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Sustainable Activity Of Hydrothermally Synthesized Mesoporous Silicates In Acetic Acid Esterification, Veli̇ Şi̇mşek, Levent Deği̇rmenci̇, Kirali̇ Mürtezaoğlu

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

A hydrothermal method was applied in the synthesis of mesoporous silicates containing silicotungstic acid (STA). The synthesis procedures were developed by modification of procedures previously applied in the synthesis of MCM-41 and SBA-15. The synthesized catalysts were named MCM-41-S and SBA-15-S based on MCM-41 and SBA-15. Their activities were investigated in ethyl acetate production, which was selected as the model reaction. The results indicated that the activity of SBA-15-S catalysts increased with increasing STA in the catalyst. Reaction experiments were also conducted in identical conditions in the presence of catalysts recovered after the reaction. The results indicated that sustainable activity …

Thermogravimetric Analysis-Based Screening Of Metal (Ii) Chlorides As Dopants For The Destabilization Of Solid-State Hydrazine Borane, Weiguang Chen, Umit Bilge Demirci

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is a powerful technique for screening boranes envisaged for chemical hydrogen storage. The demonstration is based on the use of six metal (II) chlorides (MCl$_{2})$ (with M as 3d-metal or d$^{8}$-metal) as destabilizing agents of solid-state hydrazine borane (N$_{2}$H$_{4}$BH$_{3})$. On the basis of TGA profiles combined with derivative thermogravimetric (DTG) curves, it is shown that: e.g. (1) CuCl$_{2}$ is an inefficient dopant whereas it is efficient towards ammonia borane (NH$_{3}$BH$_{3})$; (2) one of the best destabilization results is achieved with N$_{2}$H$_{4}$BH$_{3}$ doped by 10 wt{\%} CuCl$_{2}$-NiCl$_{2}$, the sample decomposing from 30 $^{\circ}$C with greatly mitigated amounts of …

Contribution Of Heterobifunctional Ligands To Transition Metal-Catalysed C--C Coupling Reactions, Agnes Labande, Eric Deydier, Eric Manoury, Jean-Claude Daran, Catherine Audin, Rinaldo Poli

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

In this account the authors' latest results in C-C coupling catalysis are reviewed. First, an efficient catalytic system for the Kumada-Tamao-Corriu coupling reaction based on NHC-phosphine (NHC = N-heterocyclic carbene) nickel complexes is presented. Then the use of palladium complexes of chiral ferrocenyl NHC-phosphines in the asymmetric Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction is reported. High catalytic activities and moderate enantioselectivities (ee up to 46%) were obtained. Chiral ferrocenyl phosphine-ethers were also tested in the asymmetric Suzuki-Miyaura reaction yielding good activities and moderate enantioselectivities (ee up to 37%). Finally, the original synthesis of a ferrocenyl rhodium(III) complex and its successful use as catalyst …

Reactivity Of The 2-Aryl-6,8-Dibromo-2,3-Dihydroquinolin-4(1$H)$-Ones In A Palladium Catalyzed Sonogashira Cross-Coupling Reaction, Malose Jack Mphahlele, Felix Adetunji Oyeyiola

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

Pd/C-PPh$_{3}$--CuI catalyzed Sonogashira cross-coupling of the 2-aryl-6,8-dibromo-2,3-dihydroquinolin-4(1$H)$-ones with phenyl acetylene or 3-butyn-1-ol afforded the corresponding 8-alkynylated quinolin-4(1$H)$-one derivatives, exclusively. Double carbo-substitution to afford the 6,8-dialkynyl derivatives was observed when PdCl$_{2}$(PPh$_{3})_{2}$ was used as Pd(0) source. The monoalkynylated derivatives were, in turn, subjected to PdCl$_{2}$ in acetonitrile under reflux to afford either the corresponding 2,4-diaryl-8-bromopyrrolo[3,2,1-\textit{ij}]quinolinones or the 8-(4-hydroxybutanoyl)-substituted quinolinone derivatives, exclusively. Suzuki--Miyaura cross-coupling of the 2-aryl-6-bromo-8-(alkynyl)quinolin-4-ones afforded the 2,4,8-trisubstituted pyrrolo[3,2,1-\textit{ij}]quinolin-6-ones.

