Digital Commons Network^™

Sleep Environment Is Associated With Sleep Control In Fly-In, Fly-Out Mining Shift Workers, Philipp Beranek, Mitchell Turner, Johnny Lo, Michael Grandner, Ian C. Dunican, Travis Cruickshank

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Control over sleep timing, duration, and quality is essential for obtaining healthy sleep. Fly-in, Fly-out (FIFO) mining shift workers face unique challenges in maintaining control over their sleep due to their roster. However, the impact of their sleep environment on perceived sleep control in this population remains underexplored. This study evaluates the sleep environment of FIFO mining shift workers and its association with sleep control. A cross-sectional study was conducted (2023–2024) on Australian FIFO mining shift workers residing in remote camp accommodations. Data were collected via an online survey using the Assessment of Sleep Environment (ASE) and the Brief Index …

Real-World Dosing And Persistence Of Oral Treprostinil Initiation Strategies In Patients With Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension, Daniel J Lachant, Ali Ataya, H James Ford, Meredith Broderick, Scott Seaman, Benjamin Wu, Murali M Chakinala

2020-Current year OA Pubs

In patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), limited real-world data are available on persistence to oral treprostinil therapy, particularly while transitioning from parenteral prostacyclins. We compared persistence to oral treprostinil and total daily dose (TDD) achieved among patients with PAH initiating oral treprostinil de novo or while transitioning from parenteral prostacyclins using two real-world datasets: specialty pharmacy shipment records (Analysis 1) and ADAPT registry (Analysis 2). In Analysis 1, patients receiving oral treprostinil in 2017, 2020, and 2023 were included. In Analysis 2, de-identified data of patients enrolled in ADAPT from July 2017 to January 2022 were included. We conducted …

Molecular Dynamics Of The Host Response To Streptococcus Pneumoniae Pneumonia In Baboons, Bryan D Kraft, Et Al.

2020-Current year OA Pubs

BACKGROUND: Bacterial pneumonia remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide despite the widespread availability of antibiotics. Novel pneumonia therapies and biomarkers are urgently needed to improve outcomes and advance personalized therapy. Using an established baboon model of S. pneumoniae pneumonia, we sought to characterize the temporal dynamics of pneumonia host responses to identify novel potential diagnostic and therapeutic molecular targets.

METHODS: We performed whole blood transcriptomics, unbiased proteomics, and peripheral cytokine measurements serially in baboons inoculated with S. pneumoniae (n = 23) or saline (n = 10) and modeled the peripheral blood host response using principal components analysis …

Healing Right Way: A Stepped Wedge Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial Aiming To Enhance Quality Of Life For Aboriginal Australian Survivors Of Stroke And Traumatic Brain Injury, Elizabeth Armstrong, Tapan Rai, Judith M. Katzenellenbogen, Sandra J. Thompson, Meaghan Mcallister, Natalie Ciccone, Deborah Hersh, Leon Flicker, Dominique A. Cadilhac, Erin Godecke, Graeme J. Hankey, Neil Drew, Colleen Hayward, Deborah Woods, Mel Robinson, Ivan Lin, Sanita Kratina, Jane White, Juli Coffin

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Objective: To determine the effect of cultural security training (CST) for health professionals and access to an Aboriginal Brain Injury Coordinator (ABIC) for Aboriginal Australians with stroke or traumatic brain injury (TBI). Design: A stepped wedge cluster randomised controlled trial; the intervention package consisted of CST for hospital professionals and 6-month access to ABICs providing education, support, liaison and advocacy; the commencement order of the intervention phase was randomised. Setting: Four urban and four rural hospitals in Western Australia, 2018–2022. Participants: Aboriginal adults ≥ 18 years hospitalised with stroke or TBI. Main Outcome Measures: Primary outcome was quality of life …

Production Of Durable Mortar For Aggressive Environments Using Waste Glass Aggregates And Metakaolin-Based Blended Cement, T. F. Awolusi, A. O. Sojobi, D. O. Oguntayo

