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Articles 6721 - 6750 of 817985
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Stability Of Sufentanil Sublingual Microtablets (Dzuveo) In Extreme Cold Weather Conditions: An Experimental Study, David Mcconnell, Hayley Manners, Paul Sutton, Nicola Gawman, Tim Parham, Jonathon Lowe
Stability Of Sufentanil Sublingual Microtablets (Dzuveo) In Extreme Cold Weather Conditions: An Experimental Study, David Mcconnell, Hayley Manners, Paul Sutton, Nicola Gawman, Tim Parham, Jonathon Lowe
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences
Introduction Extreme cold weather environments are challenging for medication storage and delivery, particularly for injectable analgesics vulnerable to freezing and device failure. These risks may compromise pain management in austere or operational settings where temperature control cannot be maintained. Sufentanil sublingual microtablets (sold in the UK as Dzuveo) provide an oral analgesic option with manufacturer-reported sub-zero stability. Evidence describing the effects of sustained extreme cold exposure and repeated freeze–thaw cycling on chemical stability and delivery system function is limited.Methods We conducted a laboratory study assessing the effect of sustained freezing and repeated freeze–thaw exposure on sufentanil sublingual microtablets (30 µg …
Sustainability Strategies For Solo And Small Medical Practices In Kenya, Milcah Achieng' Odeny
Sustainability Strategies For Solo And Small Medical Practices In Kenya, Milcah Achieng' Odeny
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
No abstract provided.
Sea Turtle Polyphenism, Anson J. Butler, Alessandro G. Galante
Sea Turtle Polyphenism, Anson J. Butler, Alessandro G. Galante
Student Work
No abstract provided.
Neurodevelopmental Effects Associated With In Utero Exposure To Bpa, Maximilian A. Nilsen, Grace A. Carlucci, Cody V. Thompson, Berfin Gul
Neurodevelopmental Effects Associated With In Utero Exposure To Bpa, Maximilian A. Nilsen, Grace A. Carlucci, Cody V. Thompson, Berfin Gul
Student Work
No abstract provided.
Proteomics And Alkaloid Signature Of Narrow Leaf Lupin Leaves Reveal Key Enzymes In Quinolizidine Alkaloid Biosynthesis And Transportation, Tawfeek Khedr, Ling Ling Gao, Lars G. Kamphuis, Utpal Bose, Mitchell G. Nye-Wood, Angéla Juhász, Michelle L. Colgrave
Proteomics And Alkaloid Signature Of Narrow Leaf Lupin Leaves Reveal Key Enzymes In Quinolizidine Alkaloid Biosynthesis And Transportation, Tawfeek Khedr, Ling Ling Gao, Lars G. Kamphuis, Utpal Bose, Mitchell G. Nye-Wood, Angéla Juhász, Michelle L. Colgrave
Research outputs 2022 to 2026
Quinolizidine alkaloids (QAs) are toxic secondary metabolites in narrow-leafed lupin that defend against herbivores but constrain food and feed use. We developed a single-sample multiomics workflow for simultaneous extraction and quantitative analysis of QAs and proteins from individual leaves using urea/thiourea/CHAPS extraction with acetone precipitation, validated for QA quantification by LC–MS/MS. Data-independent acquisition proteomics of eight lupin accessions (four bitter, four sweet) identified 4437 proteins, with 183 differing significantly between bitter and sweet groups. Bitter accessions were enriched in lysine biosynthesis and stress-response pathways, whereas sweet accessions showed enrichment in phenylpropanoid and other defense-related processes. Coexpression network analysis linked protein …
Asymmetric Synthesis Of Borylated Amines Via Rhodium Catalyzed Hydroboration Of Allylamine Derivatives: Surprising Role Of Counterions And Accelerators, Rukshani Wickrama Arachchilage