Forget About It? Harmonizing European And American Protections For Privacy, Free Speech, And Due Process, Dawn C. Nunziato

GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works

No abstract provided.

Parsing The Visual Rhetoric Of Office Dress Codes: A Two-Step Process To Increase Inclusivity And Professionalism In Legal-Workplace Fashion, Karen Thornton

GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works

Legal employers expect attorneys in their offices to use the ethos of personal appearance to project an image of competence to clients. This expectation is largely unspoken, however, and polling and anecdotal evidence alike show that in today’s workplace, employers are frustrated with the level of professionalism demonstrated by new employees. The goal of this article is to encourage open conversations about workplace fashion as it relates to an attorney’s professional identity. It is in both the employer’s and employee’s interests to clarify employer expectations and empower new members of the legal profession to adopt a personal sense of style …

The Price Of Paid Prioritization: The International And Domestic Consequences Of The Failure To Protect Net Neutrality In The United States, Arturo J. Carrillo, Dawn C. Nunziato

GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works

This article examines the international trade and human rights obligations of the United States as they relate to net neutrality to determine the extent to which the approach adopted by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in 2015 to promote an open Internet complies with those obligations. In March of that year, the FCC adopted new rules to promote and protect an open Internet that, inter alia, reclassified broadband providers as common carriers subject to nondiscrimination obligations and codified strong net neutrality protections. The authors argue that the 2015 FCC Order, contrary to its predecessors, largely meets the requirements of the …

Genetically Based Low Oxygen Affinities Of Felid Hemoglobins: Lack Of Biochemical Adaptation To High-Altitude Hypoxia In The Snow Leopard, Jan E. Janecka, Simone S. E. Nielsen, Sidsel D. Andersen, Federico G. Hoffmann, Roy E. Weber, Trevor Anderson, Jay F. Storz, Angela Fago

School of Biological Sciences: Faculty Publications

Genetically based modifications of hemoglobin (Hb) function that increase blood–O₂ affinity are hallmarks of hypoxia adaptation in vertebrates. Among mammals, felid Hbs are unusual in that they have low intrinsic O₂ affinities and reduced sensitivities to the allosteric cofactor 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG). This combination of features compromises the acclimatization capacity of blood–O2 affinity and has led to the hypothesis that felids have a restricted physiological niche breadth relative to other mammals. In seeming defiance of this conjecture, the snow leopard (Panthera uncia) has an extraordinarily broad elevational distribution and occurs at elevations above 6000 m in the Himalayas. Here, …

Contribution Of A Mutational Hot Spot To Hemoglobin Adaptation In High-Altitude Andean House Wrens, Spencer C. Galen, Chandrasekhar Natarajan, Hideaki Moriyama, Roy E. Weber, Angela Fago, Phred M. Benham, Andrea N. Chavez, Zachary A. Cheviron, Jay F. Storz, Christopher C. Witt

School of Biological Sciences: Faculty Publications

A key question in evolutionary genetics is why certain mutations or certain types of mutation make disproportionate contributions to adaptive phenotypic evolution. In principle, the preferential fixation of particular mutations could stem directly from variation in the underlying rate of mutation to function-altering alleles. However, the influence of mutation bias on the genetic architecture of phenotypic evolution is difficult to evaluate because data on rates of mutation to function-altering alleles are seldom available. Here, we report the discovery that a single point mutation at a highly mutable site in the βA-globin gene has contributed to an evolutionary change in hemoglobin …

Membrane Association And Catabolite Repression Of The Sulfolobus Solfataricus Α-Amylase, Edith Soo, Deepak Rudrappa, Paul H. Blum

