Digital Commons Network^™

Construction, Optimization, And Characterization Of An Undergraduate Cold Cathode Table-Top Electron Accelerator For Radiation Physics Education, Caitlin Balmer, Mason Skeath, Mehran M. Zaini, Peter Zencak, Erin M. Craig

Journal of the Symposium of University Research and Creative Expression

Project Mentor(s): Mehran Zaini, PhD; Peter Zencak

Rising cancer cases spurred advancements in radiation therapy modalities, including electron accelerators. In this report, descriptive and diagnostic analysis was utilized to develop and characterize a functional, low energy cold cathode table-top electron accelerator for radiation physics experimentation in Central Washington University’s (CWU) undergraduate radiation lab. The device features a tungsten cathode (TC), brass anode, and copper Faraday Cup (FC) in a vacuum, enclosed by blue-tinted polyvinyl chloride (PVC). TC electron emission was facilitated by applied electric fields from input voltages of 1000 V to 5000 V. FC collected electron current in the …

Examine Supreme Court Decisions That Have Influenced The Gender Salary Gap, Shinhae Hwang

Journal of the Symposium of University Research and Creative Expression

Project Mentor(s): Rodrigo Murataya, PhD

Despite significant advancements in gender equality policies and legal frameworks, women consistently earn less than men across various industries and job positions (Blau & Khan, 2017). As of 2023, median weekly wages of full-time women are 83.6 percent of the median weekly wages of men, an increase of just three percentage points since 2004 (BLS 2024). This stalled convergence in the gender gap in wages has led to a large and vibrant research literature that seeks to understand why change has been so slow (England 2010). This paper explores the impact of legislative acts such …

Antibiotic Resistance Trends In Coliform Bacteria Of Kittitas County Waters, Kaitlyn Holbrook, Bella Blasingim, Cruz Veronica Guillen Mejia, Holly Pinkart

Journal of the Symposium of University Research and Creative Expression

Project Mentor(s): Holly Pinkart, PhD

Since the mid-1900s, antibiotics have been developed to help fight against bacterial pathogens. However, bacteria can evolve rapidly and have evolved resistance to many types of antibiotics. Using coliform bacteria collected from waters around Kittitas County, BIOL 323 students at Central Washington University have identified a variety of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in Kittitas County streams and canals. Antibiotic resistance was measured from 2014-2019 and compared to data collected in 2024. This study focuses on three antibiotics, ampicillin, kanamycin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. In the past (2014-2019) we saw no change in the trend of antibiotic resistance in collected …

Effect Of Coniferous Trees And Water Availability On Soil Acidification, Jessica A. Cheever

Journal of the Symposium of University Research and Creative Expression

Project Mentor(s): Mary Poulson, PhD

Water availability and coniferous tree species can cause acidification and a change in soil fertility. Previous research in European forests found that rainfall, soil acidity, and conifer prevalence influenced soil quality and biodiversity. However, not much is known about these effects in the Pacific Northwest’s forests. Three forests were chosen based on a gradient of annual precipitation. The Hoh Rain Forest, the Tiger Mountain State Forest, and the Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest were used for wet, mesic, and dry conditions, respectively. Each location had a three-by-six grid spaced 50 meters between each plot. The location was …

Building Career Pathways: Investigating The Potential For A Cooperative Education Program For Graduate Itm Students At Central Washington University, Liam J. E Holland

Journal of the Symposium of University Research and Creative Expression

Project Mentor(s): Susan Rivera, PhD

This research examines the feasibility of introducing a cooperative education (co-op) program at the master’s level in the Central Washington University (CWU) ITM Department. Methods included a review of existing co-op programs, analysis of interviews with past co-op students, and an examination of survey data on student interest in graduate-level cooperative education. The study aims to identify key elements of effective co-op programs and assess demand for such programs. The analysis of current co-op models offers insights into program structure, industry engagement, and student success. The 2019 NACE Internship & Co-op Survey found that 50.2% …

Optimizing Cybersecurity Through Ai Predictive Analytics And Human Expertise, Cathy Mae C. Dutong

Journal of the Symposium of University Research and Creative Expression

Project Mentor(s): Hideki Takei, DBA

As cybersecurity threats evolve in complexity and scale, the reliance on artificial intelligence (AI) has become increasingly prevalent across both public and private sectors. This study examines the dual role of AI-driven predictive analytics in strengthening organizational cybersecurity, while addressing the ongoing need for human oversight. Through a mixed-method approach, combining survey data from cybersecurity professionals with an extensive literature review, this research analyzes AI's capacity to detect emerging threats, the systemic challenges associated with AI integration, and the indispensable role of human expertise in interpreting AI outputs. Findings indicate that while AI enhances proactive …

