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Anti-Death Penalty Advocacy In A Time Of Resurgence, Carol S. Steiker, Jordan M. Steiker

University of Richmond Law Review

After a staggering two-decade decline dating back to the turn of the millennium, the American death penalty is experiencing a notable resurgence. Executions in 2025 climbed to their highest mark in over a decade (forty-seven nationwide), more than 150% of any year since 2015 (twenty-eight nationwide) and the highest total since 2009. These executions span eleven states, the largest number of states conducting executions in a single year since 2000. Relatedly, the Supreme Court of the United States seems less inclined to rein in capital practices. The Court has exhibited increased hostility toward end-stage litigation, illustrated most prominently in its …

Table Of Contents: Online Edition 2025-2026

University of Richmond Law Review

No abstract provided.

Preface, Grace Condello

University of Richmond Law Review

No abstract provided.

The Freedman's Savings Bank And Financial Literacy Education, Alexis A. Balance

University of Richmond Law Review

In the United States, white, non-Hispanic individuals possess approximately seven times the wealth of Black individuals. One recent study found that for every 100 dollars in wealth held by a white household, a Black household holds about fifteen dollars. This disparity in wealth accumulation is referred to as the wealth gap, and it has historically stratified along racial lines. Although income inequality contributes to this disparity, the racial wealth gap is much more pronounced and continues to grow. …

A Terrorist In Death Only: How The Death Penalty Fills The Gap In Federal Terrorism Law, Caroline A. Mcbride

University of Richmond Law Review

In the absence of a federal statute criminalizing domestic terrorism, the United States turned to an unlikely proxy: the death penalty. This Comment argues that capital punishment is used to define domestic terrorism, particularly when statutory tools cannot capture white supremacist attacks. Although former President Biden commuted most federal death sentences to life imprisonment without parole, three individuals whose attacks met the legal definition of domestic terrorism were excluded from clemency. Examining several cases from Timothy McVeigh to Luigi Mangione reveals a trend of defendants whose crimes meet the legal definition of domestic terrorism receiving the death penalty, even when …

Raising The Bar: Virginia Constitutional Interpretation Post-Vlaming, The Honorable Lisa M. Lorish, Alec Block, Amy Vanderveer

University of Richmond Law Review

Across the United States, dozens of state supreme courts choose to interpret their state constitutions as co-extensive, or in “lockstep” with analogous provisions of the Constitution of the United States. Yet since the Supreme Court overruled or changed its interpretation in a number of rights-based cases, state constitutions are receiving new attention. In Virginia, several years before Dobbs sparked this new focus, the Supreme Court of Virginia departed from the Supreme Court of the United States’ interpretation of its Free Exercise Clause analogue and adopted a new standard providing increased protection. In doing so, the Court signaled its willingness to …

Agency Fact-Making, Haiyun Damon-Feng

Articles

Modern administrative-law scholarship, theory, and doctrine generally conceptualize agencies as engaging in three primary functions: rulemaking, enforcement, and adjudication. This understanding of agencies has informed deep debates surrounding the power, independence, and constitutional legitimacy of the administrative state. But the prevailing account is incomplete. It overlooks a fourth core function of the administrative state: its fact-making, or epistemic, function. Across the administrative state, agencies create and disseminate information in ways that are uniquely comprehensive and uniquely powerful. Agencies’ epistemic outputs include the census generated by the Census Bureau, repositories of public-health information maintained by the Centers for Disease Control and …

Scaling Of Thermal Conductivity In The Eliot Formation, Ryan Todd Siegel

Master's Theses and Capstones

Heat flow governs the performance of geothermal energy systems, and thermal conductivity is the primary material property controlling subsurface heat transfer. This study investigates heat flow through media with spatially variable thermal conductivity within the heterogeneous Eliot Formation, a metamorphic unit extending across the coastal region of northeast New England. The objective of this work is to develop an approach for scaling thermal conductivity from core-scale measurements to field-scale values representative of geothermal borefield systems.Divided bar thermal conductivity testing, petrographic analyses, geological observations, and existing literature were integrated to construct a MODFLOW model that captures the heterogeneous thermal behavior of …

The Impact Of Ai Companions On Family Law, Clare Huntington

Cardozo Law Review

People of all ages and backgrounds regularly use AI companions—virtual friends, lovers, and confidantes powered by artificial intelligence. As a new form of relationship, this development poses novel doctrinal and policy questions for family law. As a doctrinal matter, what does child neglect look like when a parent delegates caretaking to an AI companion? How should standards for elder neglect adapt to the widespread use of robotic caregivers? Should lawmakers impose mandatory reporting requirements on therapy bots if children share experiences of abuse or neglect? And can people designate an AI companion as a health care proxy? As a policy …

Nonmarriage? Rethinking Religious Marriage In Modern States, Shahar Lifshitz

Cardozo Law Review

This Article examines the civil regulation of religious marriage in liberal democracies. While legal scholarship has extensively explored nonmarital intimate relationships, it has paid comparatively little attention to couples who regard themselves as married under religious law without corresponding civil status, as well as couples who remain religiously married following a civil divorce. These arrangements, prevalent among religious minorities such as Orthodox Jews and Muslims, often generate significant legal and personal harms, including exclusion from civil protections, economic vulnerability, and constrained exit from intimate relationships.