Asymmetric Synthesis Of Borylated Amines Via Rhodium Catalyzed Hydroboration Of Allylamine Derivatives: Surprising Role Of Counterions And Accelerators, Rukshani Wickrama Arachchilage
Dissertations and Doctoral Documents, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2023–
The Catalytic Asymmetric Hydroboration (CAHB) reaction is a valuable method for synthesizing chiral organoboron compounds. Nevertheless, key mechanistic details, including catalyst activation, ligand effects, and rate-determining steps, are difficult to generalize and remain not fully understood. Building on previous research from the Takacs group, this work explores acyclic N-acyl allylamines as substrates in rhodium-catalyzed hydroboration and investigates the formation of active catalysts from various rhodium precursors, the role of counterions (e.g. BF4, BArF-), ligand-to-metal ratios, and the impact of external fluoride additives (e.g. TBAT). Hydroboration of acyclic N-acyl allylamines achieves up to 90% yield and 99 : 1 …
Voltage-Sensor–Targeting Modulators Of Iks: Identifying Critical Functional Groups Of C28 Via Electrophysiology And Sar Modeling, Jiacheng Huang
Voltage-Sensor–Targeting Modulators Of Iks: Identifying Critical Functional Groups Of C28 Via Electrophysiology And Sar Modeling, Jiacheng Huang
McKelvey School of Engineering Graduate Student Theses & Dissertations
IKs (KCNQ1/KCNE1) channels are essential for cardiac repolarization, and their dysfunction contributes to arrhythmogenic disorders such as Long QT Syndrome type 1 (LQT1). Pharmacological activation of IKs has therefore emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy. C28, a recently identified voltage-sensor–targeting activator, has been shown to markedly shift KCNQ1/KCNE1 voltage dependence and enhance current amplitude, validating the voltage-sensing domain (VSD) as a druggable site. However, the structural determinants that underlie C28’s activity remain incompletely understood. In this study, we aimed to identify critical functional groups of C28 by screening a structurally diverse set of C28-like analogs and evaluating their …
Genealogy-Based Trait Association With Locater Boosts Power At Loci With Allelic Heterogeneity, Xinxin Wang, Ryan Christ, Erica Young, Chul Joo Kang, Indraniel Das, Edward A Belter, Markku Laakso, Louis J M Aslett, David Steinsaltz, Nathan O Stitziel, Ira M Hall
Genealogy-Based Trait Association With Locater Boosts Power At Loci With Allelic Heterogeneity, Xinxin Wang, Ryan Christ, Erica Young, Chul Joo Kang, Indraniel Das, Edward A Belter, Markku Laakso, Louis J M Aslett, David Steinsaltz, Nathan O Stitziel, Ira M Hall
2020-Current year OA Pubs
A key methodological challenge for genome-wide association studies is how to leverage haplotype diversity and allelic heterogeneity to improve trait association power, especially in noncoding regions where it is difficult to predict variant impacts and define functional units for variant aggregation. Genealogy-based association methods have the potential to bridge this gap by testing combinations of common and rare haplotypes based purely on their ancestral relationships. In parallel work, we have developed an efficient local ancestry inference engine and a novel statistical method (LOCATER) for combining signals present on different branches of a locus-specific haplotype tree. Here, we develop a genome-wide …
+Cd49a+Cd103+ Cytotoxic Tissue-Resident Natural Killer Cells Infiltrate And Control Solid Epithelial Tumor Growth In Mice, Nina B Horowitz, Jennifer A Foltz, Et Al.
+Cd49a+Cd103+ Cytotoxic Tissue-Resident Natural Killer Cells Infiltrate And Control Solid Epithelial Tumor Growth In Mice, Nina B Horowitz, Jennifer A Foltz, Et Al.
