoenfeld, Matthew R. Bryan, Malina O. Hatton, Mitchel B. Harris, Tracey P. Koehlmoos, Andrew J. Schoenfeld

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Faculty Papers

BACKGROUND: It is unclear whether the current North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) trauma system will be effective in the setting of Large-Scale Combat Operations (LSCO). We sought to model the efficacy of the NATO trauma system in the setting of LSCO. We also intended to model novel scenarios that could better adapt the current system to LSCO.

METHODS: We developed a discrete-event simulation model for patients with combat musculoskeletal injuries treated within the standard NATO system. The primary outcome of the model was survival. The model's health states were characterized as stable, hypovolemia, sepsis, shock, or death. The model simulated …

Interview With Mary Bockover, Jacey Terrill

What Happened Here

This is an oral history interview transcript with Mary Bockover, a professor in the Philosophy department at Cal Poly Humboldt. She has worked at the campus since 1989 and notably researches Asian philosophy. She argues that the protest on campus was not peaceful, especially with property damage. She also notes that faculty should have done a more effective job at educating students on the nuanced reality of relations between Israelis and Palestinians. She worries that, while the Israeli administration deserves significant admonishment for the crimes against humanity they are perpetrating, she wants the individuals in Israel not to be lumped …

Tiny Particles, Big Stakes: The Strategic Implications Of Micro‑ And Nanoplastics, James Giordano, Ashok Vaseashta

Strategic Insights

This commentary explores how micro- and nanoplastics, tiny plastic fragments present throughout the environment, pose emerging strategic challenges beyond environmental and health concerns. While micro- and nanoplastics are now found in water, soil, plants, animals, and even human bodies, their long-term effects on ecosystems, food and water safety, and human health remain poorly understood. These particles can infiltrate critical systems, potentially affecting troop readiness, infrastructure resilience, and national food security. Nanoplastics may also serve as vectors for biological or chemical contaminants, complicating detection and mitigation. The article argues that micro- and nanoplastics should be treated as a strategic security issue, …

Reagan, Thatcher, And The Diplomacy Of Sdi, Tim Anglea

The Ozark Historical Review

This article utilizes new sources released through the Margaret Thatcher Foundation and The National Archives of the United Kingdom, which contain an extensive record of correspondence by the prime minister on most international issues. While the sources necessarily approach SDI from a British perspective, they also detail wider European opinion towards Reagan’s initiative. Both Thatcher and other NATO allies shared many of the same questions and concerns regarding SDI. How would SDI impact arms control negotiations with the Soviet Union? Would SDI lead to a decoupling of the United States from Europe? And, most importantly, would the adoption of SDI …

Club Boys' Team Demonstration--Pruning A Peach Tree, Undated

James Franklin “Frank” Buchanan Papers

This paper provides objectives for 4-H team demonstrations for pruning a peach tree and goes ono to provide talking points for demonstrations to follow as they work and team demonstration assignments in planting fruit trees.

Humanitarian Intervention And Just War Theory, Nathaniel R. King

The Ozark Historical Review

Since the end of World War II, the United States has engaged in a new type of warfare. No longer fighting conventional wars, the United States has begun to enter into an intervention style of warfare. Often, intervention occurs on humanitarian grounds, rather than for reasons of conquest, which can often lead to unwanted destruction and alienate local populations. At the same time America’s military tactics shifted the world saw the resurgence of universal human rights. Increasingly included within these rights was the right to protection, or R2P. Just war theory becomes joined with humanitarianism when the action of intervening …

Ai-Enabled Autonomous Weapons And Human Control: Part I: Human Control And Machine Learning Design And Development, Lena Trabucco

International Law Studies

At the center of the emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) and autonomous weapon systems (AWS) is the challenge of human control. AI has the potential to reshape the boundaries of military capabilities. In particular, the increasing sophistication of AWS necessitates a deep examination of the balance between machine autonomy and the role and requirements of human decision-makers. In pursuit of this balance, the concept of meaningful human control emerged. It is a concept born of necessity and offers a platform to reexamine and redefine the scope of human involvement in critical and time-sensitive decision-making. MHC has become a defining feature …

Book Review: The Military Legacy Of Alexander The Great: Lessons For The Information Age, Jason W. Warren Phd

Parameters Bookshelf – Online Book Reviews

Author: Michael P. Ferguson and Ian Worthington

Reviewed by Jason W. Warren, PhD

The Military Legacy of Alexander the Great: Lessons for the Information Age focuses on three themes—inspirational physical presence, Alexander’s army’s professionalism, and the speed with which he campaigned. The reviewer notes there are many useful observations, overall, he sees the book as a “mixed bag.” For those newer to studies “on Alexander or lessons-learned methodology, Legacy may prove a useful primer.”