This Article develops a structured analytical framework grounded in three liberal perspectives. The individual-rights perspective …

The Green Amendment As A Substantive Canon, Blake Zimmerman

Cardozo Law Review

State-level environmental rights amendments, commonly referred to as “Green Amendments,” embody inspired ideals of the environmental conditions owed to all. Their aspirational language—promising a clean and healthful environment for present and future generations—intuits bold action. Nonetheless, when leveraged as a standalone cause of action, the Green Amendment’s ability to exact substantive outcomes has proven less inspired, and jurisprudence in the three Green Amendment states—New York, Pennsylvania, and Montana—reveals several shortcomings. These include that the Green Amendment has been interpreted as providing only procedural rights, the Green Amendment generally does not reach private parties, the Green Amendment’s broad language begets circumspect …

Organizational Visibility In The Nonprofit Sector: Perspectives Of Communication Professionals, Theophilus Femi Alawonde

All Theses

Nonprofit organizations need to manage relationships with their stakeholders and audiences for varying reasons, one of which is the desire to stay visible. Given the peculiarities of the nonprofit sector, this study sought to understand how visibility is conceptualized in practice, and how nonprofit professionals work towards optimizing and evaluating visibility efforts, given organizational and sectoral constraints.

Drawing on Structuration Theory’s duality of structure framework, the study examined the structural constraints that shape visibility in the nonprofit sector, and extends the literature by examining the role of agency in enacting visibility among selected nonprofit organizations in the United States.

From Leaders To Lifesavers: The Impact Of Leader Development On Healthcare Teams, Madison B. Washam

All Theses

With annual expenditures on leadership development in healthcare exceeding $166 billion, the effectiveness of leader development interventions in improving healthcare outcomes is crucial. This study examined the impact of leader development on team-level outcomes through the implementation of a program aimed at enhancing leaders’ relationship-oriented leadership skills. Specifically, it explored the effect of leader development opportunities on declarative knowledge of relationship-oriented skills, leader-member exchange (LMX), team psychological safety, and team members’ perceptions of patient safety. The study proposed that leaders equipped with relationship-oriented skills can foster healthier, more collaborative environments. Mediation analyses tested whether increases in declarative knowledge served as …

Communicating Sustainability: Exploring How Nongovernmental Organizations In Ghana Use Internal Communication For Philanthropic Development, Ama A. Assenso-Onyinah

All Theses

Internal communication is an important area in organizational structure. In the NGO sector, it can be used strategically to navigate resource constraints. The main objective of this study is to highlight the importance of internal communication and its role in navigating resource dependency in NGOs in Ghana. In recent times, NGOs in Ghana have been struggling as funding drops, especially after the stop order by the US government on USAID. Using qualitative data drawn from six participants who work with NGOs in Ghana, the study identified internal communication as a foundational structure to philanthropic partnerships. Through the lens of resource …

Exploration Of Real-Time Power Electronic Simulation On Amd Npu, Shouyu Du

All Theses

The rapid electrification of the automotive and data center sectors has created a critical demand for high-fidelity, real-time simulation of complex power electronic systems. While Hardware- in-the-Loop (HIL) simulation on Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) is the current industry standard, it presents significant challenges regarding development complexity and memory limita- tions. This dissertation investigates the feasibility of utilizing Neural Processing Units (NPUs)— specifically the AMD AI Engine (AIE) XDNA2 architecture—as a novel platform for real-time, deterministic circuit simulation. This study establishes a comprehensive automated modeling framework based on graph theory and Massarini’s method to derive linear state-space representations for arbitrary circuit …

Implementation Of A Local Llm Serving System For Agentic Ai, Zhiheng Ni

All Theses

This thesis presents a system that allows large AI models to run directly on personal devices instead of relying on cloud servers. Recent advances in artificial intelligence, especially large language models (LLMs), have made it possible to build powerful applications such as chatbots, coding assistants, and intelligent agents. However, most of these systems run in the cloud, which raises concerns about privacy, latency, and cost.