2020-Current year OA Pubs
Human tissue-resident natural killer (NK) cells (trNK cells), broadly defined by markers of tissue residency, such as CD49a [
Standardization Of Coal Ash Testing, Classification, And Harvesting, Benjamin Gallagher, Chris Frishcosy, Eric Hageman
Standardization Of Coal Ash Testing, Classification, And Harvesting, Benjamin Gallagher, Chris Frishcosy, Eric Hageman
World of Coal Ash Proceedings
Standards such as product specifications, test methods, practices and guides play a crucial role in supporting both commerce and science. Standardization helps build consistency and reliability whether it pertains to the performance of an ingredient in a product or in the measurement of a material characteristic. Coal combustion products, such as coal ash and synthetic gypsum, exhibit unique characteristics and many standard have been developed to characterize these materials and support their beneficial use. ASTM is a voluntary, consensus-based organization, and publishes many standards related to coal combustion products. Currently, there are seven ASTM standards related to chemical analysis of …
Lessons Learned From Managing Ash Pond Closure Waters, Danny Stephens, Tom Geeza, Phil Benson, Ashwin Ranna
Lessons Learned From Managing Ash Pond Closure Waters, Danny Stephens, Tom Geeza, Phil Benson, Ashwin Ranna
World of Coal Ash Proceedings
The water management issues created by ash pond closure are complex and can create technology selection and operational management challenges. Ash dewatering activities produce highly variable effluents, depending on ash composition, aging, and dewatering and stormwater management techniques. Effluent limitations can also be highly variable, depending upon the size of the receiving body and the anticipated composition of the effluent stream. The user often faces competing risks: installing an unnecessarily complex and expensive treatment plant, being limited on closure activities by limitations in water treatment capabilities, or both. This paper presents several lessons learned from assessing ash closure water management …
An Investigation Of The Government’S Legal Strategy After Loper Bright, Will Yeatman, Charles Yates
An Investigation Of The Government’S Legal Strategy After Loper Bright, Will Yeatman, Charles Yates
Liberty University Law Review
For forty years, the Chevron “two-step” dominated judicial review of statutory interpretation issues in the administrative law context. Then, in Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo, the Supreme Court ended Chevron deference. This Article investigates what comes next. Specifically, we explore how government lawyers have strategized in the wake of Loper Bright. Based on an original dataset of government briefs, we find that the government is advancing at least six substitutes for Chevron deference. Typically, the government combined two or more of these substitutes into an aggregated claim for Chevron-like deference. Our preliminary data suggests that courts have …
Employing Augmented Reality Technology In Developing Topological Concepts Among Kindergarten Children - Experimental Study, Saber J. Alzahrani
Employing Augmented Reality Technology In Developing Topological Concepts Among Kindergarten Children - Experimental Study, Saber J. Alzahrani
Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences
This research aims to investigate the effectiveness of employing Augmented Reality Technology (AR) in developing topological concepts among kindergarten children. The study employed a quasi-experimental approach with a two-group design (experimental and control) featuring pre- and post-testing. The sample consisted of (40) male and female children from the second level of kindergarten in Al Baha City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. These participants were divided into an experimental group (n = 20), who studied topological concepts using AR technology, and a control group (n = 20), who studied the same concepts through conventional methods. Research instruments included a teacher's guide and …
Classification Of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder In Schools - Teachers' Perceptions, Abdulelah A. Abuzaid, Mohammed A. Al Jaffal
Classification Of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder In Schools - Teachers' Perceptions, Abdulelah A. Abuzaid, Mohammed A. Al Jaffal
Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences
The increased interest attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has received in recent years necessitates an in-depth investigation into educators’ perceptions of its classification and implications for classroom settings. This study explores general education (GE) teachers’ perceptions of ADHD classification in primary schools in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Employing a descriptive survey methodology, we gathered quantitative data from a diverse sample of 145 male and female GE teachers to consider contextual variables that may shape their perceptions. Our ( findings reveal that teachers generally hold moderate perceptions with respect to the classification of ADHD. Notably, we found no statistically significant differences in …
The Impact Of Audit Committee Characteristics On Esg, Mariyam Matar Almutair, Thamir Saad Al Barrak