Global Trends In Ai-Driven Product Development: A Cross-Country Analysis, Shilpa Dhananjayan

Journal of the Symposium of University Research and Creative Expression

Project Mentor(s): Hideki Takei, DBA

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming industries and accelerating global innovation, yet its benefits remain unevenly distributed. A nation’s AI readiness—its capacity to adopt and implement AI technologies—plays a crucial role in economic growth and technological advancement. Key determinants of AI readiness include digital infrastructure, data accessibility, government policies, research and development (R&D) investment, and workforce development. This study examines the relationship between AI readiness, AI adoption, innovation, R&D investment of a nation, Digital Infrastructure Index (DII) and Human Capital Index (HCI) using a Random Forest regression model. Findings reveal a strong correlation between AI adoption …

Characteristics Contributing To The Risk Of Diabulimia In Adults Living In The United States, Danielle Van Hout, Nicole Stendell-Hollis, Tafere Gebreegziabher Belay, Kelly Pritchett

Journal of the Symposium of University Research and Creative Expression

Project Mentor(s): Nicole Stendell-Hollis, PhD, RDN; Tafere G Belay, PhD; Kelly Pritchett, PhD, RDN, CSSD

The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and factors that contribute to the risk of diabulimia by using the validated Diabetes Eating Problem Survey-Revised (DEPS-R)¹ screening tool in adults living in the U.S., as well as to examine differences in individuals at-risk and not-at-risk for diabulimia. This observational study included a 30-question Qualtrics survey containing the DEPS-R distributed via various social media outlets and flyers on the CWU Ellensburg campus. Participants were required to be 18 years or older, diagnosed with …

Focus Group Interview: Perspectives Of Virtual Dietary Counseling Method’S Post Covid-19 Pandemic, Maria Mendoza

Journal of the Symposium of University Research and Creative Expression

Project Mentor(s): Nicole Stendell-Hollis, PhD; Tafere Belay, PhD; Katy Williams; Jessica Tyrrell

The purpose of this study is to examine the perceptions related to different delivery methods of dietary counseling. This qualitative research study will examine the perceptions related to different methods of dietary counseling (telephone calls, video calls, or face-to-face visits). Focus group one contained provider participants (N = 7), which were all RDNs and focus group two hosted patient participants (N = 6). Semi structured interviews were performed asking subjects about any personal experiences related to receiving or providing nutrition education, positive or negative, as they participated in …

Prevalence Of Diabetes Related To Acculturation, Dietary Quality, And Sedentary Lifestyle In Mexican Americans: National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey 2011 To 2018, Kivima Acevedo

Journal of the Symposium of University Research and Creative Expression

Project Mentor(s): David Gee, PhD; Kathaleen Briggs Early, PhD, RDN, CDCES; Katy Williams, MS, RDN

Objective: This study examined the prevalence of diabetes in Mexican American adults (MA-adults) and how risk factors like acculturation, dietary quality, and sedentary lifestyle contribute to the rising rates of diabetes, using the National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHANES) 2011 to 2018 data. Methods: We analyzed the NHANES data of MA-adults and Non-Hispanic White adults (NHW-adults) (n= 10670) for the association of diabetes and its risk factors (dietary habits and sedentary lifestyle) by acculturation levels. Diet quality was assessed using the Healthy Eating Index (HEI). …

Frida Kahlo: More Than The Unibrow, A Cultural Feminist Analysis, Karen Valencia

Journal of the Symposium of University Research and Creative Expression

Project Mentor(s): Erika Pazian

Frida Kahlo has been a common name in the art historical canon – one that reinvented Surrealism, despite not identifying with the style, and challenged conventional norms in artistic practices. Many of her works are discussed in Mexican art historical settings, however, the research of this paper will point the bulk of its focus directly onto The Two Fridas, offering additional discussion on how it connects to feminist theory. Kahlo was a deeply complicated woman, reduced to her bus incident, or tumultuous relationship with muralist Diego Rivera. The materials used as sources in this paper will …

Capital Gains On Sales Of Subdivided Realty-Three Alternatives, Hal Wm. Ellis, William S. Houston Jr.

Tax Adviser

No abstract provided.

Turkish Eyes For America: How Turkey Embraced The United States In The Interwar Period, Jack Goodwin

The Ozark Historical Review

This research discusses the unique relationship developed between the United States and Turkey between world wars and invites us to reconsider the popular understanding of the United States’ place in Turkey and questions the ways American officials believed were the most effective at spreading their national ideals and culture.

Elite Southern Views On Chinese Labor From Reconstruction To Exclusion, Spencer Livengood

The Ozark Historical Review

This paper discusses the shift in Southern attitudes toward Chinese immigrants during the period between the Civil War and the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. Immediately following the war, those attitudes were generally positive; however, once Reconstruction state governments were overthrown, the South’s political class rapidly aligned itself with western anti-Chinese voices in the papers and in Congress.