To address these issues, this work develops a local AI serving system that runs efficiently on a specialized hardware component called a Neural Processing Unit (NPU). The system provides a unified interface that supports multiple …

Enhancing Geothermal Productivity In The Red River Formation, Williston Basin: Utilization Of Unconventional Stimulation Technology And Sco2 Injection To Improve Geothermal Inlet Temperature, Fluid Flow Rate, And Project Economics, Etochukwu Jude Uzuegbu

Theses and Dissertations

Geothermal energy is a reliable renewable energy source capable of delivering consistent baseload electricity while emitting very low concentrations of greenhouse gases. In very low permeable geothermal reservoir, the geothermal system’s efficiency and economic feasibility are heavily dependent on reservoir productivity, which includes the fluid circulation and heat extraction efficiency. This research assesses the geothermal inlet temperature dynamics, fluid production and techno-economic viability of two reservoir productivity enhancement approaches: Hydraulic Fracturing (Base Case model) and Fishbones stimulation (Proposed Case model) under various operational conditions. The research aims to evaluate the influence of these two approaches on the geothermal inlet temperature, …

Wrky Transcription Factors: Integral Regulators Of Defence Responses To Biotic Stress In Crops, Dongjiao Wang, Ruize Zhang, Wenhui Zou, Yuanyuan Zhang, Wanying Zhao, Tingting Sun, Qibin Wu, Zheng Qing Fu, Youxiong Que

Faculty Publications

Crops are continually challenged by biotic stresses, including fungal, bacterial and viral pathogens and insect pests, which cause substantial yield and quality losses worldwide. WRKY transcription factors constitute a plant-specific and functionally diverse family that is central to immune regulation. Recent advances in genomic resources and multi-omics approaches have accelerated the identification and functional characterisation of WRKYs in crops. This review summarises the structural features and classification of WRKY genes and their genome-wide distribution across crop species. It also synthesises WRKY-centred regulatory modules that mediate resistance to major classes of biotic stress. In antifungal defence, WRKYs reinforce pattern- and effector-triggered …

Weaving Ideology: Textiles In Florentine And Venetian Painting Of The Cinquecento, Ruben Verità

Art and Art History Honors Projects

Renaissance art historical scholarship has largely ignored the political and cultural significance woven into the representation of textiles, as well as their communicative potential in paintings. In this study, I examine how textiles in their various forms carry the potential to go beyond their normative categorization as decoration. Through a comparative analysis of the paintings produced in two politically distinct polities—Florence and Venice—during the sixteenth century, I integrate Louis Althusser’s theory of ideology and Michael Baxandall’s period eye to elucidate how painted fabric was not the representation of a passive decorative ornament. Rather, it was an active and legible proxy …

Inclusion And Equity In Early Childhood Special Education, Maranda Martinez

Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations

The present study examined equity and inclusion in early childhood special education through the lived experiences of administrators, educators, and caregivers. Despite decades of legislation, preschool students of color with dis/abilities continue to experience disproportionate identification for special education, exclusionary discipline, and limited access to inclusive settings (DHHS & DE, 2023; NCD, 2018). Grounded in Disability Critical Race Theory (DisCrit), this study explores how intersecting systems of racism and ableism shape early childhood educational access and opportunity.

Guided by a phenomenological approach with a transformative paradigm, data were collected through semi-structured interviews with eighteen participants including administrators, early childhood special …

Girlhood, Interrupted: An Intersectional Feminist History Of Decolonizing And Reclaiming Womanhood, Ayden Kelly

Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations

In the past few decades, social and political discourse surrounding womanhood and who is considered a "real" woman has led to the execration of transgender women. This work will explore how recent discourse and rhetoric surrounding who is and who is not a “real woman” can be traced to nineteenth century notions of “true womanhood” that excluded women of color. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with westward expansion, settler colonialism, residential schools, slavery, and post-emancipation serving as backdrops, this work will also analyze how ideologies of womanhood have interrupted and suppressed women of color throughout Western American …

Countering Anti-Immigrant Narratives: Promoting Socio-Emotional Well-Being Through Familism, Counter-Storytelling, And Community Building In Latinx Family Workshops, Sitlaly Irais Jimenez Preciado

Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations

In recent decades, the United States has seen a growing anti-immigration climate marked by restrictive policies, racialized political rhetoric, and public discourse targeting immigrant communities. This environment has heightened fear, discrimination, and exclusion for immigrant families, especially those of Latinx origin, affecting daily life in schools, healthcare, and community spaces (Caballero et al., 2022; Roche et al., 2021). These families experience socio-emotional challenges, including anxiety, depression, and fear, alongside barriers to social and health services.