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

The depletion of river sand and its environmental consequences, combined with the vulnerability of concrete structures to harsh environments, pose a significant global concern. To mitigate maintenance costs, it’s essential to prioritize sustainable infrastructure production that balances durability and environmental sustainability, particularly in aggressive environments. This study explores the possibility of production of durable mortar for aggressive environments using waste glass aggregates and metakaolin-based blended cement. The waste glass cullets were used as sand replacement at 0%, 50%, and 100% and blended with metakaolin and gypsum to produce binary and ternary mortars. The blend of metakaolin and gypsum was explored …

A Modification To The Brand Transfer For Claw Hand: The Four-Tailed Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis To Lateral Band Transfer, Lauren E Wessel, Nirbhay S Jain, Ambika E Paulson, Carrie Bettlach, Mitchell A Pet, Amy M Moore

2020-Current year OA Pubs

BACKGROUND: Claw deformity is a devastating consequence of low ulnar nerve palsy, resulting in loss of finger function. Traditionally, the Brand transfer is a favored intervention but requires lengthy grafts and bulky tenorrhaphies, risking adhesions in the lumbrical canal. We present a modified Brand tendon transfer, which extends the extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) into 4 tails for individual grafting into the lateral band, decreasing adhesion risk and graft length need.

METHODS: Nine consecutive patients with claw hand were examined in detail to confirm the diagnosis and appropriateness for claw-correction surgery by the senior author. All patients underwent our modified …

Predicting Acute Postsurgical Pain In The Postanesthesia Care Unit: Risk Tool Development And Internal Validation, Nicholas Papadomanolakis-Pakis, Simon Haroutounian, Johan K. Sørensen, Charlotte Runge, Lone D. Brix, Christian F Christiansen, Lone Nikolajsen

2020-Current year OA Pubs

INTRODUCTION: Moderate-to-severe acute postsurgical pain (APSP) is experienced by approximately 30% of surgical patients.

OBJECTIVES: To improve early APSP management, we developed 2 pragmatic and generalizable point-of-care risk tools to preoperatively predict moderate-to-severe and severe APSP in the postanaesthesia care unit (PACU).

METHODS: This was a multicenter prospective cohort study of adult patients undergoing elective surgical procedures between May 2021 and May 2023. Candidate predictors were preidentified. Logistic regression was used to develop the models. Internal validation was conducted with bootstrap resampling. Model performance was assessed by discrimination and calibration. Decision curve analysis was conducted to evaluate clinical utility of …

Hemodynamic Characteristics Of Dilated Ascending Aorta In Patients With Bicuspid Aortic Valve, Yu Xia, Xuehuan Zhang, Shuai Zhu, Suwei Chen, Wentao Dong, Zhuo Chen, Nan Zhang, Jiafu Ou, Junming Zhu, Duanduan Chen, Tie Zheng

2020-Current year OA Pubs

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of aortic diameter on hemodynamic environment characteristics in patient with the bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) and dilated ascending aorta (AAo).

METHOD: In this study, an MRI of one BAV patient with 4.5 cm AAo was collected and numerical model was constructed. Based on the images, three additional anatomical models were constructed with different AAo sizes of 4.0 cm, 5.0 cm and 5.5 cm respectively, while the size and the geometry of other parts were fixed. Then hemodynamics in these four models was simulated numerically and the flow patterns and …

Role Of Peripheral Nerve Blocks For Management Of Chronic Pain From Inoperable Neurofibromatosis Type 1-Associated Neurofibromas: A Case Report, Kathryn Kuester, Usman Latif, Vinicius Tieppo Francio, Dan T. Vu, Kelsey Gustafson, Alaa A. Abd-Elsayed, Christopher M. Lam

Student Publications

Background: Neurofibromatosis (NF) is a genetic condition resulting in tumor formation around neural structures, including peripheral nerves, spinal cord, and brain. Patients afflicted with NF can develop a constellation of symptoms ranging from cutaneous findings to sensory deficits and pain. When pain occurs, it could be associated with compression of neural structures or development of neuropathy itself.

