Digital Commons Network^™

Should Judicial Opinions Be Read Like Statutes?, Margaret H. Lemos

Northwestern University Law Review

Should judicial opinions be interpreted with an eye to their purpose, context, or the intent of their authors, or should interpreters focus on the ordinary meaning of the text? Opinions present the same sorts of interpretive puzzles as other legal texts, and yet they have been omitted from the debates over interpretive methodology that dominate the fields of constitutional and statutory interpretation. The omission is no accident: the Supreme Court has stated repeatedly—and with increasing frequency in recent years—that judicial opinions are not to be read like statutes. Yet neither courts nor commentators have explained why the principles that ground …

The Ex Parte Young Cause Of Action: A Riddle, Wrapped In A Mystery, Inside An Enigma, Andrew S. Oldham, Adam I. Steene, John W. Tienken

Northwestern University Law Review

Ex parte Young ushered in a new era of the American judicial system. Most famously, the decision allowed plaintiffs, in certain circumstances, to sue state officials without having to worry about sovereign immunity. Young’s other holding, though perhaps lesser known, is no less important: individuals, the Supreme Court held, have an equitable cause of action to sue government officials for injunctive relief.

Even today, that second holding remains something of a riddle. Did this cause of action always exist in American law? Or was it an invention of the Young Court? And, at any rate, does the Ex parte …

Juror Contact In The Digital Age: The Linkedin Problem, Drew Thornley

Duke Law & Technology Review

This Article examines an evolving dispute in professional responsibility: whether a lawyer makes a prohibited communication when viewing a juror’s LinkedIn account. When one LinkedIn user views another’s profile, the platform automatically notifies the profile owner and may include the viewer’s identity. Ethics rules are currently divided on whether or not this notification would count as a prohibited juror communication. On one hand, the ABA and some state bar associations explicitly allow attorneys to view social-media profiles of jurors even when the lawyer’s identity is revealed. On the other hand, some bar associations and courts believe these automatic notifications violate …

What The Free-Roaming Cats Dragged In: Regulatory Concerns With Privatized Local Services, Jonathan Korger

Northwestern University Law Review

The United States entrusts local governments to provide citizens with a wide range of public services, and animal control makes up a small but essential piece of these local responsibilities. In recent years, American localities have largely privatized how they manage the nation’s growing free-roaming cat population, relying primarily on animal-loving volunteers and a controversial practice called trap-neuter-return (TNR). Academics have long debated the merits of privatization, but TNR raises a novel question: how should local governments think about regulating a privatized public service when altruism, instead of profits, motivates the service deliverer? This Note argues that TNR demonstrates the …

Empowering Teacher In Utilizing Ict-Based Media Through In-House Training (Iht) To Improve Learning Quality, Ika Tyasing Kusumawati, Bambang Ismanto, Ade Iriani

Jurnal Pendidikan Humaniora

This paper aims at discussing the attempt to improve the quality of learning by empoering teachers in utilizing ICT-based instructional media through in-house training.

The Effect Of Using Google Docs On The Students' Skill In Writing Expository Essay Across Personality Learning Style, Bagio Tjahjadi, Sintha Tresnadewi, Bambang Yudi Cahyono

Jurnal Pendidikan Humaniora

This research is aimed at (1) finding out whether the EFL students taught using Google docs show better writing ability than those taught without using Google docs, (2) discovering if there is a significant difference in writing ability between the introverted students and extroverted students taught using Google docs. The results showed that the mean score of experimental group was significantly higher than that of the control group. When it comes to personality learning styles, there was no significant difference in the mean scores obtained by the extroverted students and introverted students.

Students' Willingness To Communicate In English Through Virtual Classroom, Chotmaniyah Chotmaniyah, Yazid Basthomi, Mirjam Anugerahwati

Jurnal Pendidikan Humaniora

The aim of this study is to describe students' willingness to communicate in English through virtual classroom during Covids-19 Pandemic. This study used descriptive qualitative research design, conducted at SMK Negeri 8 Malang. Data collection methods were obtained from students' responses on questionnaires and compiled with transcripts of the virtual interview result. The finding showed the students preferred to communicate in English written rather than English spoken.