The Varied Response Of Cherokees To Land Allotment, Jacob Cummings

The Ozark Historical Review

This paper analyzes Cherokee opposition to allotment, a United States policy, expressed in the 1887 Dawes Act and other U.S. legislation and executive orders, that coerced tribal nations to break their communally held lands into private holdings, or allotments. This paper argues that the shifting beliefs, political views, and grassroots movements surrounding allotment, and its closely related issues, were both based in and influenced by personal and political interests, as well as from traditional, collective Cherokee values and spirituality.

The Ozark Historical Review, V.52, 2025

The Ozark Historical Review

No abstract provided.

Chronos V. 15 Complete Issue, Chronos

Chronos

No abstract provided.

Impressum, Chronos

Chronos

No abstract provided.

The Representation Of The Grandmother In Arab American Fiction: Alia Younis’S The Night Counter As A Case Study, Asmaa Belbachir, Eman Mukattash

Jordan Journal of Applied Science-Humanities Series

The increasing phenomenon of long-living grandparents and their novel roles and positions within both family and society in today’s world has inspired authors to produce literary works that address this subject. This article, in turn, aims to offer a clear representation of the grandmother’s character in Alia Younis’s The Night Counter (2009) by analyzing the various roles that the grandmother’s character plays in the lives of her grandchildren. As an Arab-American, Younis has an extensive background in the structure, norms, and values of the Arab Lebanese family, which are reflected in the novel. By choosing the grandmother as a central …

Between Shores: Geophilosophical And Psychogeographical Explorations Of Belonging In Abdulrazak Gurnah’S By The Sea (2001), Nabila Khelil, Mahmoud Al-Shetawi

Jordan Journal of Applied Science-Humanities Series

In Abdulrazak Gurnah's work By the Sea (2001), the complex notion of belonging emerges as a central concern, intricately interwoven with the cultural and geographic landscape of the Indian Ocean region. The novel weaves a tapestry of profound geophilosophical and psychogeographical implications, as its primary setting, the coastline, becomes a multifaceted metaphor for the complex human experience of displacement, identity, and the ever-shifting nature of borders, both physical and existential. The vastness and fluidity of the sea, juxtaposed with the solid but permeable shoreline, serves as a symbolic stage upon which the characters' journeys of self-discovery and grappling with their …

The Effectiveness Of A Reception Theory-Based Strategy In Improving Literary Appreciation Skills Of Tenth Grade Students, Mohamad Bani Issa, Naser Maqableh

Jordan Journal of Applied Science-Humanities Series

This study aimed to verify the effectiveness of a reception theory-based strategy in improving literary appreciation skills among tenth-grade students. The design included an experimental group of 21 students and a control group of 20 students, randomly assigned from five tenth-grade classes. The strategy based on reception theory was applied, and a test measured four skills of literary appreciation: images, music and imagination; words and structures; ideas and meanings; and emotion. The results showed a statistically significant difference at the significance level (α = 0.05) in literary appreciation skills, both individually and overall, between the performance of the two groups, …

The Degree Of Administrative Empowerment Practiced By Junior High School Principals Within The Green Line And Its Relationship To Teachers' Achievement Motivation, Dalia Hanno, Mohammad Ashour, Mohammad Momani

Jordan Journal of Applied Science-Humanities Series

The aim of this study was to identify the degree of administrative empowerment practiced by junior high school principals within the Green Line and its relationship to teachers' achievement motivation from both the principals' and teachers' perspectives. The study sample consisted of 422 principals and teachers, selected using a stratified random sampling method. To achieve the study's objectives, a questionnaire was used to collect data, and a descriptive correlational approach was employed. The results revealed that the degree of administrative empowerment among junior high school principals along the Green Line, from the perspectives of principals and teachers, was high. Additionally, …

The Degree Of Practicing Effective Leadership By Public School Principals In Bani Obeid District From The Teachers’ Point Of View, Esraa Matlqa

Jordan Journal of Applied Science-Humanities Series

The study aimed to assess the extent of effective leadership practiced by public school principals in Bani Obeid District from the perspective of teachers. The results indicated that the level of effective leadership practice by these principals was high. Furthermore, the results showed no statistically significant differences in the perceived level of effective leadership practice based on gender or years of experience. However, there were statistically significant differences related to educational qualifications, with postgraduate degree holders being perceived as practicing more effective leadership. The researcher recommends enhancing school principals' moral attitudes towards teachers in all aspects of the educational and …

The Degree Of School Principals Practice Of Digital Management In The Northern Region Of Jordan, Ibtisam Al-Sakran, Adnan Al-Ibrahim, Ayed Al-Hersh