School of Biological Sciences: Faculty Publications

Sulfolobus solfataricus is a thermoacidophilic member of the archaea whose envelope consists of an ether-linked lipid monolayer surrounded by a protein S-layer. Protein translocation across this envelope must accommodate a steep proton gradient that is subject to temperature extremes. To better understand this process in vivo, studies were conducted on the S. solfataricus glycosyl hydrolyase family 57 α-Amylase (AmyA). Cell lines harboring site specific modifications of the amyA promoter and AmyA structural domains were created by gene replacement using markerless exchange and characterized by Western blot, enzyme assay and culture-based analysis. Fusion of amyA to the malAp promoter overcame amyAp …

Intraspecific Polymorphism, Interspecific Divergence, And The Origins Of Function-Altering Mutations In Deer Mouse Hemoglobin, Chandrasekhar Natarajan, Federico G. Hoffmann, Hayley C. Lanier, Cole J. Wolf, Zachary A. Cheviron, Matthew L. Spangler, Roy E. Weber, Angela Fago, Jay F. Storz

School of Biological Sciences: Faculty Publications

Major challenges for illuminating the genetic basis of phenotypic evolution are to identify causative mutations, to quantify their functional effects, to trace their origins as new or preexisting variants, and to assess the manner in which segregating variation is transduced into species differences. Here, we report an experimental analysis of genetic variation in hemoglobin (Hb) function within and among species of Peromyscus mice that are native to different elevations. A multilocus survey of sequence variation in the duplicated HBA and HBB genes in Peromyscus maniculatus revealed that function-altering amino acid variants are widely shared among geographically disparate populations

from different …

Gene Turnover In The Avian Globin Gene Families And Evolutionary Changes In Hemoglobin Isoform Expression, Juan C. Opazo, Federico G. Hoffmann, Chandrasekhar Natarajan, Christopher C. Witt, Michael Berenbrink, Jay F. Storz

School of Biological Sciences: Faculty Publications

The apparent stasis in the evolution of avian chromosomes suggests that birds may have experienced relatively low rates of gene gain and loss in multigene families. To investigate this possibility and to explore the phenotypic consequences of variation in gene copy number, we examined evolutionary changes in the families of genes that encode the α- and β-type subunits of hemoglobin (Hb), the tetrameric α₂β₂ protein responsible for blood-O₂ transport. A comparative genomic analysis of 52 bird species revealed that the size and membership composition of the α- and β-globin gene families have remained remarkably constant during …

Cytosolic Fe-S Cluster Protein Maturation And Iron Regulation Are Independent Of The Mitochondrial Erv1/Mia40 Import System, Hatice K. Ozer, Adrienne C. Dlouhy, Jeremy D. Thornton, Jingjing Hu, Yilin Liu, Joseph J. Barycki, Janneke Balk, Caryn E. Outten

Department of Biochemistry: Faculty Publications

Background: The mitochondrial sulfhydryl oxidase Erv1 is implicated in cytosolic iron-sulfur protein maturation and iron regulation.

Results: An erv1 yeast strain used in previous iron metabolism studies is glutathione-deficient, and erv1/mia40 mutants with sufficient glutathione do not exhibit iron-related defects.

Conclusion: Iron homeostasis is independent of Erv1/Mia40 function. Significance: The unexplained role of Erv1 in yeast iron metabolism is resolved.

