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Articles 72781 - 72810 of 1737638
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Planting Roots: A Pedagogy Of Action, Veronica Rose Popp, Danielle Phillips-Cunningham
Planting Roots: A Pedagogy Of Action, Veronica Rose Popp, Danielle Phillips-Cunningham
Feminist Pedagogy
We discuss how we put feminist pedagogies into action while developing a collaborative research and writing project about Nannie Helen Burroughs (1879-1961). We also explore how our collaborative research project influenced the development of a happy, fruitful, and long-lasting research partnership that broadens the conversation about incorporating feminist teaching practices into higher education. Burroughs set students on ways to find their own pathways, affecting change in ways they found most important. We engaged in our project with similar commitments.
Teaching About Violence Against Women: Reflections On Threshold Concepts, Maddy Coy
Teaching About Violence Against Women: Reflections On Threshold Concepts, Maddy Coy
Feminist Pedagogy
No abstract provided.
Using Classroom Response Systems For Feminist Pedagogy In Large Classes, Sarah Rainey-Smithback, Nicole Kalaf-Hughes
Using Classroom Response Systems For Feminist Pedagogy In Large Classes, Sarah Rainey-Smithback, Nicole Kalaf-Hughes
Feminist Pedagogy
Most practitioners using feminist pedagogy assert small, discussion-based classrooms are best suited for creating power-sharing spaces where students are co-creators of knowledge. While we do not disagree that small classes are well-matched for feminist pedagogy, we challenge the assumption that feminist pedagogy cannot be practiced in large classes. This article explores how Top Hat, a web-enabled classroom response system (CRS), can be used to facilitate feminist pedagogy in a large Introduction to Women’s Studies class. Using data on student perceptions of the CRS, as well as instructor reflections on a technology-centered feminist classroom, this work suggests CRS can be used …
Building An Inclusive Classroom: Digital Humanities (Dh) And Critical Disability Studies (Cds) In The Francophone World, Vidya H. Surti, Kaliane Ung
Building An Inclusive Classroom: Digital Humanities (Dh) And Critical Disability Studies (Cds) In The Francophone World, Vidya H. Surti, Kaliane Ung
Feminist Pedagogy
The purpose of this co-authored article by a teacher and student is to contemplate the feminist implications of infusing Critical Disability Studies and Digital Humanities into the traditional humanities classroom. Furthermore, this article implements strategies for inclusive and flexible pedagogy. This article will contribute a case study for an interdisciplinary project of academic rigor, while mitigating student wellbeing through mechanisms of classroom autonomy.
Telehealth: A Guideline And Toolkit For Implementation In A Pandemic, Christian Paul S. Biluan, Blitz Hoppe, May Kiker
Telehealth: A Guideline And Toolkit For Implementation In A Pandemic, Christian Paul S. Biluan, Blitz Hoppe, May Kiker
DNP and Student Works
The COVID-19 pandemic exposed serious gaps in healthcare laws, policies, and technology and has severely disrupted the current delivery of healthcare services. Rural, underserved, and high-risk populations have suffered a harsh decline in needed healthcare services due to the United States’ lack of preparedness, insufficient personal protective equipment, lockdown orders, hospital closures, and fear. Telehealth has long been viewed as a solution to healthcare problems plaguing rural communities, but the COVID-19 pandemic has shifted telehealth into a new spotlight. Now, telehealth is viewed as a possible solution to continuing healthcare services all for patients as the United States continues to …
Using The Personal Health Inventory To Support Engagement In Mindfulness For Veterans With Ptsd: Mixed Methods Secondary Data Analysis, Emily M. Johnson, Mia R. Zappala, Jacob Scharer, Kyle Possemato
Using The Personal Health Inventory To Support Engagement In Mindfulness For Veterans With Ptsd: Mixed Methods Secondary Data Analysis, Emily M. Johnson, Mia R. Zappala, Jacob Scharer, Kyle Possemato
The Journal of Integrated Primary Care
Mindfulness has many potential benefits to physical and mental health but requires many hours of practice to attain the strongest benefits. Mindfulness interventions delivered within the context of primary care settings are often brief, so independent practice beyond the training context is important. Motivational factors are important predictors of sustained practice and different types of motivational factors are associated with different likelihood of sustained practice. The Personal Health Inventory (PHI) is a publicly available personal health planning tool that assesses motivational factors related to self-care behaviors like mindfulness. Our objective was to understand how the PHI can support patient engagement …