Jordan Journal of Applied Science-Humanities Series

The study aimed to identify the extent of school principals' engagement in digital management practices in the Northern Region and to determine whether differences exist according to various factors such as job title, gender, school type, educational qualifications, and enrollment in digital management training courses. To achieve this, a questionnaire consisting of 16 items was designed, covering three domains: digital learning culture, improvement and development, and ethical issues. It was distributed to a randomly selected sample of 521 principals and teachers. The study concluded that the overall level of digital management practice is high. Among the domains, the digital learning …

The Role Of Formative Assessment In Enhancing The Educational Process: Perspectives Of Teachers In Public Schools Of Jerash Governorate, Thakera Abu Ghzleh

Jordan Journal of Applied Science-Humanities Series

This study aimed to identify the role of formative assessment in improving the educational process from the perspectives of teachers in public schools in Jerash Governorate. The study employed a descriptive survey approach, using a questionnaire to collect data. The sample consisted of 820 teachers, both female and male, working in public schools under the Education Directorate of Jerash Governorate. The findings indicated that the level of formative assessment in improving the educational process was moderate, with an average score of 3.64. Additionally, the results showed no statistically significant difference in perceptions of the role of formative assessment based on …

References Of Memory: Ego And Myth — A Reading Of Adonis’S Diwan Aduñada, Salem Al-Trabeen

Jordan Journal of Applied Science-Humanities Series

This research offers a critical reading of the Diwan Aduñada by the Syrian poet Adonis, as this diwan represents a poetic summary of the poet's experience, particularly in confronting life after many years. The central themes of the reading are based on two motivations: first, the motif of the ego, in which the poet is portrayed as the interface of the body that does not die, with its features clarified through the myth that served as a cognitive signifier in Adonis's poetry. Second, the stimulus of memory, where its presence alongside the ego forms the basis of a normative, binding …

The Role Of Public School Principals In Wadi Al-Seer District Directorate Of Education In Promoting The Culture Of Community Schools From Teachers' Perspectives, Rayida Al-Ziyoud

Jordan Journal of Applied Science-Humanities Series

The study aimed to identify the role of public school principals in promoting the culture of community schools in Wadi Al-Seer District Directorate of Education from teachers' perspectives. A descriptive approach was used, and a questionnaire served as the data collection tool. The study included 320 male and female teachers, selected using convenience sampling. The results showed that, from the teachers' point of view, the role of public school principals in spreading the culture of community schools in Wadi Al-Seer was rated as high overall. The findings revealed no statistically significant differences in perceptions regarding the role of principals due …

The Role Of School Administration In Schools Within The Green Line To Activate Partnerships With Parents From Principals' And Teachers' Perspectives, Nesreen Yazbake, Khalifeh Abu Ashour

Jordan Journal of Applied Science-Humanities Series

This study aims to explore the role of school administration in schools within the Green Line to activate partnerships with parents from principals' and teachers' perspectives. It also examines the effect of variables such as gender, academic qualification, educational level, school type, and job title on the members' perceptions of this role. The researchers used a descriptive survey methodology. The sample consisted of 350 principals and teachers, selected through stratified random sampling from the total population of 3,698 principals and teachers. A questionnaire was used to collect the necessary data to achieve the study's objectives. The results indicated that the …

The Transformative Value Of Antigone On The Arab Stage: Amplifying Voices Of Resistance And Justice, Maram Al-Dweik, Mahmoud Al-Shetawi

Jordan Journal of Applied Science-Humanities Series

In contexts marked by human rights abuses, state violence, and gender-based injustices, theatrical performances in the Arab world offer a vital platform for marginalized voices. By exploring the transformative power of modern adaptations of Sophocles’ Antigone, particularly in this unique context, this study reveals how these performances serve as poignant reflections of resistance, justice, and societal transformation. Antigone is renowned for its exploration of political themes and moral dilemmas and continues to resonate across cultures and epochs. Through an adaptation theory lens, this study examines various Arab adaptations of Antigone, demonstrating the global reach and influence of this …

The American Role In The Political Crises Of The Arab World: Iraq As A Case Study (2011–2021), “Fatima Azhra’A” Al- Rhamneh

Jordan Journal of Applied Science-Humanities Series

This study aimed to analyze the American stance on the political crises occurring in the Arab world, using Iraq as a case study from 2011 to 2021. To achieve this, analytical, descriptive, and qualitative methods were employed, focusing on the collection, interpretation, and analysis of secondary data, which were deemed most appropriate for the nature and objectives of the study. The results indicated that US-Iraqi relations have significantly shifted according to American interests. The U.S. position often influenced the onset, escalation, or resolution of political crises. For example, the U.S. occupation of Iraq and the poor decisions made during that …