Case report: A 60-year-old woman with a history of NF Type 1 (NF1) presented to our clinic for evaluation of left arm pain. Despite several neuropathic medications and surgical procedures, she continues to have neuropathic arm pain associated with neurofibromas in her brachial …

The Transcriptome Trajectory Reveals Sex- And Age-Dependent Changes In The Mouse Adrenal Gland, Yuan Kang, Chen-Che Jeff Huang

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

In both humans and mice, the adrenal gland is a sexually dimorphic organ, but the extent of this diversity throughout development remains unclear. Here, we analyzed the mouse adrenal gland transcriptome at postnatal days 0, 7, 15, 21, 28, 35, and 49 to uncover its transcriptomic trajectory. Sex-dependent differences, indicated by the number of differentially expressed genes, gradually increase over time. Two Y-linked genes are consistently expressed in male adrenal glands, suggesting that factors beyond sex hormones may contribute to adrenal sexual dimorphism. Genes involved in steroidogenesis, cholesterol synthesis, and catecholamine synthesis exhibit sex- and age-dependent differential expression. Weighted gene …

What Time Is It? It Is 8 And 1/2 Time: A Rare Case Of Ischemic Stroke Consistent With Eight-And-A-Half Syndrome, Jessica Daza, Marcelo Bedoya-Sommerkamp, Eunbee Cho, Celia Patricia Daza, Francisco Gomez, Fatimah Bello, Jia Lin

School of Medicine Publications

Eight-and-a-half syndrome is a rare neuro-ophthalmic syndrome characterized by conjugate horizontal gaze palsy, ipsilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia, and ipsilateral facial nerve palsy. It results from a lesion affecting the paramedian pontine reticular formation, the medial longitudinal fasciculus, and the abducens nucleus of the same side, at the level of the lower pons. We present a case of a 49-year-old man with 2-week diplopia and 3-day right-sided facial droop, drooling, and dysarthria. CT angiography of the head and neck revealed atherosclerotic disease, with decreased caliber of the basilar artery at the level of the pons. Brain MRI showed a subacute ischemic lesion …

Social Determinants And Stage At Presentation Of Oral Cancer: Insights From The Rio Grande Valley, Texas, Taha Al Hassan, Yamama Al Sammarraie, Noah Alhassan, Michael Machiorlatti, Adam Bender-Heine, Rachel Giese

School of Medicine Publications

Background: This study aims to explore the social determinants of health and stage at presentation of oral cavity cancer in the Rio Grande Valley (RGV), a region with significant socioeconomic and healthcare disparities. There has been no comprehensive research conducted to understand the oral cancer burden in the RGV. By filling this critical gap, the study seeks to shed light on regional challenges and inform targeted interventions to improve outcomes.

Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted using data from University of Texas RGV otolaryngology clinics between January 2019 and June 2022. Of 1,609 patient records reviewed, 64 cases met …

Patient-Defined Outcomes In Adults With Hip Dysplasia: What Activities Do Patients Hope To Improve With Treatment?, John Gaddis, Martin Salgado-Flores, Seunghoon Lee, Syed Ghazi, Hunter M. Butler, Edward P. Mulligan, Charles South, Joel Wells

School of Medicine Publications

Introduction: Patient-reported outcome measures have widely been used in the field of orthopaedics to determine treatment outcomes; however, they may not always align with the patient's goals for improvement following treatment. Therefore, we introduced the concept of patient-defined outcomes (PDOs): pretreatment goals or activities patients wish to improve following treatment, along with the patient-perceived difficulty and importance of these activities. This study aimed to evaluate PDOs in adults with hip dysplasia across 3 age groups while assessing patient variables for potential associations with choosing specific categories of activities.

Methods: We analyzed PDOs in 180 adults diagnosed with hip dysplasia, stratified …

Readability Of Custom Chatbot Vs. Gpt-4 Responses To Otolaryngology-Related Patient Questions, Yossef Alsabawi, Pompeyo R. Quesada, David T. Rouse

School of Medicine Publications

Background: Low health literacy among patients hinders comprehension of care instructions and worsens outcomes, yet most otolaryngology patient materials and chatbot responses to medical inquiries exceed the recommended reading level of sixth- to eighth-grade. Whether chatbots can be pre-programmed to provide accurate, plain-language responses has yet to be studied. This study aims to compare response readability of a GPT model customized for plain language with GPT-4 when answering common otolaryngology patient questions.