Exploring The Relationship Of Integrated Behavioral And Primary Healthcare With Wellness Profiles: Implications For Counseling Practice, Alexander M. Fields, Dodie Limberg, Angie Starrett
Exploring The Relationship Of Integrated Behavioral And Primary Healthcare With Wellness Profiles: Implications For Counseling Practice, Alexander M. Fields, Dodie Limberg, Angie Starrett
The Journal of Integrated Primary Care
This study utilizes the Indivisible Self Model (IS-WEL) and latent profile analysis (LPA) to investigate the relationship between integrated behavioral and primary healthcare and wellness profiles. A national sample of 466 adults who received counseling services within the last year completed surveys assessing wellness (5F-WEL), integrated care levels, and demographic variables. LPA identified four wellness profiles: Comfortably Well, Managed Well, Approaching Well, and Disconnected Well, each associated with unique demographic, physical, and mental health characteristics. Despite theoretical links between integrated care and wellness, the relationship between reported levels of care integration and wellness profiles was not statistically significant, highlighting limitations …
Counselor Educators’ Experiences Teaching About Integrated Behavioral Healthcare, Lauren B. Robins, Clarence K. Bumpas, Cearra Arnold, Deonna Stinson, Samantha Ewing, Bre Williams
Counselor Educators’ Experiences Teaching About Integrated Behavioral Healthcare, Lauren B. Robins, Clarence K. Bumpas, Cearra Arnold, Deonna Stinson, Samantha Ewing, Bre Williams
The Journal of Integrated Primary Care
Counselor education gradually integrates training for practice in Integrated Behavioral Healthcare (IBH), where mental and physical health services collaborate to improve client outcomes. Despite its benefits, IBH education remains inconsistent, leaving many graduates underprepared for interdisciplinary settings. This qualitative study explores counselor educators’ experiences teaching IBH, identifying challenges, strategies, and best practices for improving student readiness. Findings highlight the need for structured training, interdisciplinary collaboration, and faculty development to advance IBH integration in counseling curricula.
The Impact Of Incarceration On Men’S Mental Health, Shannon Williams, Shannon Williams
The Impact Of Incarceration On Men’S Mental Health, Shannon Williams, Shannon Williams
Master of Arts in Human Services
This capstone research paper examines the mental health crisis among incarcerated men in the United States, a population disproportionately affected by mental illness, racial inequality, and systemic neglect. Incarcerated males often enter correctional facilities with pre-existing mental health conditions such as major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and substance use disorders. Rather than receiving adequate treatment, these individuals are frequently exposed to environments that worsen their conditions. Practices such as solitary confinement, loss of privileges, and isolation from support systems contribute to emotional instability, trauma, and, in some cases, suicidal ideation. This paper explores how detention …
Sulfur Fluoride Exchange With Carbon Pronucleophiles, Joseph R. Novicki, Matthew D. Teeter, Neil J. Baldwin, Christopher W. Am Ende, Alistair D. Richardson, Thomas R. Puleo, Nicholas Ball
Sulfur Fluoride Exchange With Carbon Pronucleophiles, Joseph R. Novicki, Matthew D. Teeter, Neil J. Baldwin, Christopher W. Am Ende, Alistair D. Richardson, Thomas R. Puleo, Nicholas Ball
Pomona Faculty Publications and Research
Aryl alkyl sulfones are an important class of compounds in drug discovery; thus, new methods toward their synthesis are desirable. A general sulfur fluoride exchange (SuFEx) method to couple aryl sulfonyl fluorides with alkyl carbon pronucleophiles to make aryl alkyl sulfones is described. The reaction was applied to a diverse set of pronucleophiles, including esters, amides, heteroarenes, nitriles, sulfones, sulfoxides, and sulfonamides, at room temperature under mild conditions. We highlight the application of this transformation in parallel medicinal chemistry for the high-throughput generation of a broad array of aryl alkyl sulfones. Lastly, we apply this method to the late-state SuFEx …
Advance S In The Generation And Transport Behavior Of Secondary Hazards From Food Packaging Sterilization, Mengjia Ren, Ye Liu, Jinpeng Wang, Shuang Bi
Advance S In The Generation And Transport Behavior Of Secondary Hazards From Food Packaging Sterilization, Mengjia Ren, Ye Liu, Jinpeng Wang, Shuang Bi