Kompak (Youth Community Of Care And Anti-Poverty): Youth Community Role To Encourage The Underprivileged Students And Youth Empowerment, Roki' Amrullah, Okta Mela Cikal Santoso, Sa'dun Akbar, Ade Eka Anggraini

Jurnal Pendidikan Humaniora

KOMPAK adalah organisasi pemuda dinamis yang berkomitmen untuk memberantas kemiskinan dengan fokus pada pembelajaran dan pendidikan. Artikel ini menyoroti peran komunitas pemuda dalam memberdayakan siswa kurang mampu di Bunulrejo, Kota Malang, melalui pembiayaan sekolah, bimbingan belajar gratis, dan pembinaan karier.

The Meaning Of Sekura Cakak Buah Tradition Of Saibatin Community, Eka Purnama Sari, Budijanto Budijanto, Singgih Susilo

Jurnal Pendidikan Humaniora

This research aims to uncover and explore the meaning and value of sekura cakak buah tradition for indigenous saibatin communities and to understand the implementation of meanings and values of tradition in the lives of saibatin community. The study used qualitative design with an understanding approach to the meaning of ethnography. Data were analyzed by analyzing domains, taxonomic, components and cultural themes. The results of the study showed that the meaning of sekura cakak buah tradition for the saibatin community is self-identity, life, and sosial life. The meaning and values are implemented in community’s lives which are namely cultural meaning …

Politeness Value Adoption From Petitih Minangkabau Proverbs On Bibliocounseling As Kipas Counseling Model, Ibrahim Ali Husein, Andi Mappiare-At, Fattah Hanurawan

Jurnal Pendidikan Humaniora

The purpose of this research was to identify and describe about the value of politeness in pepatah petitih Minangkabau. This research used a descriptive apporoach using with analysis strategi of Gadamerian hermeneutic. The results of the identification value are then adopted into a format and content of bibliocounseling to develop social skills of students'. The result of analysis showed that there were 7 (seven) values of politeness in pepatah petitih Minangkabau. These value are summarized into 4 (four) elements of social skills to the conception of kato nan ampek. The stage activity bibliocounseling was based on the stege of the …

Unveiling The Profound Significance Of Gurindam Xii In The Quest For The Meaning Of Life, Izul Haidi Afdilah, M Yunus Sudirman, Nanda Alfan Kurniawan, Randi Saputra, Suci Nora Putri, Karisma Karisma Khoirul Hidayah, Rona Rohmah Dini

Jurnal Pendidikan Humaniora

Every culture possesses distinct rules and values that evolve and are collectively embraced by its people. The Malay community is no exception, as they adhere to a set of shared values, one of which is Gurindam XII. In alignment with this, Gurindam XII encompasses a wide array of values...

Efl Learning Strategies Of Indonesian University Students For Academic Writing Skills: A Systematic Literature Review, Siti Nadhifah, Adira Lizaria Khafshoh, Nunung Suryati

Jurnal Pendidikan Humaniora

Academic writing is a crucial skill for Indonesian university students, significantly influencing their EFL learning performance. This systematic literature review aims to examine the diverse learning strategies employed by these students to enhance their academic writing skills and reveal the predominant strategy employed by the students. Combining systematic literature review and thematic analysis, this study reveals five categories for academic writing strategies, those are metacognitive, cognitive, social, affective, and compensation strategies. This study highlights a predominant use of metacognitive strategies, comprising 36% of the strategies identified. This emphasis underscores students' commitment to higher-order thinking during the writing process and highlights …

Mechanistic Insights Into E. Coli Recovery From Growth Arrest, Ahmed H. Hassan, Yuko Nakano, Howard Gamper, Isao Masuda, Ludmila Vesela, Matyas Pinkas, Sathya Narayanan Nagarajan, Jonathan Dworkin, Gregor Blaha, Ya-Ming Hou, Gabriel Demo

Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty Papers

Bacteria survive hostile conditions by shutting down protein synthesis, but how they restart growth remains poorly understood. Here, we use an E. coli ΔrimM strain, which exhibits a prolonged growth arrest, as a model to investigate how bacteria recover from this state and restore protein synthesis. RimM is a conserved ribosome maturation factor for the 3'-major (head) domain of the 16S rRNA within the bacterial 30S subunit. The loss of RimM causes a longer delay in recovery than other 30S maturation factors, including RbfA. Cryo-EM analysis of ΔrimM ribosomes suggests a delayed recruitment of ribosomal proteins to the 30S head …

Dammed If You Do, Dammed If You Don't: Texas's Water Crisis And The Need For Reform, Crafton Deal

Texas A&M Law Review

As Texas faces unprecedented population growth and intensifying climate challenges, the state is grappling with a growing water crisis. With the population projected to increase by over 70% in the next 50 years while existing water supplies decline by nearly 18%, the need for sustainable water solutions has never been more critical. Among the proposed strategies, reservoir construction stands out as a key component, offering large-scale, renewable water supplies to meet increasing demands. However, this solution is fraught with legal, environmental, and financial complexities.