Methods: A custom GPT was created and provided thirty-three questions from Polat et al. (Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol., 2024), and their GPT-4 answers were reused with permission. Questions …

Influence Of Maternal Chitosan Feeding During The Transition Period On Lactational Performance Of Jabal Akhdar Goats And Performance Of Respective Kids, Hani M. El-Zaiat, Malek Q. Alissai

Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences

The present study aimed to examine the effects of maternal CHI supplementation on biochemical metabolites profile, lactational performance of Jabal Akhdar goats and their kids’ growth performance during the transition period. Twelve Jabal Akhdar Omani pregnant does (with 13 ± 1.50 months and 32.0 ± 3 kg live BW) were allotted in one of three treatment groups (four does/treatment). Goats were offered an experimental diet composed of 650 g kg/head/day of concentrate mixture and free access to Rhodes grass hay. Goats were administered orally with 0.0, 0.2, and 0.4 g/kg DM of CHI for 60 days (i.e. four weeks before …

Effects Of Chitosan Supplement On In Vitro Ruminal Methane Production And Fermentation Profile Using Ruminant Conventional Diet, Hani M. El-Zaiat, Hamza Y. Al Hattali

Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences

Chitosan is a nontoxic biopolymer with antimicrobial activities that can modify rumen fermentation patterns. The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of increasing levels of chitosan on in vitro ruminal fermentation profile, methane (CH4) production, and nutrient degradability. A control total mixed ration (TMR) was formulated as a 50:50 concentrate to forage ratio. This study employed gas production (GP) system in a completely randomized design with four treatment levels and six replications. Chitosan levels were included at 0 (control), 100, 200, or 300 g/kg of diet dry matter. After 24 h of fermentation, ruminal net GP (P …

Assessing Population Dynamics And Stock Status Of Pomadasys Kaakan In The Northern Sea Of Oman, Sultanate Of Oman, Fatma Al Harbi, Khulood Al Bulushi, Sachinandan Dutta

Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences

This study aimed to assess the life history and population status of Pomadasys kaakan, Cuvier, 1830, known as ‘Nagroor’, in the Sea of Oman to determine an optimal sustainable yield and provide management recommendations for maintaining stock sustainability. Biological data, including length, weight, age, gonad weight, and maturity stages, were collected monthly in 2016 from the Dibba fish landing center in the Musandam region of the Sultanate of Oman. The Beverton-Holt model was used to determine fish stock status. The length-weight relationship for P. kaakan was described by W = 0.03L2.81, indicating negative allometric growth (t = 0.0318, P > 0.05). …

A Pilot Study Of Seaweed Cultivation In Oman, Khalid Khalifa Nasser Al Subhi, Mohamed Khalfan Al Wahaibi

Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences

The global seaweed farming industry is experiencing rapid growth, driven by its capacity to address critical challenges such as climate change, biodiversity loss, and food security. This study assesses the feasibility of establishing a sustainable seaweed farming sector in Oman, where the industry is currently underdeveloped despite the country’s vast coastal resources. We identify optimal seaweed species for cultivation in Omani waters and evaluate advanced farming techniques using systems such as Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS) and Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA). Our findings suggest that seaweed cultivation in Oman, using (RAS) and (IMTA), holds significant promise and demonstrates seaweed cultivation’s potential …

Consumption Of Plant-Based Meat As An Alternative To Animal Meat: Empirical Evidence On Behavioral Intentions, Deena Al Kalbani, Mohammed Al Rizeiqi, M. R. Razzak, Ismail Al-Bulushi, Adil S. Al-Busaidi, I. Khan, P. Pathare

Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences

Empirical evidence indicates that rising consumption of animal meat negatively could contribute to climate change and public health. As a result, meat alternatives such as plant-based meat (PBM) have emerged as a potential solution. However, there seems to be a dearth of insights regarding significant drivers of people’s behavioral intentions (BI) towards PBM. This study leverages the theory of planned behavior to determine whether attitude, social norms, and perceived behavioral control influence BI towards PBM. Survey data was collected from 380 respondents in Oman to test the relationships between the constructs in the research framework. The results indicated that attitude …

Omani Endogenous Plants: A Review Of Phytochemical Analysis And Antioxidant Activities, Al Aufi Najwa, Waly I. Mostafa

Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences

Herbal medicines have been used for centuries across various cultures to treat a wide range of illnesses. In recent years, growing research supports the bioactive properties of medicinal plants, including antibacterial, antioxidants, antiviral, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities. This review focuses on seven common endogenous Omani plants—Rumex vesicarius (Humeidh), Pteropyrum scoparium (Sidaf), Haplophyllum tuberculatum (Sazab or Sinan al-Tais), Portulaca oleracea (Baqla or Rjla/Purslane), Fagonia indica (Al-Shukaa), Dodonaea viscosa (Shatt), and Prosopis cineraria (Al Ghaf)—and evaluates their antioxidant and phytochemical properties in the context of chronic disease prevention. The findings highlight the potential of these plants as natural alternatives for managing chronic …

Detection And Prevention Of Water Inrush From Seam Floor During Coal Mining Above Confined Aquifer, Weidong Pan, Yupei Deng, Houlin Du, Shiqi Liu, Mingtao Xu, Xingjie Liu

Journal of Sustainable Mining

With the increasing intensity of coal resource exploitation in China, the geological conditions of the working face are becoming more and more complex, and the bottom plate breakage (bottom bulge) and water inrush disasters caused by pressurized water mining are becoming more prominent. This article is based on the 21605 working face of Xin’an Coal Mine in Zaozhuang Mining Group. Through theoretical analysis and numerical calculations, the characteristics and scope of coal seam floor failure in the working face are obtained. Especially, the electrode cable direct current detection system designed through self-optimization was used for actual testing. Research shows that …

The Suitability Of Advanced Geospatial Technologies In Monitoring Mine Surface Displacement, Long Quoc Nguyen, Tuyet Minh Dang, Lipecki Tomasz

Journal of Sustainable Mining

This study conducts a thorough review of the current scientific literature on the application of geospatial methods in the assessment of mining-induced displacement. The scope of research included technologies for determining deformation, subsidence, and landslide in mining areas. Global Navigation Satellite Systems, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, Terrestrial Laser Scanners, Remote Sensing, and fusion methods are approaches used to solve the research objectives. Additionally, the paper also mentions some advantages, disadvantages, and scope of application of these methods. The investigation revealed that the displacement detection method most commonly used at the moment is satellite radar interferometry.

Towards Sustainable Mining: Ghg Considerate Open Pit Long-Term Planning Using Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search Algorithm, Bahar Amirmoeini, Martin Grenon, Ali Moradi Afrapoli

Journal of Sustainable Mining

Mine planning involves the systematic design and coordination of mineral extraction from the earth’s crust, integrating exploration, production, and various engineering considerations. With increasing emphasis on environmental responsibility, the mining industry is under pressure to incorporate environmental considerations into mine planning. This paper addresses the precedence-constrained production scheduling problem (PCPSP) within the context of green long-term mining planning, aiming to optimize extraction processes while restricting carbon emission. Given the NP-hard nature of the PCPSP, this study introduces an adaptive large neighborhood search (ALNS) algorithm tailored specifically for long-term mine planning. A range of computational experiments have been carried out, including …

Economic Viability And Environmental Sustainability: A Cost-Benefit Analysis Of Green Technologies In Mineral Extraction, Tshinkobo Bukasa Orphea, Agyingi Babaca Agyingib, Xiangrui Meng

Journal of Sustainable Mining

This research offers a novel approach to comparing green technologies’ economic profitability and environmental sustainability of their mineral extraction based upon econometric and life cycle assessment methodologies. Quantitative results show attractive results with an NPV of $2,014,001 and an IRR of 17%. In the third year, the project nets at $300,000, or 63%, at a 7% discount rate. However, soil protection remains challenging, but pollution coefficients are improved, as evidenced by environmental impact assessments (EIAs). The findings in the study further underscore how regulatory frameworks and market drivers dictate the use of green technology. The economic, environmental and regulatory costs …

A Case Study Comparing The Results Of A Copper Open-Pit Mine Scheduling Considering Two Different Approaches For Spatial Interpolation Of Comminution Geometallurgical Variables, Sílvia Martins, Pedro Campos, Douglas Mazzinghy