Journal of Food Science and Biotechnology
Food packaging sterilization is an important technical means to avoid the spread of SARS-CoV- 2 and the cross-contamination of foodborne viruses.However,the secondary hazards generated after sterilization are complex and have different characteristics,and a wide range of factors affect the formation of these hazards.The studies about the migration behavior of secondary hazards from packaging materials to food remain to be reviewed.Therefore,the author systematically reviewed the correspondence between sterilization technologies and secondary hazards generated after food packaging sterilization,the characteristics of secondary hazards,the factors affecting the formation of secondary hazards,and the detection technologies of secondary hazards.By outlining the classical migration model,the author summarized …
Lipase-Mediated Oxidation Of Furfural To Furoic Acid, Rui Zhu, Yaxin Wang, Liang Zhang
Lipase-Mediated Oxidation Of Furfural To Furoic Acid, Rui Zhu, Yaxin Wang, Liang Zhang
Journal of Food Science and Biotechnology
[Objective ] This study aims to develop a lipase-mediated furfural oxidation system in ionic liquid for the green synthesis of furoic acid,5-hydroxymethyl- 2-furancarboxylic acid,and 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid under mild reaction conditions.[Method ] Using furfural as the substrate,Novozym 435 lipase as the catalyst,hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant,and 1-butyl- 3-methylimidazolium acetate ionic liquid as the solvent,the conditions including reaction temperature,reaction time,initial furfural concentration,and initial hydrogen peroxide concentration were optimized.The system was further extended to the oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural,and coupled with a chemical oxidation process using an imidazolium-based ionic liquid and tert-butyl hydroperoxide to achieve one-pot synthesis of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid.[Result ] Under the optimized …
Oral Administration Of Lacticaseibacillus Paracasei Ccfm 1433 Boosts Host Immunity To Prevent Candida Albicans Infections, Xinya Zhang, Qiuxiang Zhang, Xin Tang, Bingyong Mao, Jianxin Zhao, Shumao Cui
Oral Administration Of Lacticaseibacillus Paracasei Ccfm 1433 Boosts Host Immunity To Prevent Candida Albicans Infections, Xinya Zhang, Qiuxiang Zhang, Xin Tang, Bingyong Mao, Jianxin Zhao, Shumao Cui
Journal of Food Science and Biotechnology
[Objective ] This study aims to explore the role of Lactobacillus in enhancing host immunocompetence and preventing vaginal infections with Candida albicans.[Method ] A human vaginal epithelial cell (VK2/E6E7 cell) model was employed to screen the most potent strain among ten vaginal Lactobacillus isolates in inducing the antimicrobial peptide LL- 37.A mouse model of vaginal infection with Candida albicans was established.The effects of oral administration of the selected Lactobacillus strain on vaginal mucosal immunity,systemic inflammatory balance,and vaginal microbiota homeostasis were systematically evaluated using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining,ELISA,qPCR,and 16S rRNA sequencing.[Result ] Both t he cell lysate and fermentation supernatant of Lacticaseibacillus …
Understanding Healthcare Experiences Of Individuals With Intellectual And Developmental Disabilities (Idd): A Mixed-Methods Research Proposal, Cristine Jan Catina
Understanding Healthcare Experiences Of Individuals With Intellectual And Developmental Disabilities (Idd): A Mixed-Methods Research Proposal, Cristine Jan Catina
Master's Projects and Capstones
Background: Individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) often face persistent barriers to healthcare, which include complex health conditions, persistent health disparities driven by social determinants, insufficient provider training, widespread stigma, and significant communication barriers. While previous studies highlight systemic issues, they often overlook the lived experiences of both patients and providers. Purpose: This paper outlines a mixed-methods study, guided by the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to examine how attitudes, social norms, perceived behavioral control, and past healthcare experiences relate to behavioral intentions—specifically, the intention to attend future healthcare visits among adults with IDD and the intention to provide …
The Files Are In The Computer: On Copyright, Memorization, And Generative Ai, A. Feder Cooper [email protected], James Grimmelmann
The Files Are In The Computer: On Copyright, Memorization, And Generative Ai, A. Feder Cooper [email protected], James Grimmelmann
Chicago-Kent Law Review
No abstract provided.