Overexpression Of Alpha-Synuclein At Non-Toxic Levels Increases Dopaminergic Cell Death Induced By Copper Exposure Via Modulation Of Protein Degradation Pathways, Annadurai Anandhan, Humberto Rodriguez-Rocha, Iryna Bohovych, Amy M. Griggs, Laura Zavala-Flores, Elsa M. Reyes-Reyes, Javier Seravalli, Lia A. Stanciu, Jaekwon Lee, Jean-Christophe Rochet, Oleh Khalimonchuk, Rodrigo Franco

Department of Biochemistry: Faculty Publications

Gene multiplications or point mutations in alpha (α)-synuclein are associated with familial and sporadic Parkinson’s disease (PD). An increase in copper (Cu) levels has been reported in the cerebrospinal fluid and blood of PD patients, while occupational exposure to Cu has been suggested to augment the risk to develop PD. We aimed to elucidate the mechanisms by which α-synuclein and Cu regulate dopaminergic cell death. Short-term overexpression of WT or A53T α-synuclein had no toxic effect in human dopaminergic cells and primary midbrain cultures, but it exerted a synergistic effect on Cu-induced cell death. Cell death induced by Cu was …

Rerouting Cellular Electron Flux To Increase The Rate Of Biological Methane Production, Jennie L. Catlett, Alicia M. Ortiz, Nicole R. Baun

Department of Biochemistry: Faculty Publications

Methanogens are anaerobic archaea that grow by producing methane, a gas that is both an efficient renewable fuel and a potent greenhouse gas. We observed that overexpression of the cytoplasmic heterodisulfide reductase enzyme HdrABC increased the rate of methane production from methanol by 30% without affecting the growth rate relative to the parent strain. Hdr enzymes are essential in all known methane-producing archaea. They function as the terminal oxidases in the methanogen electron transport system by reducing the coenzymeM(2-mercaptoethane sulfonate) and coenzyme B (7-mercaptoheptanoylthreonine sulfonate) heterodisulfide, CoM-S-S-CoB, to regenerate the thiol-coenzymes for reuse. In Methanosarcina acetivorans, HdrABC expression caused …

Hare-Mediated Endocytosis Of Hyaluronan And Heparin Is Targeted By Different Subsets Of Three Endocytic Motifs, Madhu S. Pandey, Edward N. Harris, Paul H. Weigel

Department of Biochemistry: Faculty Publications

The hyaluronan (HA) receptor for endocytosis (HARE) is a multifunctional recycling clearance receptor for 14 different ligands, including HA and heparin (Hep), which bind to discrete nonoverlapping sites. Four different functional endocytic motifs (M) in the cytoplasmic domain (CD) target coated pit mediated uptake: (YSYFRI²⁴⁸⁵ (M1), FQHF²⁴⁹⁵ (M2), NPLY²⁵¹⁹ (M3), and DPF²⁵³⁴ (M4)). We previously found (Pandey et al. J. Biol. Chem. 283, 21453, 2008) that M1, M2, and M3 mediate endocytosis of HA. Here we assessed the ability of HARE variants with a single-motif deletion …

Janus-Faced Sestrin2 Controls Ros And Mtor Signalling Through Two Separate Functional Domains, Hanseong Kim, Sojin An, Seung-Hyun Ro, Filipa Teixeira, Gyeong Jin Park, Cheal Kim, Chun-Seok Cho, Jeong-Sig Kim, Ursula Jakob, Jun Hee Lee, Uhn-Soo Cho

Department of Biochemistry: Faculty Publications

Sestrins are stress-inducible metabolic regulators with two seemingly unrelated but physiologically important functions: reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibition of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). How Sestrins fulfil this dual role has remained elusive so far. Here we report the crystal structure of human Sestrin2 (hSesn2), and show that hSesn2 is twofold pseudo-symmetric with two globular subdomains, which are structurally similar but functionally distinct from each other. While the N-terminal domain (Sesn-A) reduces alkylhydroperoxide radicals through its helix–turn–helix oxidoreductase motif, the C-terminal domain (Sesn-C) modified this motif to accommodate physical interaction with GATOR2 and subsequent …

Hobby Lobby And The Dubious Enterprise Of Religious Exemptions, Ira C. Lupu

GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works

The experience of the past fifty years, culminating in Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc., is grounds for deep skepticism of any sweeping regime of religious exemptions. Part I of this essay locates the problem in the current legal and cultural moment, which includes religious objections to employer-provided contraceptive care for women, and religion-based refusals by wedding vendors and others to facilitate the celebration of same sex marriages. Part II broadens the time frame to analyze the regimes of religious exemption – federal and state, constitutional and statutory -- in which such disputes play out. Such regimes will tend …