The Impact Of Audit Committee Characteristics On Esg, Mariyam Matar Almutair, Thamir Saad Al Barrak
Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences
In light of the growing significance of sustainability objectives and their connection with future economic landscapes, and considering the fundamental role of audit committees in the financial reporting environment, this study aims to measure the impact of audit committees characteristics on the level of disclosure of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) practices in the annual reports of companies listed on the Saudi financial market. This study utilizes the ESG index compiled by Bloomberg, which measures companies' disclosure levels for this purpose. Due to data availability, the sample includes 44 companies listed on the main market during the period from 2017 …
Exploring Adventure Tourism In Saudi Arabia: A Strategic Analysis Of Emerging Opportunities, Enas Fares Yehia
Exploring Adventure Tourism In Saudi Arabia: A Strategic Analysis Of Emerging Opportunities, Enas Fares Yehia
Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences
This study explores Saudi Arabia's emerging adventure tourism sector, highlighting its potential as a dynamic destination for enthusiastic explorers. Anchored within the strategic framework of Vision 2030, Saudi Arabia is rapidly transforming its tourism landscape to diversify its economy and attract visitors. Leveraging its diverse geographical features, including the Rub' al Khali and Red Sea, the Kingdom offers a wide array of adventure tourism experiences. The aim of this study is to investigate various facets of adventure tourism in Saudi Arabia, including desert expeditions, marine activities and cultural exploration. Additionally, insights from a comprehensive stakeholder survey are integrated to unveil …
Sex Education In Islamic Curricula: The Saudi Context, Layla Nasser Alzarah
Sex Education In Islamic Curricula: The Saudi Context, Layla Nasser Alzarah
Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences
The current study aims to identify female Islamic studies teachers' attitudes towards including sex education concepts and to ascertain how many such concepts are included in the Islamic studies and Islamic culture textbooks for general education at elementary, intermediate, and higher levels in Saudi Arabia. The study also explores how Islamic studies teachers' perspectives regarding sex education statistically relate to their academic background, years of experience, and level of education. The study uses a descriptive methodology and administers a questionnaire to 450 female Islamic studies instructors and a content analysis card to the texts on Islamic studies and culture. The …
Improving Teachers' Teaching Skills Using Co-Teaching - The Saudi Context, Ashwag Ahmed Almethen
Improving Teachers' Teaching Skills Using Co-Teaching - The Saudi Context, Ashwag Ahmed Almethen
Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences
This study explored the significance and impact of co-teaching on teacher's teaching skills. In doing so, the study considered whether the practice is worth implementing and some of the strategies that could help with successful implementation for maximum benefits. A qualitative approach was used, and the primary instrument for collecting the data was semi-structured interviews. The sample comprised 13 Saudi Arabian teachers who had some experience or knowledge of co-teaching. Data analysis using thematic analysis revealed five themes. The first theme revolves around the teachers’ knowledge and experiences with co- teaching. The second theme is the impact of co-teaching on …
Factors Influencing The Academic Use Of Social Network Sites Among University Instructors: A Qualitative Approach, Hibah Aladsani, Ahlam Al Abdullatif
Factors Influencing The Academic Use Of Social Network Sites Among University Instructors: A Qualitative Approach, Hibah Aladsani, Ahlam Al Abdullatif
Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences
Social network sites have had a tremendous impact on the social, economic and scientific aspects of human life. Although the emergence of social network sites was intended for purely social purposes, they have had a significant effect on university life. This research aimed to understand the factors influencing the academic use of social network sites by university faculty. A qualitative research method was used, where 19 interviews were conducted. The data was thematically analysed using the NVivo software. The findings showed a number of encouraging and hindering factors. The encouraging factors included professional development, teaching improvement, expansion of academic networks, …
Biological Modifications To The Human Body Through Artificial Intelligence: A Religious Perspective, Ahmed Saad Ali Al-Boraie, Khaled Mohamed Hamdy Semeda, Mossad Abdul Salam Abdul Khaleq Abdul Salam, El-Tayeb Hassan El-Mahi Hussein
Biological Modifications To The Human Body Through Artificial Intelligence: A Religious Perspective, Ahmed Saad Ali Al-Boraie, Khaled Mohamed Hamdy Semeda, Mossad Abdul Salam Abdul Khaleq Abdul Salam, El-Tayeb Hassan El-Mahi Hussein
Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences
Decades ago, genetic engineering and human genome projects created a set of ethical, religious, and legal questions. Scientists have researched these issues and agreed on ethical values and regulations that must be applied to develop these research projects. Today, history is repeating itself due to the artificial intelligence techniques in human augmentation and the implantation of machines in the human body to enhance its biological capabilities and surpass human nature. The transhumanist movement promoted these technologies, designed supernatural humans, and achieved eternal immortality, so some freeze their bodies waiting for those technologies. The study focuses on the most important artificial …
The Effectiveness Of A Biotechnology Enrichment Programme In Improving Gifted Students Reflective Thinking Skills And Academic Achievement, Khalid A. Hammouri, Mohamed A. Al-Ahmari
The Effectiveness Of A Biotechnology Enrichment Programme In Improving Gifted Students Reflective Thinking Skills And Academic Achievement, Khalid A. Hammouri, Mohamed A. Al-Ahmari
Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences
This study assesses the effectiveness of a biotechnology enrichment programme in improving reflective thinking skills and academic achievement among a sample of 44 gifted students at the male-only Hunain School (secondary school) in Abha. The programme presents content related to specific issues with direct relevance for students 44 scientific and practical interests, as well as encompassing discussion of controversial topics. They are equally divided into two groups: a control group and an experimental group. Following an experimental method and a reflective thinking scale Kember et al. (2000) and Academic )2000( Kember et al Achievement are used to promote the verifiability …
Accelerating Saudi Students Into Higher Education Programs - Identifying Potential Educational Interventions To Expedite Development, Jawaher Hamad Bin Yousef
Accelerating Saudi Students Into Higher Education Programs - Identifying Potential Educational Interventions To Expedite Development, Jawaher Hamad Bin Yousef
Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences
Academic acceleration is an intervention that can reduce the effort, time and cost required for the educational process. In 2014 Saudi Arabia released a new regulation for acceleration (grade skipping) as one of the provisions for gifted students: it allows gifted students in the fourth grade (age ten) to move to the / sixth grade (age twelve), and from the seventh grade (age thirteen) to the ninth grade (age fifteen) after passing several criteria. Although these practices are useful for talented students (Col Angelo et al., 2004), A clear policy for ) 2004 acceleration at tertiary-level education was missed in …
Meta-Motivation And The Big Five Personality Factors, Hesham Abd-Alrahman Hussin Shanaa, Ezzeddin Daoud Mahmoud
Meta-Motivation And The Big Five Personality Factors, Hesham Abd-Alrahman Hussin Shanaa, Ezzeddin Daoud Mahmoud
Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences
The present study aims to identify the five major factors of personality and their relationship to meta-motivation among university students. The two researchers used the correlational descriptive approach, and the study population consisted of 5260 male and female students pursuing a bachelor's degree from Palestine Technical University. The two researchers chose the sample by a simple random method, which consisted of 377 students split between 133 males and 244 females. The results showed that the extraversion factor, one of the five major personality factors, is the most prevalent factor among students of Palestine Technical University, whereas the neurotic factor is …
Modern Arab Women And Traditional Morality, Gamil Mohammed Alamrani
Modern Arab Women And Traditional Morality, Gamil Mohammed Alamrani
Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences
This study uses a descriptive–analytical methodology, based on a postmodern deconstructive feminist approach, to analyze the struggle of modern Arab women fighting against patriarchal biases, violence, and the hypocritical morality system that dominate most tribal Arab societies. Applications for the study are taken from major Arab contemporary novels that continue to create strong independent female characters to expose the misogynistic nature of selected traditional tribal Arab societies. Many of these characters challenge the existing tribal moral codes that incite physical and psychological violence against women who are suspected of violating accepted social and cultural codes of family honor. The study …
Developing The Phonological Awareness Of Pupils With Learning Difficulties - Montessori Activities, Eman Abdullah Alhelal, Fahad Ahmed Alnaim
Developing The Phonological Awareness Of Pupils With Learning Difficulties - Montessori Activities, Eman Abdullah Alhelal, Fahad Ahmed Alnaim
Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences
This study aimed to explore the impact of Montessori activities on developing the phonological awareness skills of second-grade primary school pupils with learning difficulties and also aimed to examine any academic and developmental difficulties. A qualitative approach with the case study design was used to achieve the study objectives. The study sample consisted of three female pupils, a teacher specialised in teaching learning difficulties, and a primary class teacher. A variety of tools were designed and used: a test to reveal phonological awareness skills, an intervention program based on the Montessori method for developing phonological awareness, observations, interviews, and document …
College Majors And Their Harmony With Students Multiple Intelligences, Eiad Abdulhalim Mohammad Alnajjar
College Majors And Their Harmony With Students Multiple Intelligences, Eiad Abdulhalim Mohammad Alnajjar
Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences
This study aims to explore the harmonisation of scientific specialisation for undergraduate science students using multiple intelligences (MI), their relationship to academic achievement (GPA) and the students’ attitudes towards science. The sample consists of 198 male and female students chosen randomly from different year groups in the departments of physics and chemistry at Al-Qunfudah College at Umm Al-Qura University in Saudi Arabia. The study used a tool to survey MI and a questionnaire to measure the sample’s attitudes towards science. The researcher obtained the students’ GPAs from the college administration department. The results showed that the ranking of intelligences for …
The Effectiveness Of Utilising The 4mat System In Geography Classes To Develop The Learning Process Among Middle School Students, Iman Salim Ahmed Bareeda
The Effectiveness Of Utilising The 4mat System In Geography Classes To Develop The Learning Process Among Middle School Students, Iman Salim Ahmed Bareeda
Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences
This research aims to examine the effectiveness of utilising the 4MAT System in ( )Mat4 Geography classes to develop the learning process among first intermediate grade students. For this purpose, the researchers used a one-group quasi-experimental - approach of pre-post design. A guide has been prepared to explain the steps in employing the 4MAT System when teaching geographical content to first intermediate grade students. The 4MAT System framework of learning processes ( )Mat4 comprises 40 phases. After confirming the validity and reliability of the scale, it was applied to a sample class of 30 female students. Results showed significant ( …
Facebook And Efl Academic Writing - Students' Perspectives In A Saudi College, Ahmed Saad Al Shlowiy
Facebook And Efl Academic Writing - Students' Perspectives In A Saudi College, Ahmed Saad Al Shlowiy
Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences
A research problem was identified that warranted the initiation of this study. A mixed pattern for results regarding Facebook usage in EFL writing outside the classroom exists in the literature. As the researchers believed in student- centered and autonomous learning, they intended to delineate students’ perceptions of the benefits and drawbacks of using Facebook in EFL . academic writing. The researchers conducted this study with their students at a Saudi college. Ten students participated in this study while they were studying the English Writing course. The researchers collected data through a questionnaire, interviews and participant observations. The findings . showed …
Digital Environments Based On Adaptive Learning And Effectiveness In Developing Deep Understanding Skills, Rania A. Abed Moniem
Digital Environments Based On Adaptive Learning And Effectiveness In Developing Deep Understanding Skills, Rania A. Abed Moniem
Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences
Recently, modern learning strategies have shifted from an instructor-centric approach, which mainly focuses on transmitting knowledge from expert to pupil, to a learner-centric approach, in which students have different requirements for digital educational environments. These individual needs must be taken into consideration. Therefore, the digital world based on adaptive learning has become one of the most important instructive environments, which aims to improve the learning process for each student so that they can achieve their goals. This study seeks to identify the effectiveness of digital environments based on adaptive teaching in developing deep understanding skills in students in the faculty …
Department Heads' Awareness Of The Roles Assigned To Them - The Point Of View Of Faculty Members In Saudi Arabia, Yumna Ahmed Atoum
Department Heads' Awareness Of The Roles Assigned To Them - The Point Of View Of Faculty Members In Saudi Arabia, Yumna Ahmed Atoum
Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences
In order to achieve their goals, universities depend on the efficiency of various leaderships, whether this is higher leaderships or heads of departments who are . assigned multiple roles in the academic and administrative work plan. This study aims to identify heads of academic department's awareness of the roles entrusted to them from the point of view of faculty members at Imam Abdul Rahman bin Faisal University. To achieve this objective, a questionnaire was prepared for data collection. ( )492 2020 /2019 . It was distributed to a random sample of 492 faculty members for the academic year 2019/2020. The …