The Ai-Copyright Trap, Carys J. Craig
Artificial Intellectual Property, Daniel J. Gervais
Artificial Intellectual Property, Daniel J. Gervais
Chicago-Kent Law Review
No abstract provided.
Trade Secrecy Meets Generative Ai, Camilla A. Hrdy
Trade Secrecy Meets Generative Ai, Camilla A. Hrdy
Chicago-Kent Law Review
No abstract provided.
Screening Of Excellent Lactic Acid Bacteria And Yeast Fermentation Agents And Effects Of Mixed Fermentation On The Quality Of Bread Dough, Yumeng Chen, Weijun Wang, Shuling Shen, Yanhua Li, Jingjing Ma, Menghan Huang, Yuhang Liu
Screening Of Excellent Lactic Acid Bacteria And Yeast Fermentation Agents And Effects Of Mixed Fermentation On The Quality Of Bread Dough, Yumeng Chen, Weijun Wang, Shuling Shen, Yanhua Li, Jingjing Ma, Menghan Huang, Yuhang Liu
Journal of Food Science and Biotechnology
[Objective ] The research on the synergistic use of lactic acid bacteria and yeast in sourdough is beneficial for meeting the industrial production demand of fermentation agents for baking food.[Method ] This study investigated the acid tolerance,acid production,enzyme production,gas production,and alcohol production abilities of various strains during the fermentation process by measuring the microbial count,pH,stretching area,elongation,hardness,viscosity,storage modulus (G′),loss modulus (G″),etc.of bread dough.The effects of different fer mentation agents on the total titratable acidity (TTA ),stretching characteristics,texture characteristics,and rheological properties of b read dough were investigated.[Result ] Lacticaseibacillus paracasei LG0260,Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LG1034,Lactococcus lactis LG0827,as well as Saccharomyces cerevisiae J2808 and S.cerevisiae …
Structural Characteristics And Antibacterial Activity Of Silver Nanoparticles Prepared From Phyllanthus Emblica Extract, Jingyuan Liu, Wenting Wang
Structural Characteristics And Antibacterial Activity Of Silver Nanoparticles Prepared From Phyllanthus Emblica Extract, Jingyuan Liu, Wenting Wang
Journal of Food Science and Biotechnology
[Objective ] The aim of this study is to investigate the structural characteristics,antibacterial activity,and antioxidant capacity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs ) prepared from Phyllanthus emblica extract.[Method ] AgNPs were prepared with Phyllanthus emblica extract as a reducing agent.The structure of the AgNPs was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD ),scanning electron microscopy (SEM ),photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS ),and transmission electron microscopy (TEM ).Furthermore,the inhibitory effects of AgNPs at different mass concentrations on Escherichia coli ATCC 25922,Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25933,and Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO 1 were assessed,with the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC ) being determined.In addition,the superoxide anion and ABTS+ free radical scavenging …
Treadmill-Based Submaximal Vo₂ Estimation In Patients With Coronary Artery Disease: Can A Model Derived From Healthy Individuals Be Valid?, Levent Karataş, Esra Sena Orbak Yeni̇dünya, Nesri̇n Demi̇rsoy
Treadmill-Based Submaximal Vo₂ Estimation In Patients With Coronary Artery Disease: Can A Model Derived From Healthy Individuals Be Valid?, Levent Karataş, Esra Sena Orbak Yeni̇dünya, Nesri̇n Demi̇rsoy
Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences
Background/aim: Existing treadmill-based VO₂ prediction models may not accurately estimate submaximal VO₂ in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), as they are often derived from healthy populations. This study aimed to develop and validate a submaximal VO₂ prediction model derived from healthy individuals and tested for generalizability in CAD patients by incorporating clinically relevant parameters.