Religious Exemptions And The Limited Relevance Of Corporate Identity, Ira C. Lupu, Robert W. Tuttle

GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works

Corporate religious liberty appears to be on the rise. The Supreme Court’s unanimous decision in Hosanna Tabor v. EEOC (2012) energized sweeping theories about “freedom of the church.” The Court’s more controversial decision in Burwell v Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc. (2014) determined that for-profit entities may be legally entitled to claim a corporate religious character. Speaking in the language of rights, commentators have vigorously debated the foundations and meaning of these decisions.

This chapter argues that these debates are misdirected. The special treatment of religion in American constitutional law does not properly rest on any theory that religious entities …

First Report Of The Special Rapporteur On Crimes Against Humanity, Sean D. Murphy

GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works

In the field of international law, three core crimes generally make up the jurisdiction of international criminal tribunals: war crimes; genocide; and crimes against humanity. Only two of these crimes (war crimes and genocide) are the subject of a global treaty that requires States to prevent and punish such conduct and to cooperate among themselves toward those ends. By contrast, there is no such treaty dedicated to preventing and punishing crimes against humanity.

Yet crimes against humanity may be more prevalent than either genocide or war crimes. Such crimes may occur in situations not involving armed conflict and do not …

Judge Bork’S Remarkable Adherence To Unremarkable Principles Of National Security Law, Gregory E. Maggs

GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works

The late Judge Robert H. Bork is usually remembered as an eminent jurist and scholar in the fields of antitrust law and constitutional law. His judicial opinions and his writings, especially The Antitrust Paradox1 and The Tempting of America,2 are certainly standards in these areas. Judge Bork, however, also deserves acclaim for his contributions to other fields of law. One extremely important subject, in which Judge Bork’s judicial work has received little attention, is the law pertaining to national security and U.S. foreign relations. This essay discusses Judge Bork’s opinions in four important D.C. Circuit cases: Demjanjuk v. Meese,3 Persinger …

Should The Ftc Kill The Password? The Case For Better Authentication, Daniel J. Solove, Woodrow Hartzog

GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works

Data security breaches are occurring at an alarming frequency, and one of the main causes involves problems authenticating the identity of account holders. The most common approach to authentication is the use of passwords, but passwords are a severely flawed means of authentication. People are being asked to do a nearly impossible task – create unique, long, and complex passwords for each of the numerous accounts they hold, change them frequently, and remember them all. People do very poorly in following these practices, and even if they manage to do so, hackers and phishers can readily trick people into revealing …

China’S Legal System And The Fourth Plenum, Donald C. Clarke

GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works

The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Central Committee’s Fourth Plenum, held in October 2014, was its first meeting specifically devoted to the legal system, and as such attracted much from those interested in Chinese law. But the official Decision of the Fourth Plenum does not represent a conversion to the ideology of rule of law. Even if the leadership were to desire the system of accountability and institutionalized restraint on government that is generally understood by the term “rule of law,” it could not be accomplished any time soon and would require changes in entrenched features of the current political and …

The Peter Humphrey/Yu Yingzeng Case And Business Intelligence In China, Donald C. Clarke

GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works

The case of Peter Humphrey and Yu Yingzeng, convicted in China on August 2014 on charges of unlawful acquisition of citizens’ personal information, raises important issues about Chinese law. A narrow but important issue is how Chinese law draws the line between lawful and unlawful acquisition of information, a practice routinely carried out by businesses and individuals. This article examines the trial transcript and judgment in the Humphrey/Yu case and finds that it sheds regrettably little light on what remains a murky question. A broader issue is whether the Chinese legal system can be counted on to operate in a …

Extent Of Cooperative Enforcement: Effect Of The Regulator-Regulated Facility Relationship On Audit Frequency, Dietrich Earnhart, Robert L. Glicksman

GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works

A spirited debate explores the comparative merits of two different approaches to the enforcement of environmental law: the noncooperative approach, which emphasizes the deterrence of noncompliance through inflexibly imposed sanctions, and the cooperative approach, which emphasizes the inducement of compliance through flexibility and assistance. Both scholarly and policymaking communities are interested in this topic of enforcement approach within the realms of finance, tax compliance, occupational safety, food and drug safety, consumer product safety, and environmental protection, among others. To inform this debate, our study explores enforcement of environmental protection laws where the debate has been especially spirited yet lacking in …

The Identification Of Customary International Law And Other Topics: The Sixty-Seventh Session Of The International Law Commission, Sean D. Murphy

GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works

The International Law Commission held its sixty-seventh session in Geneva from May 4 to June 5, and from July 6 to August 7, 2015, under the chairmanship of Narinder Singh (India). Notably, the Commission’s drafting committee completed a full set of sixteen draft conclusions on the topic of “identification of customary international law,” paving the way for those conclusions with commentaries to be approved by the Commission on first reading in 2016.

Additionally, the Commission provisionally adopted with commentaries initial draft guidelines on “protection of the atmosphere” and initial draft articles on “crimes against humanity,” as well as one further …

Berkshire Versus Kkr: Intermediary Influence And Competition, Lawrence A. Cunningham

GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works

Kathryn Judge of Columbia University documents how financial intermediaries persistently impose high fees compared to the value rendered, attributes this to political influence, and suggests countervailing policy strategies, including stoking competition and enhancing disclosure to reduce excessive transaction costs. In this solicited comment, I concur with Judge's findings and prescriptions by adding a paired example: that of Berkshire Hathaway versus Kohlberg Kravis Roberts. In the field of corporate acquisitions, these rivals are opposites, Berkshire shunning intermediaries and generating virtually no transaction costs while KKR feasts on multiple and lavish fees. The contrast reflects broader differences between Berkshire and private equity …

The Bonding Effect In Cross-Listed Chinese Companies: Is It Real?, Donald C. Clarke

GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works

A common explanation offered for PRC companies’ listing overseas is that they receive a price premium because listing overseas demonstrates a willingness to submit to the more shareholder-protective regulatory regime of the foreign jurisdiction and stock market. This explanation is commonly known as the bonding hypothesis. There is some empirical support for the proposition that listing overseas does indeed bring a price premium, although issues of causality are difficult to sort out. If it is true that investors view an overseas listing of a Chinese firm as something worth paying a premium for, the question remains, however, as to whether …

Can't Anyone Here Play This Game? Judging The Ftc's Critics, David A. Hyman, William E. Kovacic

GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works

The conventional wisdom is that the FTC was the governmental equivalent of a leper colony prior to 1969, and its credibility and reputation were restored only by the adoption of the wise recommendations in the 1969 ABA Report. There is no question that the FTC deserves plenty of criticism for its pre-1969 performance. It is also beyond doubt that there has been a dramatic turn-around in the intervening forty-five years, as the FTC adopted the recommendations in the 1969 Report. But, before we simply genuflect at the wisdom of those responsible for the ABA Report and the inherent virtue of …

An Overview Of Privacy Law, Daniel J. Solove, Paul M. Schwartz

GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works

Chapter 2 of PRIVACY LAW FUNDAMENTALS provides a brief overview of information privacy law – the scope and types of law. The chapter contains an historical timeline of major developments in the law of privacy and data security.

PRIVACY LAW FUNDAMENTALS is a distilled guide to the essential elements of U.S. data privacy law. In an easily-digestible format, the book covers core concepts, key laws, and leading cases.

Professors Daniel Solove and Paul Schwartz clearly and concisely distill all relevant information about privacy law into this short volume. PRIVACY LAW FUNDAMENTALS is designed to be like Strunk and White’s Elements …