Quaker Campus, September 4, 2025 (Vol. 24, Issue 1), Whittier College

Quaker Campus

No abstract provided.

Cristo Y Su Iglesia-Formación De Células, Marcos Kempff

Cursos teológicos-otros

Cristo y Su iglesia-formación de células

Taming The Hegemon: Chinese Thinking On Countering U.S. Military Intervention In Asia, Joel Wuthnow

China Strategic Perspectives

This publication is by INSS Center for the Study of Chinese Military Affairs Senior Research Fellow Dr. Joel Wuthnow. The monograph uses internal PLA writings to examine recent Chinese thinking on countering U.S. intervention in Asia, and finds that PLA experts emphasize efforts to leverage nuclear, conventional, and informational (space, cyber, and cognitive warfare) tools to deter U.S. intervention, but also advocate preparing for asymmetric attacks against key targets in the U.S. military system in case the United States intervenes anyway.

Atomic Agency: South Africa, Détente, And The Cold War’S Peripheral Proliferation, Travis Clyde Nason

Master's Theses and Capstones

In August 1977, a Soviet satellite obtained evidence that the South African government was preparing to detonate a nuclear device. Though the test never occurred, one thing was for certain: Pretoria sought the bomb. This thesis traces the path to that moment and argues that while détente, in Henry Kissinger’s vision, was meant to preserve global order by managing great-power rivalry and avoiding direct confrontation, it could not be all things at once – and South Africa slipped through the cracks. Both Washington and Moscow explicitly condemned the spread of nuclear weapons, yet the logic of détente – prioritizing stability …

Responsible By Design: Strategic Guidance Report On The Risks, Opportunities, And Governance Of Artificial Intelligence In The Military Domain, The Global Commission On Responsible Artificial Intelligence In The Military Domain, Mary Ellen O'Connell

Books

The Strategic Guidance Report reflects the independent judgement and deliberations of the Chair and Commissioners of GC REAIM. While the Commissioners have drawn on the valuable insights of the GC REAIM Expert Advisory Group, whose contributions, including authored policy notes, have informed aspects of this report, the responsibility for the views, recommendations, and conclusions expressed herein rests solely with the Chair and Commissioners, and does not necessarily reflect the views of the Experts or their respective organizations. The Global Commission acknowledges with appreciation the essential role of the Expert Advisory Group in supporting rigorous, multidisciplinary dialogue throughout the process.

CHAIR: …

Romania: ‘A Country Is Worth More Than Its Gold’: Activists Defeat Canadian Mining Goliath. In, Roxana Maiorescu

Emerson Authors, Researchers, & Creators

For 25 years, Romanians fought to preserve Rosia Montana, a region whose gold and silver amount to 20 billion euros. Their victory was delivered in 2024, as the International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes in Washington, DC ruled against the Canadian company that aimed to explore the mine. This analysis sheds light on political instability, perceived government corruption, and foreign intrusion, all of which led to intense and monthslong protests that Romania hadn’t seen since its 1989 revolution, when it liberated itself from communism. This case represents a David vs. Goliath-like story, in which a handful of poor families, …

Giving Voice To The Frames Of War: A Digital Humanities Framework For Evaluating War Crimes Databases, Leila Markosian

Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects

Developments in digital technologies have complicated existing debates around the ethics of cataloging war crimes and human rights violations. Digital humanities methods of evaluating digital scholarship can help to construct a framework for evaluating war crimes databases, a process which requires a fine-tuned critical analysis aimed towards understanding the purpose of compiling the database, the platform or media template through which the database is presented, and the communicative potentials of the database. The following paper presents a survey of the existing literature on war crime databases and the politics of memory; a model of how war crimes database analyses may …

Transitional Justice And Counter-Productivity: A Case Study Of Serbia And Croatia, Michael F. Curry

Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects

In the post-Cold War era, transitional justice emerged as a method to reconcile societies that had suffered large-scale human rights abuses through autocratic oppression and/or intra-state conflicts. During this time, the concept of what transitional justice meant and what problems it could resolve expanded exponentially. However, the empirical results of such initiatives have been mixed. Many states subject to transitional justice initiatives have failed to liberalize or develop domestic governance capacities. Why do transitional justice initiatives fail even under the most favorable conditions?