Materials and methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted with 101 participants (54 healthy, 47 CAD patients) undergoing cardiopulmonary exercise testing using the modified Bruce protocol. To better represent the submaximal VO₂ reached during exercise, the average VO₂ in the last minute of each stage was …
Sinapic Acid Alleviates Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury By Regulating Oxidative Stress, Apoptosis, And Inflammation, Mustafa Can Güler, Fazi̇le Nur Eki̇nci̇ Akdemi̇r, Ersen Eraslan, Ayhan Tanyeli̇, Derya Güzel Erdoğan, Behzat Tebri̇zi̇
Sinapic Acid Alleviates Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury By Regulating Oxidative Stress, Apoptosis, And Inflammation, Mustafa Can Güler, Fazi̇le Nur Eki̇nci̇ Akdemi̇r, Ersen Eraslan, Ayhan Tanyeli̇, Derya Güzel Erdoğan, Behzat Tebri̇zi̇
Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences
Background/aim: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a major clinical issue, frequently resulting from ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Sinapic acid (SA), a natural phenolic molecule included in numerous plant-based foods, exhibits antiapoptotic, antioxidant, and antiinflammatory properties. This study aimed to investigate the renoprotective effects of SA in an I/R-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) model.
Materials and methods: Sprague–Dawley male rats (n = 32) were randomly assigned to four groups: sham, I/R, SA 20 mg/kg, and SA 40 mg/kg. SA was administered intraperitoneally before reperfusion. Renal tissues were examined using biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical methods, focusing on oxidative stress, cytokine expression, and apoptosis …
Gradient-Based Optimization And Control Of Systems With Two Decision-Makers And Delayed Information, Mohammad Safayet Hossain
Gradient-Based Optimization And Control Of Systems With Two Decision-Makers And Delayed Information, Mohammad Safayet Hossain
Graduate Thesis and Dissertation post-2024
In today’s world systems are complex in nature, often involving two or more decision-makers (DMs) each attempting to optimize the performance of the system using an objective function that reflects its own preferences and is usually different from the other. Such systems are very common in power, microeconomics, and other systems. The focus of this research is how such systems are optimized and how the results of optimization are implemented in practice. Without loss of generality, we consider systems with two DMs, each attempting to optimize the system’s by minimizing its own objective function. The solution of these types of …
Tail-Imbalance Diffusion Equalizer For Class-Balanced Generation, Chinmay Dhanraj Nehate
Tail-Imbalance Diffusion Equalizer For Class-Balanced Generation, Chinmay Dhanraj Nehate
Graduate Thesis and Dissertation post-2024
Real-world image corpora are often imbalanced. On long-tailed datasets, the head class can outnumber the tail by a large margin, and a vanilla diffusion probabilistic model (DPM) consequently loses fidelity and diversity on rare categories, undermining controllable generation. To address this gap, we present Tail Imbalance Diffusion Equalizer (TIDE), a training framework that restores class balance without discarding data or adding extra training stages. Our contribution is threefold: (i) score field rebalancing, where we embed class-prior knowledge into a mixing matrix that routes gradients toward minority classes, with this class-prior knowledge consisting of the empirical label frequencies in the training …
Differential Interferon Synthesis And Signaling Between Parainfluenza Virus Acute And Persistently Infected Cells, Vonisha Kaigler
Differential Interferon Synthesis And Signaling Between Parainfluenza Virus Acute And Persistently Infected Cells, Vonisha Kaigler
Graduate Thesis and Dissertation post-2024
RNA virus infections can transition from an initial acute infection to a prolonged or persistent infection, in which infected cells survive and continue to produce progeny virus. This presents a major clinical problem as persistently infected (PI) cells extend viral shedding, maintain inflammation, and provide potential sources for new viral variants. The RNA virus, Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), with mutations in the P/V gene region (P/V mutant) is a strong inducer of antiviral responses. Interestingly, over time, there is an emergence of cells that survive as P/V mutant PI cells. Given that changes in innate immune signaling pathways can occur …
A Community-Based Wellness Program To Increase Exercise Adherence For Menopausal And Postmenopausal Women: A Mixed-Methods Pilot Study, Kristin M. Badillo
A Community-Based Wellness Program To Increase Exercise Adherence For Menopausal And Postmenopausal Women: A Mixed-Methods Pilot Study, Kristin M. Badillo