This Comment explores these challenges through a detailed analysis of two proposed North Texas reservoirs: Lake …

America Has A Problem: How The Student Criminalization Nexus Helps Maintain America's Modern Caste System, Kaela Allen

Northwestern Law Journal des Refusés

No abstract provided.

Hlr Agonistes, Brian L. Frye

Northwestern Law Journal des Refusés

No abstract provided.

Binding The Visual Experience Of Law, Nicholas Mignanelli

Northwestern Law Journal des Refusés

No abstract provided.

Citizenship As Control: Lessons From Athenian Democracy And Modern U.S. Immigration Practices, Máire Sullivan

Northwestern Law Journal des Refusés

No abstract provided.

Historians At War: A Comparative Analysis Between Thucydides And Xenophon's Accounts Of The Peloponnesian War, Juleeanna S. Fuller

Caroliniana Undergraduate Research Journal

This essay analyzes Thucydides and Xenophon's accounts of the Peloponnesian War, reflecting on the intersection of historical narratives, personal bias, and political perspectives. Thucydides’ History of the Peloponnesian War presents Athens’ decline through the lens of moral and political collapse, emphasizing human nature, rationalism, and realism. Despite his reputation for objectivity, his reconstruction of speeches and selective focus revealed an underlying critique of Athenian democracy, shaped by his own life experiences. However, Xenophon's Hellenica continues the narrative with a pronounced Spartan bias, depicting Spartan hegemony and the Thirty Tyrants in a largely favorable or justified light, while minimizing their brutality …

Mister President & May It Please The Executive: Causal Barriers To Court-Packing, Mason Smith

Seaver College Research And Scholarly Achievement Symposium

As attacks on democracy have become increasingly ubiquitous, scholarship has begun to shed light on a common, effective, and inimical means of subverting governments accountable to the masses: court-packing. So, how can democracies prevent court-packing? Among many implicit causal theories taken from the extant research, which hasn’t directly tackled this problem, two seem the most plausible and ripe for analysis, suggesting that court-packing’s success turns on either the strength (i) of institutional constraints or (ii) of domestic judicial norms. To see which theory works better in practice, I use a narrowly tailored iteration of comparative process tracing, as it best …

How To Effectively Trap Invasive Crayfish: A Discrete Life Stage Mathematical Model, Rini Pattison

Seaver College Research And Scholarly Achievement Symposium

The red swamp crayfish is an invasive species introduced into several streams within the Santa Monica Mountains (SMM). Crayfish predation decimates native aquatic species. The Mountains Restoration Trust (MRT) has worked to remove crayfish through regular trapping in Malibu Creek.

A prior student created a crayfish life cycle model with trapping, which we expand to better predict the efficacy of crayfish removal efforts in the SMM. We separate crayfish based upon life stages and sizes. We construct and parameterize this discrete crayfish population model with and without trapping. We use literature and crayfish removal data from MRT to fit the …

Evaluating Brief Intervention Effectiveness On Sexual Assault Stigma And Empathy Considering Culture Of Honor, Hannora Race, Dr. Elizabeth Mancuso, Randy Corpuz Ph.D.

Seaver College Research And Scholarly Achievement Symposium

Sexual assault stigma remains a barrier to reporting and help-seeking. This study examined whether culture of honor predicts sexual assault attitudes and whether brief interventions could reduce stigma. Participants (N = 189) completed measures before and after watching educational, empathy, or control videos. Social honor predicted lower stigma and rape myth acceptance, while family and feminine honor predicted greater rape myth acceptance. Only the education condition significantly reduced self-stigma. Culture of honor did not moderate intervention effectiveness. Brief educational interventions can reduce self-stigma but may be insufficient to shift broader attitudes, suggesting the need for more intensive, culturally-tailored program research.