Journal of Sustainable Mining

The use of geometallurgical variables to improve the accuracy obtained in mine planning is an increasingly present reality in mining. However, the way these variables are interpolated to construct the block model is still a major challenge since they are non-additive variables. In this case study, a database from a copper mine located in Brazil was used to compare mining planning by Direct Block Scheduling using two spatial interpolation approaches. In the first approach, the geometallurgy block model was produced interpolating the comminution indexes Axb and BWI from the drill holes, and the specific energy was calculated at each block. …

Impact Of Multiple Mining Subsidence On Large Diameter Steel Pipelines: The Upper Silesian Coal Basin Case Study, Piotr Kalisz, Magdalena Zięba, Marcin Grygierek

Journal of Sustainable Mining

The article concerns the impact of multiple mining subsidence on pipeline expansion capacity based on the analysis of the field research results. The article presents a case study related to a water mains system that supplies drinking water to approximately 3.5 million consumers. These pipelines are made of steel with diameters of 1600 mm and 1400 mm. The water mains partly run through mining and post-mining areas in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin in Poland. These pipelines are equipped with expansion joints to protect them against the impact of ground deformations. The field research concerned the assessment of the position …

Recovery Of Magnesium Sulfate And Calcium Sulfate From Zinc Flotation Tailing, Raquel Húngaro Costa, Jonathan Tenório Vinhal, Tatiana Scarazzato, Denise Crocce Romano Espinosa

Journal of Sustainable Mining

Resource recovery is a process that has been used to obtain products from industrial waste. Mining tailings can be used as an alternative through ore beneficiation to create by-products for this type of waste. The work herein investigated the recovery of two products from a real tailing generated in the Zn beneficiation route in the flotation step. A non-magnetic fraction was submitted to a hydrometallurgical route to produce MgSO₄ and CaSO_4. Thermodynamic simulations using FactSage software were performed to evaluate the optimal leaching conditions varying the S:L ratio, the sulfuric acid concentration, and temperature. The best modeled conditions …

Covid's Impact On Our Youngest Learners, Scottie Ellsworth

Journal of the Symposium of University Research and Creative Expression

Project Mentor(s): Amanda Obery, PhD; Wendie Castillo

The COVID-19 pandemic profoundly disrupted education, leaving lasting effects on elementary students’ academic development, particularly in literacy and reading comprehension. This research investigated the long-term educational impacts of the pandemic by drawing on qualitative insights from interviews with five educators across a range of specializations, including general education, interventional support, and multilingual learning. Using inductive thematic analysis and descriptive coding, the study identified key themes that reflected shifts in academic achievement, student behavior, attendance, and school priorities post-pandemic. These findings illuminate critical areas where students require support and outline the structural, instructional, and …

Tassel Turning Versus Tossing In The Towel: An Analysis Of Undergraduate Student Persistence And Challenges, Josie Ambur

Journal of the Symposium of University Research and Creative Expression

Project Mentor(s): Pamela McMullin-Messier, Bernadette Jungblut

Completing college is no easy feat. All higher education has barriers and obstacles students must face and overcome. Observations have been used to gather various student perspectives that have been compiled alongside research in the field to create a picture of what student barriers look like at Central Washington University specifically. Some of these barriers include navigating academic requirements, challenges with academic advisors, unique challenges first-generation students face, and financial challenges including balancing employment and academics. Within the personal lives of students, there are several internal factors that impact their success such as their …

Emotion Recognition Accuracy With Fully Occluded Faces: Do Eye Gaze Patterns And Fixation Durations Shift When We're Wrong?​, Dominique Martinez-Driscoll, Michael Cicero, Malcolm Jasmin, Mary Radeke, Anthony Stahelski

Journal of the Symposium of University Research and Creative Expression

Project Mentor(s): Mary Radeke, PhD; Anthony Stahelski, PhD

Prior research on facial expression recognition (FER) has shown that the use of face masks significantly impairs the ability to correctly identify facial expressions, especially those that engage the lower regions of the face such as disgust and anger (Carbon, 2020; McCrackin et al. 2022). Not only does FER accuracy decrease with a masked or occluded face, but gaze patterns also shift and dwell time increases from those areas that are covered (mouth) to areas uncovered (eyes) (Rabadan, et al. 2022). In situations where both eyes and mouth are covered, the gaze …