Graduate Thesis and Dissertation post-2024
Evidence exists that long-term commitment to an exercise routine is beneficial. Contrarily, there is a notable lack in exercise adherence among menopausal and postmenopausal women. Though research has thoroughly examined the reasons why menopausal and postmenopausal women may not be committed to an exercise routine, it remains unclear what motivates those who are adherent. This pilot study employed a mixed-methods design through administering surveys and conducting in-person focus group interviews. Additionally, an 8-week buddy system was implemented to assess the role of social support and its effect on exercise adherence. For quantitative data collection, a total of 7 participants enrolled …
Integrating Education For Sustainable Development Into Elementary Curriculum Through Transdisciplinary Learning: A Case Study Of Teachers At Designated Green Schools, Amanda Ferguson
Graduate Thesis and Dissertation post-2024
The rising number of sustainability-focused jobs in the United States has underscored the need for greater exposure to Education for Sustainable Development in early education. While higher education and secondary schools offer courses on sustainability and the environment, elementary students have limited opportunities to engage with these topics. This embedded multiple-case study examined the role of Education for Sustainable Development in elementary classrooms, specifically through transdisciplinary lessons. The research was guided by the question: How do elementary teachers in county-designated Green Schools in a Florida district use transdisciplinary lessons to teach sustainability within their existing curriculum?
Using the theoretical framework …
Nou La, We Are Here: A Phenomenological Study On Haitian Students' Identity Development In College, Norma J. Altidor
Nou La, We Are Here: A Phenomenological Study On Haitian Students' Identity Development In College, Norma J. Altidor
Graduate Thesis and Dissertation post-2024
The United States has seen an increase of individuals migrating from Haiti in search of better opportunities for themselves and their families (Camarota, 2024; Ogunwole, Battle & Cohen, 2017). That rise has correlated with an increase in the number of Haitian students enrolling in American higher education institutions. There are many published studies on the experiences of minorities based on race (Harper & Quaye, 2007) compared to studies on ethnically diverse students (Dennis, Phinney & Chuateco, 2005). Existing literature shows that immigrant youth and first-generation Americans often identify more with their ethnicity than their race (Tatum, 1997). As such, there …
Decreasing Administrative Burdens For Promoting Social Equity: Three Essays On Innvations In Public Service Provision, Kyungmin Lee
Decreasing Administrative Burdens For Promoting Social Equity: Three Essays On Innvations In Public Service Provision, Kyungmin Lee
Graduate Thesis and Dissertation post-2024
This dissertation investigates three aspects of administrative burdens in public service delivery and explores how these burdens—which often discourage eligible individuals from accessing needed services—relate to individuals' perceptions of and behaviors toward those burdens and ultimately to user outcomes. The first essay examines whether a shift from in-person to virtual service modalities imposes additional administrative burden—digital administrative burden—for service users. Using the secondary data from the 2022 “Survey of Citizens’ Perceptions of Public Administration” conducted in South Korea, the study applies Coarsened Exact Matching (CEM) to assess the relationship between service modality and digital administrative burden. The findings suggest no …
Creating An Archive From Colonial Records: Representations Of The Caribbean In British Periodicals, 1750-1930, Natalie B. Herman
Creating An Archive From Colonial Records: Representations Of The Caribbean In British Periodicals, 1750-1930, Natalie B. Herman
Graduate Thesis and Dissertation post-2024
The periodization of Caribbean literature is a highly contested topic. Much of this periodization problem relates to the question of what should be included in this category of Caribbean literature, a question that became particularly pertinent during the postcolonial era. Many studies of Caribbean literature have traced its supposed origins to the period of the early to mid-twentieth century when many Caribbean territories were well on their way to postcolonial independence while disregarding works produced during the colonial period as they were considered to favor colonialism. Through examining how Caribbean literature appeared in the pre-1950 period, research conducted for the …