While research documents the harmful effects of anti-immigration policies and rhetoric on Latinx families, few interventions focus on protective factors that help Latinx families navigate …

Seeing And Doing: Disciple-Making And Moral Formation In The Gospel Of John, Stephen Yeagley

Journal of Adventist Youth and Young Adult Ministries

God’s revelation in Jesus Christ both discloses and obligates, presenting an alternate view of reality to be seen and an ethical command to be done. The Gospel of John weaves the motifs of “seeing” and “doing” into a single disciple-making process. It aims to transform a person’s identity, worldview, and understanding of God before inviting ethical emulation. This sequence evokes a moral response, calling disciples to do “just as” Jesus and His Father have done, particularly in love, unity, mission, and otherworldliness. Moral empowerment occurs relationally through a third motif: “dwelling.” Using the metaphors of home, family, and friendship, John …

Nancy A. Welsh, Nancy A. Welsh

Faculty CVs

No abstract provided.

Neil S. Siegel, Neil S. Siegel

Faculty CVs

No abstract provided.

Case Report: Gangrene After One Dose Of Investigational Stannic Pentetate Radiopharmaceutical, Zin W. Myint, Riham H. El Khouli, Bryan P. Lemieux, Charles A. Kunos

Radiology Faculty Publications

Introduction – Bone-seeking radiopharmaceuticals are the treatment of choice with clinical benefits for patients with extensive skeletal metastases, but they can also cause serious radiation-related adverse events (rrAEs). Management of rare and severe radiopharmaceutical rrAEs remains challenging because of incomplete knowledge of their natural history and pathogenetic mechanisms. We report a case of unlikely related gangrene following a protracted hospitalization after one dose of investigational [117mSn]tin-117m-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (Sn-117m-DTPA) for treatment of extensive skeletal metastases from castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Case presentation – An 80-year-old man with innumerable painful skeletal metastases from mCRPC developed anorexia and bilateral ankle edema with serous-draining …

The Quiet Revival Of The Effective Vindication Of Rights Doctrine, Myriam Gilles

Fordham Law Review

The U.S. Supreme Court’s 2013 decision in American Express v. Italian Colors Restaurantwas widely seen as the death knell for the “effective vindication of rights” doctrine—a judicially created rule that arbitration agreements are enforceable only “so long as the prospective litigant effectively may vindicate its statutory cause of action in the arbitral forum.” By upholding a class action–banning arbitration provision that rendered arbitration economically irrational, Italian Colors appeared to extinguish any meaningful limits on the enforcement of arbitration agreements.

But reports of the doctrine’s demise were premature. This Article uncovers how, in the decade since Italian Colors, lower …

Foreign Judgments In U.S. Courts, Yanbai Andrea Wang

Fordham Law Review

American law on foreign judgments is at an inflection point. For over a century, the doctrine has been shaped by concerns about outgoing U.S. judgments seeking asset collection in the civil law countries of continental Europe. But shifting trade flows and changing litigation tactics have carved a new landscape, demanding a return to foreign judgments law’s conceptual and doctrinal underpinnings. This Article first maps the new landscape, in which China is rapidly rising as a foremost foreign judgments interlocutor. Meanwhile, litigants are increasingly pursuing parallel litigation in multiple countries. The impact of incoming judgments and the interactions between related litigations …

Reorganizing The Administrative State: Executive Ambition And Legislative Constraint, Jordan Graber

Fordham Law Review

Beginning in the 1930s, Congress enacted a series of statutes granting presidents the authority to initiate reorganizations of the administrative state. Under these reorganization statutes, the president determined any necessary changes in agency organization and submitted a reorganization proposal to Congress, which could approve or reject the plan. Over the next fifty years, the president and Congress worked cooperatively to promote the effective and efficient functioning of the administrative state.

Despite the successful reorganization initiatives undertaken pursuant to these statutes, Congress has not conferred reorganization authority on any president in the last four decades. As a result, the organization of …

The Glomar Of It All: The Role Of External Disclosures In Agency Refusals To Confirm Or Deny Under Foia, Claire Paulanne Kurzweil

Fordham Law Review

The Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requires federal agencies to disclose records upon request from the public, subject to statutory exemptions. Increasingly, agencies have relied on a nonstatutory mechanism, known as the Glomar response, to avoid disclosure. This mechanism, which allows agencies to refuse to confirm or deny the very existence of records, prevents courts and FOIA requesters from receiving even the basic information necessary for judicial review. As courts attempt to adapt FOIA’s review framework to the increased evidentiary constraints of Glomar responses, they are divided over whether to consider disclosures from outside the agency responding to the FOIA …