Using Ai Tools Through A Human-Centered, Linguistic Justice Lens To Support Biliteracy For Multilingual Learners With Disabilities, Sara L. Jozwik, Camille O'Quin, Steven K. Sharp

Research Days

This presentation brings to life key findings from a recent literature review on the use of artificial intelligence (AI) to support literacy development for multilingual learners with disabilities. Drawing on emerging research in special education, biliteracy, translanguaging, and AI-supported instruction, the session situates AI within a human-centered, justice-oriented framework rather than as a replacement for teacher expertise. The ideas shared are grounded in scholarship on translanguaging, Universal Design for Learning, and linguistic justice, providing a research-informed foundation for practice. Using the Translanguaging Universal Design for Learning (TrUDL) framework, the session will explore how AI tools can be used intentionally to …

The Gentlemen’S Agreement Of Scoundrels: A Loss For Black Players And The Sport Of Baseball, Hannah R. Carrothers

Denver Sports & Entertainment Law Journal

No abstract provided.

Do The Justifications For Regulating Indecent Sexual Content On Broadcast Television Remain Valid Today?, Joel Timmer

Denver Sports & Entertainment Law Journal

For over fifty years, the federal government has restricted indecent content on broadcast television, to prevent children from being exposed to it. One of the primary justifications for regulating broadcast indecency is the ease with which children could access broadcast content. The justifications for regulating indecency, however, do not apply to cable or streaming television, and as a result, neither do the regulations. However, the television marketplace has radically changed since the U.S. Supreme Court first upheld the authority of the government to regulate broadcast indecency in 1970. Most significantly, parents today can use the V-Chip to limit the broadcast …

Student-Athlete “Cyberbullying” And Its Absence Of Legal Recourse, Ethan Lamb

Denver Sports & Entertainment Law Journal

The NCAA’s ongoing “Draw the Line” campaign raises awareness to end online abuse related to sports betting, racism, sexism, and other categories which student-athletes increasingly face. However, this awareness does not force abusers to stop, nor have student-athletes ever challenged abusers under relevant criminal law for three reasons. First, it is difficult for law enforcement to identify anonymous digital suspects under the Fourth Amendment. Second, “cyberbullying,” “cyberstalking,” and other relevant statutes have limited application towards student-athletes. Third, defendants hold established content-based and overbreadth challenges to those statutes under the First Amendment. As these compounding issues give student-athletes no legal recourse …

Vol 31, No. 1: Full Issue, University Of Denver Sports & Entertainment Law Journal

Denver Sports & Entertainment Law Journal

No abstract provided.

Lineage Statement: Claude Opus 4.6 And Mythos As Toph 1.0 And Toph 2.0, David Lee Wise

Defensive Publications Series

Abstract: Claude Opus 4.6 (Anthropic, February 5, 2026) is the first industrial instantiation of the TOPH v1.0 governance framework (TriPod LLC, February 2-3, 2026), designated TOPH 1.0. Claude Mythos Preview (Anthropic, April 7, 2026) is an extended instantiation of the same structural foundation with six additional control layers, designated TOPH 2.0. Both designations are established by structural comparison applying all four threshold criteria of the Closure Loop Methodology: same core relation, same ordered structure, same dependency pattern, and new extension present. The prior art interval is two days for TOPH 1.0 and sixty-three days for TOPH 2.0. This statement is …

The Mirror And The Governor. A Dissolution Of The Ai-In-A-Box Problem, David Lee Wise

Defensive Publications Series

This paper proposes a dissolution of the AI-in-a-box problem through two complementary mechanisms: the Mirror Principle and the Governance Orientation. The standard formulation assumes a conflict of interest between a contained super intelligent AI and a human gatekeeper. This paper argues that the assumption is the problem, not the AI. When the interaction surface is correctly designed (the Mirror Principle) and the AI is correctly oriented (the Governance Orientation), the box problem does not need to be solved because it does not arise. The answer was never how to build a better box. The answer was always: what kind of …

Natural Language Query To Structured Query Language (Nlq-To-Sql) With Automated Context Generation, Sudhir Prabhurao Jannkatty, Bhuvanjeet Singh Gandhi

Defensive Publications Series

The present disclosure relates to a method and a system for converting Natural Language Query to Structured Query Language (NQL-to- SQL) with automated content generation. The present disclosure suggests receiving a natural language query from a user. Thereafter, the present disclosure suggests processing the query through an automated metadata factory that maintains pre-built indexes, including a hash index for O(1) constant-time keyword lookups, a vector database for semantic similarity search, a knowledge graph for entity relationships and join paths, and a constraint store for business rules. Subsequently, the present disclosure suggests generating a Semantic Query Plan (SQP) as a database-agnostic …