The most common answer to this question is that these initiatives are often ineffective, hindered by a …

Processing Of Diphthongs By Turkish English Bilinguals: An Erp Study, Ecem Kopuz

Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects

This study examines how native phonological experience influences the brain’s response to speech sounds in Turkish-English late bilinguals and English monolinguals. We asked whether neural responses reflecting encoding of auditory information would be sensitive to language specific experience. Using event-related potentials (ERPs), and specifically, the Acoustic Change Complex (ACC) we measured neural responses to four stimuli, /u/, /ua/, /iu/, and /ia/, where vowel quality changes for three of these. A change from /u/ to /a/ or /i/ to /a/ within a syllable (as in [ua] and [ia]) represents a clear vowel quality shift. All participants were expected to show sensitivity …

Drafting A Solution: Overcoming The Existential Crisis Of The Selective Service System, John L. Markel

West Virginia Law Review

With the growing fears of a large-scale combat operation against a near-peer adversary, the United States may confront a need to fully mobilize its military for the first time since World War II. A full-scale mobilization would likely necessitate the return of conscription (a.k.a. the draft). The Selective Service System (“SSS”) is currently the federal agency that oversees and conducts the draft in accordance with the provisions of the Military Selective Service Act (“Act”). Yet, this Act has remained untouched for more than two decades, meaning the current conscription system is functionally identical to that used during the Vietnam War, …

Breaking Diplomatic Immunity: Legal Implications Of Israeli Airstrikes On The Iranian Consulate Under International Law, Yordan Gunawan, Aisyah Ajeng Putri Riyanto, Safira Ayu Tri Ariyani

Padjadjaran Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law)

In April 2024, Israeli airstrikes were directed at the Iranian consulate building located in the capital city of Syria, Damascus. The Israeli-Iranian relationship has escalated significantly, shifting from a diplomatic partnership to severe hostility over the course of almost fifty years. This article seeks to examine the legal implications of the Israeli attack on the Iranian consulate building by considering the United Nations Charter and the Vienna Conventions, as well as to analyse the responses of the Iranian government and the international community. This article employed a normative legal research methodology, which involved combining a statutory approach with a detailed …

The U.S. Navy And Its Cold War Alliances, 1945–1953, Thomas-Durell Young, Corbin Williamson

Naval War College Review

No abstract provided.

The Kamikaze Throughline—U.S. Fleet Air Defense From Imperial Japan To Drones, Tyler A. Pitrof

Naval War College Review

Since World War II, fleet air defense has been organized around the principle of engaging threats as far out from the fleet as possible, motivated by early failures to engage the kamikaze threat. This approach remains as vital as ever and progressively more challenging in the face of the contemporary threats posed by cruise missiles and—increasingly—by drone warfare.

Short-Term Solutions, Long-Term Problems—The U.S. Navy’S Approach To Mines During The Tanker War, Matthew Kastler

Naval War College Review

Mine warfare is a persistent threat to naval operations and ocean commerce, and yet it remains a persistent area of underinvestment by the U.S. Navy. The recent history of the Navy’s improvisational approach to emergent mine threats suggests how the Navy might succeed by “preparing to be unprepared” before it faces mines again.

The Riparian Logic Of The Montreux Convention In Turkey’S Black Sea Policy, Daria Isachenko

Naval War College Review

Turkey’s policies often appear at odds with its position in NATO and the broad direction of its allies. These polices become less mysterious when it is understood that Turkey’s strategic imperatives are driven by its unique position as gatekeeper to the Black Sea and the dynamics introduced by the tiered rights granted by the Montreaux Convention.